Type II IGHD is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by low but detectable levels of growth hormone (GH), variable height deficit and age at presentation, and good response to rhGH. Patients may show anterior pituitary hypoplasia on MRI (summary by Phillips and Cogan, 1994; Alatzoglou and Dattani, 2012).

Kowarski syndrome, or short stature associated with bioinactive growth hormone, is characterized clinically by normal or slightly increased GH secretion, pathologically low IGF1 (147440) levels, and normal catch-up growth on GH replacement therapy (Besson et al., 2005).

Short stature-pituitary and cerebellar defects-small sella turcica syndrome is characterised by short stature, anterior pituitary hormone deficiency, small sella turcica, and a hypoplastic anterior hypophysis associated with pointed cerebellar tonsils. It has been described in three generations of a large French kindred. Ectopia of the posterior hypophysis was observed in some patients. The syndrome is transmitted as a dominantly inherited trait and is caused by a germline mutation within the LIM-homeobox transcription factor <i>LHX4</i> gene (1q25).

Combined pituitary hormone deficiency-3 (CPHD3) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by hypopituitarism with structural anterior pituitary defects and cervical abnormalities with or without restricted neck rotation. Some patients have sensorineural hearing loss (summary by Rajab et al., 2008). For a discussion of phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity of combined pituitary hormone deficiency, see CPHD1 (613038).