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Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal

MedGen UID:: 10215
•Concept ID:: C0027658
•: Neoplastic Process

Synonyms:

Germ Cell and Embryonal Neoplasms; Germ Cell and Embryonic Neoplasms; Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonic

Definition

Neoplasms composed of primordial GERM CELLS of embryonic GONADS or of elements of the germ layers of the EMBRYO, MAMMALIAN. The concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the gonads or present in an embryo or FETUS. [from MeSH]

Term Hierarchy

GTR
MeSH

CClinical test, RResearch test, OOMIM, GGeneReviews, VClinVar

CROGVNeoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal

Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms
- Pathological process
  - Disease
    - Neoplasm
      - Neoplasms by Histologic Type
        Neoplasms, Germ Cell and Embryonal
        Chordoma
        Conventional Chordoma
        Chondroid chordoma
        Dedifferentiated Chordoma
        Recurrent Dedifferentiated Chordoma
        Refractory Dedifferentiated Chordoma
        Sellar Dedifferentiated Chordoma
        Metastatic Chordoma
        Advanced Chordoma
        Locally Advanced Chordoma
        Poorly differentiated chordoma
        Recurrent Chordoma
        Refractory Chordoma
        Skull base chordoma
        Clivus chordoma
        Sellar Chordoma
        Spinal chordoma
        Sacral Chordoma
        Thoracic Chordoma
        Unresectable Chordoma
        Embryonal carcinoma
        Childhood Embryonal Carcinoma
        Childhood central nervous system embryonal carcinoma
        Childhood embryonal testis carcinoma
        Childhood ovarian embryonal carcinoma
        Embryonal carcinoma of the central nervous system
        Adult central nervous system embryonal carcinoma
        Sellar Embryonal Carcinoma
        Extragonadal Embryonal Carcinoma
        Mediastinal Embryonal Carcinoma
        Non-central nervous system-localized embryonal carcinoma
        Ovarian embryonal carcinoma
        Stage I Ovarian Embryonal Carcinoma AJCC v6 and v7
        Stage II Ovarian Embryonal Carcinoma AJCC v6 and v7
        Stage III Ovarian Embryonal Carcinoma AJCC v6 and v7
        Stage IV Ovarian Embryonal Carcinoma AJCC v6 and v7
        Testicular embryonal carcinoma
        Intratubular Non-Seminoma
        Stage I Testicular Embryonal Carcinoma AJCC v6 and v7
        Stage II Testicular Embryonal Carcinoma AJCC v6 and v7
        Stage III Testicular Embryonal Carcinoma AJCC v6 and v7
        Germinoma
        Dysgerminoma
        Seminoma
        Childhood Seminoma
        Extragonadal seminoma
        Testicular seminoma
        Gonadoblastoma
        Ovarian gonadoblastoma
        Testicular gonadoblastoma
        Mesonephric adenocarcinoma
        Vaginal Mesonephric Adenocarcinoma
        Wolffian duct adenocarcinoma
        Yolk sac tumor
        Adult yolk sac tumor
        Cardiac Yolk Sac Tumor
        Cervical Yolk Sac Tumor
        Childhood endodermal sinus tumor
        Liver Yolk Sac Tumor
        Mediastinal yolk sac tumor
        Ovarian yolk sac tumor
        Pericardial Yolk Sac Tumor
        Testicular yolk sac tumor
        Vaginal yolk sac tumor
        Vulvar Yolk Sac Tumor
        Yolk sac tumor of central nervous system
        Yolk Sac Tumor with Somatic-Type Malignancy
        Neuroectodermal neoplasm
        Craniopharyngioma
        Adamantinous craniopharyngioma
        Adult Craniopharyngioma
        Childhood Craniopharyngioma
        Papillary craniopharyngioma
        Recurrent Craniopharyngioma
        Unresectable Craniopharyngioma
        Melanotic neuroectodermal tumor
        Neuroendocrine neoplasm
        APUdoma
        Bladder Neuroendocrine Neoplasm
        Breast neuroendocrine neoplasm
        Carcinoid syndrome
        Carcinoid tumor
        Cervical Neuroendocrine Neoplasm
        Chromophobe adenoma
        Digestive system neuroendocrine neoplasm
        Kidney Neuroendocrine Neoplasm
