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National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division on Earth and Life Studies; Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources; Committee on Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Eighth Revised Edition. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2021 Aug 30.
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Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle: Eighth Revised Edition.
Show detailsTables 21-1 to 21-3 are intended to be used as a general guide to compare the expected nutrient concentrations of diets fed to meet the minimum requirements of dairy cattle at varying stages of maturity, lactation stages, growth rates, milk production, and milk composition. The nutrient concentrations are based on the required amounts of each nutrient divided by the predicted dry matter intake (DMI) using prediction equations presented in Chapter 2 (Dry Matter Intake) for heifers and milking cows, Chapter 10 (Nutrient Requirements of the Young Calf), and Chapter 12 (Dry and Transition Cows).
Requirements for each nutrient in calves, heifers, dry cows, and milking cows are based on the calculated requirements for each nutrient provided in the individual chapters corresponding to that nutrient. Energy and protein requirements for growth are presented in Chapter 11 (Growth). Dietary rumen-undegradable protein (RUP) was estimated as the difference between total dietary crude protein (CP) and rumen-degradable protein where dietary CP is based on the expected ratio of metabolizable protein to total dietary CP. There is no specific RUP requirement as the metabolizable protein supply would depend on the microbial protein produced from rumen fermentation and RUP supplied by individual ingredients in the diet. For energy and protein, provisions for mobilization and replenishment of body reserves during the lactation cycle have been included.
Deviations from expected DMIs will result in different nutrient concentrations required to meet the animal's nutrient requirements. In addition, nutrient requirements for metabolic fecal excretion and availability of some nutrients are driven by both DMI and the amount and composition of the individual feed ingredients within the diet. Thus, the most accurate estimates of the actual nutrient concentrations needed to meet the animal's requirements are best depicted by using the diet software.
TABLE 21-1Predicted Nutrient Concentrations (DM Basis) Needed to Meet the Nutrient Requirements for Holstein Cattle at Varying Stages of Lactation and Ages of Maturity
Growing Calves and Heifers | Dry Cowsa | Lactating Cows by Parity (Body Weight) and Days in Milka | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Days in Milk | First (570 kg) | Mature (700 kg) | ||||||||||||
Days Prepartum | 15 | 150 | 20 | 100 | 200 | |||||||||
Age, days | 30 | 100 | 225 | 350 | 475 | 600 | 60–21d | <21d | Milk, kg | 33 | 39 | 53 | 55 | 43 |
BW, kg | 65 | 120 | 230 | 330 | 420 | 530 | 740 | 740 | Fat % | 3.9 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 3.5 | 3.8 |
Growth Rate, kg/d | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 0.1 | Protein % | 3.1 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 3.3 |
Dry matter intake, kg/d | 1.4 | 3.9 | 6.6 | 8.5 | 9.8 | 11.0 | 13.9 | 12.3 | — | 20.8 | 23.9 | 25.8 | 29.4 | 27.4 |
ME, Mcal/kg | 3.68 | 2.26 | 2.09 | 1.95 | 1.92 | 2.12 | 1.93 | 2.25 | — | 2.39 | 2.61 | 2.58 | 2.73 | 2.60 |