        Laryngeal neuroendocrine neoplasm
        Lung neuroendocrine neoplasm
        Melanoma
        Metastatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasm
        Neuroendocrine carcinoma
        Ovarian neuroendocrine neoplasm
        Pancreatic endocrine tumor
        Paraganglioma
        Pheochromocytoma
        Pituitary gland acidophil adenoma
        Pituitary gland basophil adenoma
        Prostate neuroendocrine neoplasm
        Recurrent Neuroendocrine Neoplasm
        Refractory Neuroendocrine Neoplasm
        Schwannoma
        Thymic Neuroendocrine Neoplasm
        Unresectable Neuroendocrine Neoplasm
        Uterine corpus neuroendocrine neoplasm
        Neuroepithelial neoplasm
        Cribriform Neuroepithelial Tumor
        Ganglioneuroma
        Glioma
        Neurocytoma
        Neuronal/glioneuronal neoplasm of the central nervous system
        Papillary tumor of the pineal region
        Pinealoma
        Primitive neuroectodermal tumor
        Retinal cell neoplasm
        Retinoblastoma
        Teratocarcinoma
        Mediastinal Mixed Embryonal Carcinoma and Teratoma
        Testicular Mixed Embryonal Carcinoma and Teratoma
        Childhood testicular mixed embryonal carcinoma and teratoma
        Teratoma
        Adult teratoma
        Adult central nervous system teratoma
        Adult cystic teratoma
        Benign teratoma
        Grade 1 Teratoma
        Mature teratoma
        Cardiac teratoma
        Central nervous system teratoma
        Central nervous system immature teratoma
        Central nervous system mature teratoma
        Central Nervous System Teratoma with Malignant Transformation
        Childhood Central Nervous System Teratoma
        Pineal region teratoma
        Sellar Teratoma
        Spinal cord intramedullary teratoma
        Childhood Teratoma
        Childhood Immature Teratoma
        Childhood Mature Teratoma
        Childhood teratoma of the ovary
        Childhood Testicular Teratoma
        Craniofacial teratoma
        Cystic teratoma
        Dermoid cyst
        Ovarian cystic teratoma
        Fallopian tube teratoma
        Gastric teratoma
        Immature gastric teratoma
        Mature gastric teratoma
        Gonadal teratoma
        Ovarian teratoma
        Testicular teratoma
        Immature teratoma
        Immature extragonadal teratoma
        Immature ovarian teratoma
        Malignant teratoma of testis
        Kidney teratoma
        Liver Teratoma
        Lung Teratoma
        Malignant teratoma
        Malignant Ovarian Teratoma
        Mediastinal teratoma
        Mediastinal Immature Teratoma
        Mediastinal Mature Teratoma
        Nasopharyngeal teratoma
        Neck teratoma
        Pancreatic Teratoma
        Pancreatic Mature Teratoma
        Pericardial Teratoma
        Mature pericardial teratoma
        Sacrococcygeal teratoma
        Altman type I sacrococcygeal teratoma
        Altman type II sacrococcygeal teratoma
        Altman type III sacrococcygeal teratoma
        Presacral teratoma
        Struma ovarii
        Malignant struma ovarii
        Teratoma with malignant transformation
        Ovarian Dermoid Cyst with Somatic-Type Malignancy
        Testicular Teratoma with Somatic-Type Malignancy
        Thyroid Gland Teratoma
        Trophoblastic tumor
        Choriocarcinoma
        Childhood Choriocarcinoma
        Choriocarcinoma of ovary
        Choriocarcinoma of testis
        Choriocarcinoma of the central nervous system
        Gastric choriocarcinoma
        Gestational choriocarcinoma
        Mediastinal Choriocarcinoma
        Non-gestational choriocarcinoma
        Placental site trophoblastic tumor
        Pulmonary artery choriocarcinoma
        Gestational trophoblastic disease
        Gestational trophoblastic neoplasm
        Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasm by AJCC v8 Stage
        Hydatidiform mole
        Non-Neoplastic, Non-Molar Gestational Trophoblastic Disorder
        Testicular trophoblastic tumor