NEL, Mcal/kg | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1.28 | 1.49 | — | 1.58 | 1.72 | 1.70 | 1.80 | 1.73 |
Rumen-degradable protein, % | — | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | — | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 |
Rumen-undegradable protein, % | — | 6.6 | 4.4 | 2.6 | 1.7 | 2.7 | 1.9 | 4.3 | — | 6.2 | 7.0 | 7.5 | 7.4 | 7.5 |
Crude protein, % | 21.0 | 16.6 | 14.4 | 12.6 | 11.7 | 12.7 | 11.9 | 14.3 | — | 16.2 | 16.0 | 17.5 | 17.4 | 17.5 |
Metabolizable protein, % | 16.5 | 9.5 | 8.1 | 6.8 | 6.1 | 14.0 | 5.2 | 6.7 | — | 9.8 | 9.8 | 10.9 | 10.2 | 10.1 |
NDF, min % | — | 25–33 | 25–33 | 25–33 | 25–33 | 25–33 | 25–33 | 25–33 | — | 25–33 | 25–33 | 25–33 | 25–33 | 25–33 |
Forage NDF, min % | — | 19–25 | 19–25 | 19–25 | 19–25 | 19–25 | 19–25 | 19–25 | — | 19–25 | 19–25 | 19–25 | 19–25 | 19–25 |
Starch max, % (varies) | — | 15–20 | 15–20 | 15–20 | 15–20 | 15–20 | 15–20 | 15–20 | — | 22–30 | 22–30 | 22–30 | 22–30 | 22–30 |
Macrominerals, % | ||||||||||||||
Ca | 0.59 | 0.78 | 0.58 | 0.44 | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.31 | 0.39 | — | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.64 | 0.60 | 0.58 |
P | 0.45 | 0.32 | 0.26 | 0.21 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.21 | — | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.39 | 0.37 | 0.35 |
Mg | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.14 | — | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.17 |
K | 1.00 | 0.51 | 0.52 | 0.54 | 0.56 | 0.60 | 0.62 | 0.69 | — | 1.03 | 0.97 | 1.10 | 1.00 | 0.99 |
Na | 0.35 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.17 | — | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.22 | 0.21 |
Cl | 0.28 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.14 | — | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.34 | 0.32 | 0.29 |
S | — | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | — | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 |
DCAD-S mEq/kg min | — | 39 | 42 | 45 | 50 | 60 | 66 | −100 | — | 148 | 130 | 157 | 135 | 137 |
Trace minerals, mg/kg | ||||||||||||||
Cu | 5 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 17 | 18 | 19 | — | 9 | 8 | 10 | 8 | 10 |
Co | — | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | — | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 |
I | 0.78 | 0.69 | 0.58 | 0.54 | 0.53 | 0.54 | 0.51 | 0.54 | — | 0.46 | 0.42 | 0.47 | 0.42 | 0.41 |
Fe | 90 | 61 | 46 | 32 | 24 | 28 | 13 | 15 | — | 16 | 16 | 21 | 19 | 16 |
Mn | 50 | 49 | 44 | 40 | 38 | 43 | 38 | 43 | — | 28 | 26 | 31 | 28 | 27 |
Se | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | — | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 |
Zn | 70 | 47 | 41 | 36 | 34 | 35 | 30 | 32 | — | 57 | 58 | 66 | 62 | 61 |
Vitamins, IU/kg | ||||||||||||||
Vitamin A | 5,218 | 3,390 | 3,829 | 4,265 | 4,698 | 5,288 | 5,850 | 6,630 | — | 3,021 | 2,796 | 3,687 | 3,303 | 3,103 |
Vitamin D | 1,518 | 924 | 1,044 | 1,163 | 1,281 | 1,442 | 1,595 | 1,810 | — | 1,099 | 954 | 1,085 | 952 | 1,021 |
Vitamin E | 86 | 49 | 25 | 28 | 31 | 35 | 85 | 181 | — | 22 | 19 | 22 | 19 | 20 |
- a
Energy and protein requirements for dry and lactating cows have been adjusted for growth (0.19 and 0.1 kg/d) for first versus mature cows and changes in energy reserves (−0.36, −1.00, 0.20, −1.70, 0.21, and 0.21 kg/d) for the respective groups beginning with dry cows at less than 21 days prepartum. Days pregnant were set at 10, 60, and 110 for cows at 100, 150, and 200 DIM.
TABLE 21-2Predicted Nutrient Concentrations (DM Basis) Needed to Meet the Nutrient Requirements for Jersey Cattle at Varying Stages of Lactation and Ages of Maturity
Growing Calves and Heifers | Dry Cowsa | Lactating Cows by Parity (Body Weight) and Days in Milka | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Days in Milk | First (425 kg) | Mature (520 kg) | ||||||||||||
Days Prepartum | 15 | 150 | 20 | 100 | 200 | |||||||||
Age, daysa | 30 | 100 | 225 | 350 | 475 | 600 | 60–21d1 | <21d | Milk, kg | 22 | 27 | 35 | 37 | 31 |
BW, kg | 45 | 90 | 175 | 245 | 310 | 400 | 555 | 555 | Fat % | 4.9 | 4.9 | 5.0 | 4.8 | 4.8 |
Growth Rate, kg/d | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.06 | 0.06 | Protein % | 3.9 | 3.7 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 3.7 |
Dry matter intake, kg/d | 1.0 | 3.0 | 5.1 | 6.5 | 7.4 | 8.3 | 10.4 | 9.4 | 16.5 | 19.4 | 20.5 | 23.5 | 21.9 | |
ME, Mcal/kg | 3.69 | 2.41 | 2.16 | 2.02 | 2.13 | 2.25 | 2.04 | 2.19 | 2.41 | 2.72 | 2.67 | 2.80 | 2.68 | |
NEL, Mcal/kg | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1.36 | 1.44 | 1.59 | 1.79 | 1.76 | 1.85 | 1.78 | |
Rumen-degradable protein, % | — | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | 10.0 | |
Rumen-undegradable protein, % | — | 7.8 | 4.4 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 1.8 | 3.7 | 6.8 | 7.6 | 8.0 | 8.0 | 7.6 | |
Crude protein, % | 22.9 | 17.8 | 14.4 | 13.1 | 13.1 | 12.9 | 11.8 | 13.7 | 16.8 | 17.6 | 18 | 18 | 17.6 | |
Metabolizable protein, % | 18.2 | 10.6 | 8.2 | 7.2 | 6.9 | 6.6 | 5.5 | 6.1 | 10.2 | 10.0 | 11.1 | 10.5 | 10.2 | |
NDF, min % | — | 25–33 | 25–33 | 25–33 | 25–33 | 25–33 | 25–33 | 25–33 | 25–33 | 25–33 | 25–33 | 25–33 | 25–33 | |
Forage NDF, min % | — | 19–25 | 19–25 | 19–25 | 19–25 | 19–25 | 19–25 | 19–25 | 19–25 | 19–25 | 19–25 | 19–25 | 19–25 | |
Starch max, % (varies) | — | 15–20 | 15–20 | 15–20 | 15–20 | 15–20 | 15–20 | 15–20 | 22–30 | 22–30 | 22–30 | 22–30 | 22–30 | |
Macrominerals, % | ||||||||||||||
Ca | 0.75 | 0.84 | 0.58 | 0.44 | 0.43 | 0.39 | 0.31 | 0.38 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.63 | 0.60 | 0.57 | |
P | 0.55 | 0.34 | 0.26 | 0.21 | 0.20 | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.33 | 0.34 | 0.37 | 0.35 | 0.34 | |
Mg | 0.15 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.16 | |
K | 1.20 | 0.50 | 0.52 | 0.53 | 0.56 | 0.60 | 0.62 | 0.68 | 0.96 | 0.89 | 1.01 | 0.92 | 0.93 | |
Na | 0.43 | 0.17 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.17 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.20 | |
Cl | 0.34 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.12 | 0.14 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.31 | 0.29 | 0.27 | |
S | — | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | |
DCAD-S, mEq/kg min | — | 39 | 40 | 43 | 50 | 60 | 66 | −100 | 133 | 114 | 140 | 119 | 124 | |
Trace minerals, mg/kg | ||||||||||||||
Cu | 6 | 17 | 15 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 8 | 8 | |
Co | — | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | |
I | 1.08 | 0.77 | 0.64 | 0.61 | 0.60 | 0.61 | 0.58 | 0.62 | 0.45 | 0.41 | 0.46 | 0.41 | 0.41 | |
Fe | 110 | 68 | 46 | 32 | 32 | 29 | 13 | 15 | 13 | 14 | 17 | 16 | 14 | |
Mn | 60 | 52 | 44 | 39 | 42 | 44 | 38 | 43 | 25 | 23 | 28 | 25 | 25 | |
Se | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
Zn | 84 | 49 | 41 | 36 | 36 | 35 | 30 | 32 | 53 | 54 | 59 | 56 | 53 | |
Vitamins, IU/kg | ||||||||||||||
Vitamin A | 6,084 | 3,286 | 3,745 | 4,162 | 4,592 | 5,273 | 5,850 | 6,510 | 2,836 | 2,405 | 2,796 | 2,520 | 2,616 | |
Vitamin D | 1,770 | 896 | 1,021 | 1,135 | 1,252 | 1,438 | 1,595 | 1,774 | 1,031 | 875 | 1,017 | 884 | 951 | |
Vitamin E | 90 | 48 | 25 | 28 | 30 | 35 | 85 | 177 | 21 | 17 | 20 | 18 | 19 |
- a
Energy and protein requirements for dry and lactating cows have been adjusted for growth (0.14 and 0.06 kg/d) for first versus mature cows and changes in energy reserves (−0.24, −0.75, 0.15, −1.28, 0.16, and 0.16 kg/d) for the respective groups beginning with dry cows at less than 21 days prepartum. Days pregnant were set at 10, 60, and 110 for cows at 100, 150, and 200 DIM.