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Small Testicular Masses: Contemporary Diagnostic and Treatment Strategies, Future Directions, and Knowledge Gaps.

Chavarriaga J, Hamilton R
Urol Oncol 2023 Aug;41(8):331-339. Epub 2023 Mar 27 doi: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2023.02.009. PMID: 36990940

Treatment and Clinical Outcomes of Patients with Teratoma with Somatic-Type Malignant Transformation: An International Collaboration.

Giannatempo P, Pond GR, Sonpavde G, Albany C, Loriot Y, Sweeney CJ, Salvioni R, Colecchia M, Nicolai N, Raggi D, Rice KR, Flack CK, El Mouallem NR, Feldman H, Fizazi K, Einhorn LH, Foster RS, Necchi A, Cary C
J Urol 2016 Jul;196(1):95-100. Epub 2015 Dec 31 doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2015.12.082. PMID: 26748165

Testis sparing surgery in the treatment of bilateral testicular germ cell tumors and solitary testicle tumors: A single institution experience.

Bojanic N, Bumbasirevic U, Vukovic I, Bojanic G, Milojevic B, Nale D, Durutovic O, Djordjevic D, Nikic P, Vuksanovic A, Tulic C, Micic S
J Surg Oncol 2015 Feb;111(2):226-30. Epub 2014 Sep 5 doi: 10.1002/jso.23777. PMID: 25195665

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Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Embryonal and pineal tumours.

Reznicek J, Sharifai N, Jamshidi P, Wadhwani N, Ahrendsen JT
Cytopathology 2024 Sep;35(5):561-571. Epub 2023 Dec 15 doi: 10.1111/cyt.13350. PMID: 38100134

Intracranial Germ Cell Tumors.

Yeoh TDYY, Nga V, Kimpo M, Lo SS, Vellayappan B
Semin Neurol 2023 Dec;43(6):897-908. Epub 2023 Nov 14 doi: 10.1055/s-0043-1776763. PMID: 37963583

Germ Cell Tumors of the Female Genital Tract.

Euscher ED
Surg Pathol Clin 2019 Jun;12(2):621-649. doi: 10.1016/j.path.2019.01.005. PMID: 31097117

Increasing international efforts to understand and conquer testicular germ cell cancer.

Rajpert-De Meyts E, Daugaard G, Almstrup K, Jørgensen A, Rørth M, Jørgensen N, von der Maase H, Skakkebaek NE
Andrology 2015 Jan;3(1):1-3. doi: 10.1111/andr.12010. PMID: 25711179

Testicular germ cell tumors.

Looijenga LH
Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 2014 Feb;11 Suppl 2:251-62. PMID: 24683949

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Diagnosis

Management of testicular germ cell tumors.

Wee CE, Gilligan TD
Clin Adv Hematol Oncol 2023 Apr;21(4):179-188. PMID: 37039725

Advances in diagnosis and treatment of testicular cancer.

Chovanec M, Cheng L
BMJ 2022 Nov 28;379:e070499. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2022-070499. PMID: 36442868

Editorial comment.

Bagrodia A, Albers P
Curr Opin Urol 2018 Sep;28(5):433-434. doi: 10.1097/MOU.0000000000000524. PMID: 30044318

Testicular cancer.

Viatori M
Semin Oncol Nurs 2012 Aug;28(3):180-9. doi: 10.1016/j.soncn.2012.05.007. PMID: 22846486

Paraneoplastic hyperthyroidism.

Kohler S, Tschopp O, Jacky E, Schmid C
BMJ Case Rep 2011 Aug 11;2011 doi: 10.1136/bcr.04.2011.4163. PMID: 22688478 Free PMC Article

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Therapy

Surgery in Early Metastatic Seminoma: A Phase II Trial of Retroperitoneal Lymph Node Dissection for Testicular Seminoma With Limited Retroperitoneal Lymphadenopathy.

Daneshmand S, Cary C, Masterson T, Einhorn L, Adra N, Boorjian SA, Kollmannsberger C, Schuckman A, So A, Black P, Bagrodia A, Skinner E, Alemozaffar M, Brand T, Eggener S, Pierorazio P, Stratton K, Nappi L, Nichols C, Luo C, Li M, Hu B
J Clin Oncol 2023 Jun 1;41(16):3009-3018. Epub 2023 Mar 13 doi: 10.1200/JCO.22.00624. PMID: 36913642

Advances in diagnosis and treatment of testicular cancer.

Chovanec M, Cheng L
BMJ 2022 Nov 28;379:e070499. doi: 10.1136/bmj-2022-070499. PMID: 36442868

Phase II Trial of Response-Based Radiation Therapy for Patients With Localized CNS Nongerminomatous Germ Cell Tumors: A Children's Oncology Group Study.

Fangusaro J, Wu S, MacDonald S, Murphy E, Shaw D, Bartels U, Khatua S, Souweidane M, Lu HM, Morris D, Panigrahy A, Onar-Thomas A, Fouladi M, Gajjar A, Dhall G
J Clin Oncol 2019 Dec 1;37(34):3283-3290. Epub 2019 Sep 23 doi: 10.1200/JCO.19.00701. PMID: 31545689 Free PMC Article

Paraneoplastic hyperthyroidism.