TABLE 21-3Predicted Protein and Amino Acid Requirements for First-Lactation and Mature Holstein and Jersey Cows at Varying Days in Milk
Parity (Body Weight, kg) | Holstein | Jersey | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First (570 kg) | Mature (700 kg) | First (425 kg) | Mature (525 kg) | ||||||||
Days in milk | 15 | 150 | 20 | 100 | 200 | 15 | 150 | 20 | 100 | 200 | |
Milk, kg/d | 33 | 39 | 53 | 55 | 43 | 22 | 27 | 35 | 37 | 31 | |
Milk protein, % | 3.06 | 3.02 | 2.76 | 2.83 | 3.26 | 3.90 | 3.70 | 3.49 | 3.46 | 3.69 | |
Milk protein, g/d | 1,010 | 1,178 | 1,463 | 1,557 | 1,402 | 858 | 999 | 1,222 | 1,280 | 1,144 | |
Dry matter intake, kg/d | 20.8 | 23.9 | 25.8 | 29.4 | 27.4 | 16.5 | 19.4 | 20.5 | 23.5 | 21.9 | |
Protein intake, g/d | 3,370 | 4,063 | 4,515 | 5,116 | 4,795 | 2,772 | 3,414 | 3,690 | 4,230 | 3,854 | |
Rumen degradable, g/d | 2,080 | 2,390 | 2,580 | 2,940 | 2,740 | 1,650 | 1,940 | 2,050 | 2,350 | 2,190 | |
Rumen undegradable, g/d | 1,290 | 1,673 | 1,935 | 2,176 | 2,055 | 1,122 | 1,474 | 1,640 | 1,880 | 1,664 | |
Net protein, g/d | 1,462 | 1,667 | 2,005 | 2,141 | 1,968 | 1,207 | 1,382 | 1,644 | 1,749 | 1,586 | |
Metabolizable protein, g/d (eff. = 0.69) | 2,034 | 2,333 | 2,802 | 2,999 | 2,757 | 1,686 | 1,942 | 2,306 | 2,457 | 2,228 | |
Target Absorbed Essential Amino Acids | Target Efficiency | Target Absorbed Amino Acids, g/d | |||||||||
Histidine | 0.75 | 53 | 61 | 73 | 79 | 72 | 39 | 54 | 50 | 67 | 61 |
Isoleucine | 0.69 | 108 | 126 | 152 | 164 | 149 | 88 | 113 | 117 | 142 | 127 |
Leucine | 0.74 | 182 | 211 | 254 | 273 | 249 | 137 | 183 | 179 | 229 | 206 |
Lysine | 0.70 | 154 | 179 | 216 | 232 | 212 | 120 | 162 | 156 | 202 | 183 |
Methionine | 0.70 | 49 | 57 | 69 | 74 | 68 | 39 | 52 | 52 | 66 | 59 |
Phenylalanine | 0.60 | 113 | 131 | 157 | 169 | 154 | 87 | 114 | 115 | 143 | 129 |
Threonine | 0.60 | 104 | 120 | 143 | 155 | 142 | 80 | 107 | 103 | 133 | 121 |
Tryptophan | 0.63 | 25 | 29 | 35 | 38 | 34 | 19 | 26 | 25 | 32 | 29 |
Valine | 0.85 | 120 | 139 | 168 | 181 | 165 | 96 | 127 | 127 | 159 | 143 |
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