Kohler S, Tschopp O, Jacky E, Schmid C
BMJ Case Rep 2011 Aug 11;2011 doi: 10.1136/bcr.04.2011.4163. PMID: 22688478 Free PMC Article

Equivalence of three or four cycles of bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin chemotherapy and of a 3- or 5-day schedule in good-prognosis germ cell cancer: a randomized study of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genitourinary Tract Cancer Cooperative Group and the Medical Research Council.

de Wit R, Roberts JT, Wilkinson PM, de Mulder PH, Mead GM, Fosså SD, Cook P, de Prijck L, Stenning S, Collette L
J Clin Oncol 2001 Mar 15;19(6):1629-40. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2001.19.6.1629. PMID: 11250991

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Prognosis

miRNAs for testicular germ cell tumours: Contemporary indications for diagnosis, surveillance and follow-up.

Chavarriaga J, Hamilton RJ
Andrology 2023 May;11(4):628-633. Epub 2022 Nov 22 doi: 10.1111/andr.13337. PMID: 36373757

Therapeutic approaches for refractory germ cell cancer.

Oing C, Seidel C, Bokemeyer C
Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2018 Apr;18(4):389-397. Epub 2018 Mar 12 doi: 10.1080/14737140.2018.1450630. PMID: 29516750

Germ Cell Tumors in Adolescents and Young Adults.

Calaminus G, Joffe J
Prog Tumor Res 2016;43:115-27. Epub 2016 Sep 5 doi: 10.1159/000447081. PMID: 27595361

Neonatal Germ Cell Tumors.

Sandoval JA, Williams RF
Curr Pediatr Rev 2015;11(3):205-15. doi: 10.2174/1573396311666150714105531. PMID: 26168938

Testicular germ cell tumors.

Looijenga LH
Pediatr Endocrinol Rev 2014 Feb;11 Suppl 2:251-62. PMID: 24683949

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Clinical prediction guides

Perspectives on testicular germ cell neoplasms.

Cheng L, Lyu B, Roth LM
Hum Pathol 2017 Jan;59:10-25. Epub 2016 Aug 26 doi: 10.1016/j.humpath.2016.08.002. PMID: 27569298

Androgen insensitivity syndrome.

Tadokoro-Cuccaro R, Hughes IA
Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2014 Dec;21(6):499-503. doi: 10.1097/MED.0000000000000107. PMID: 25354046

Germ cell tumors.

Hussain A
Curr Opin Oncol 2005 May;17(3):268-74. doi: 10.1097/01.cco.0000160750.33552.42. PMID: 15818173

Testicular cancer.

Oliver T, Mead G
Curr Opin Oncol 1993 May;5(3):559-67. doi: 10.1097/00001622-199305000-00018. PMID: 8388258

Mediastinal tumors.

Thomas CR Jr, Bonomi PD
Curr Opin Oncol 1991 Apr;3(2):335-43. doi: 10.1097/00001622-199104000-00015. PMID: 1648973

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Recent systematic reviews

Long-term health outcomes of children born to mothers with hyperemesis gravidarum: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

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Am J Obstet Gynecol 2022 Sep;227(3):414-429.e17. Epub 2022 Mar 30 doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2022.03.052. PMID: 35367190

Skin cancer risk among testicular germ-cell cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Reiter O, Voss VB, Fluss R, Boyce LM, DeFazio JL, Halpern AC, Marghoob AA
J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2022 Jul;36(7):1025-1033. Epub 2022 Feb 9 doi: 10.1111/jdv.17932. PMID: 35034398 Free PMC Article

Long-term toxicity of cisplatin in germ-cell tumor survivors.

Chovanec M, Abu Zaid M, Hanna N, El-Kouri N, Einhorn LH, Albany C
Ann Oncol 2017 Nov 1;28(11):2670-2679. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdx360. PMID: 29045502 Free PMC Article

Chemotherapy in ovarian germ cell tumors: A systematic review.

Simone CG, Markham MJ, Dizon DS
Gynecol Oncol 2016 Jun;141(3):602-607. Epub 2016 Feb 9 doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2016.02.007. PMID: 26873864

Cannabis exposure and risk of testicular cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Gurney J, Shaw C, Stanley J, Signal V, Sarfati D
BMC Cancer 2015 Nov 11;15:897. doi: 10.1186/s12885-015-1905-6. PMID: 26560314 Free PMC Article

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