Helicobacter pylori

Excerpt

While important findings about the physiology and genetics of H. pylori are summarized in this volume, it also includes sections on epidemiology, bacteriology, bacterial virulence and pathogenic mechanisms, pathogenesis in the host, diagnosis and treatment, animal models, and other Helicobacter species.

Contents

• Contributors
• Preface
• Acknowledgments
• Part I. Introduction
  • Chapter 1. Overview
    Harry L. T. Mobley, George L. Mendz, and Stuart L. Hazell.
  • Chapter 2. Epidemiology of Infection
    Hazel M. Mitchell.
    • Prevalence of Infection
    • Natural History of Infection
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • Chapter 3. One Hundred Years of Discovery and Rediscovery of Helicobacter pylori and Its Association with Peptic Ulcer Disease
    Barry J. Marshall.
    • Spiral Bacteria
    • Epidemic Gastritis with Hypochlorhydria
    • The Origin of Gastric Urease
    • Bismuth Salts for Gastric Disease
    • Synthesis: Warren and Marshall 1979–84
    • Questions for the Future
    • References
• Part II. Bacteriology
  • Chapter 4. Basic Bacteriology and Culture
    Lief Percival Andersen and Torkel Wadström.
    • Campylobacteriaceae
    • The Genus Helicobacter
    • References
  • Chapter 5. Taxonomy of the Helicobacter Genus
    Jay V. Solnick and Peter Vandamme.
    • Introduction
    • Description of the Genus Helicobacter
    • Methods for the Differentiation of Helicobacter Species
    • Validated and Candidate Helicobacter Species
    • Identification of Novel Helicobacter Species
    • Conclusions
    • Acknowledgment
    • References
  • Chapter 6. Morphology and Ultrastructure
    Jani O'Rourke and Günter Bode.
    • Morphology of Helicobacter pylori
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • Chapter 7. Cell Envelope
    Paul W. O'Toole and Marguerite Clyne.
    • Peptidoglycan
    • Fatty Acid and Lipid Composition of H. pylori
    • Lipopolysaccharide
    • Surface Localization of Cytoplasmic Proteins
    • Outer Membrane Proteins of H. pylori
    • Conclusions
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • Chapter 8. Molecular Structure, Biosynthesis, and Pathogenic Roles of Lipopolysaccharides
    Anthony P. Moran.
    • General Architecture of LPS
    • Future Outlook
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • Chapter 9. Vacuolating Cytotoxin
    John C. Atherton, Timothy L. Cover, Emanuele Papini, and John L. Telford.
    • The vacA Gene
    • References
• Part III. Energy Metabolism and Synthetic Pathways
  • Chapter 10. Microaerobic Physiology: Aerobic Respiration, Anaerobic Respiration, and Carbon Dioxide Metabolism
    David J. Kelly, Nicky J. Hughes, and Robert K. Poole.
    • Modes of Energy Transduction
    • Aerobic Electron Transport in H. pylori
    • Anaerobic Electron Transport in H. pylori
    • Microaerophily versus Oxidative Stress
    • The CO₂ Enigma
    • Concluding Remarks
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • Chapter 11. Nitrogen Metabolism
    Hilde De Reuse and Stéphane Skouloubris.
    • Nitrogen Sources for Helicobacter pylori
    • Nitrogen Assimilation
    • Urea Cycle and Arginase
    • Two Paralogous Amidases
    • Conclusions
    • References
  • Chapter 12. The Citric Acid Cycle and Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
    David J. Kelly and Nicky J. Hughes.
    • Diversity and Multiple Roles of the Citric Acid Cycle in Prokaryotes
    • The CAC in H. pylori
    • Fatty Acid Biosynthesis in H. pylori
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • Chapter 13. Nucleotide Metabolism
    George L. Mendz.
    • Pyrimidine Ribonucleotides
    • Purine Nucleotides
    • Biosynthesis of Deoxyribonucleotides
    • Conclusions
    • References
  • Chapter 14. Biosynthetic Pathways Related to Cell Structure and Function
    Partha Krishnamurthy, Suhas H. Phadnis, Cindy R. DeLoney, Raoul S. Rosenthal, and Bruce E. Dunn.
    • Bacterial Peptidoglycans
    • Biosynthetic Pathway of Peptidoglycan Formation
    • Conclusions
    • References
  • Chapter 15. Evasion of the Toxic Effects of Oxygen
    Stuart L. Hazell, Andrew G. Harris, and Mark A. Trend.
    • Oxygen as a Toxic Species
    • Gene Regulation and Repair Mechanisms
    • Conclusion
    • References
• Part IV. Physiology and Molecular Biology
  • Chapter 16. Urease
    Harry L. T. Mobley.
    • Enzymology
    • Protein Structure
    • Genetics
    • Physiology
    • Pathogenesis
    • Detection of H. pylori using Urease
    • Typing Systems Based on Urease Genes
    • Urease in Vaccines
    • Acknowledgment
    • References
  • Chapter 17. Ion Metabolism and Transport
    Arnoud H. M. van Vliet, Stefan Bereswill, and Johannes G. Kusters.
    • Ion Homeostasis
    • Ion Metabolism
    • Ion Transport
    • Conclusions
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • Chapter 18. Metabolite Transport
    Brendan P. Burns and George L. Mendz.
    • Glucose Transport
    • Fumarate Transport
    • Arginine Transport
    • Urea Transport
    • Nucleotide Transport
    • Nickel Transport
    • Iron Transport
    • Copper Transport
    • Novel Drug Transporter Systems
    • Metabolite Transport and Total Genome Analysis
    • Conclusions
    • References
  • Chapter 19. Protein Export
    Dag Ilver, Rino Rappuoli, and John L. Telford.
    • The General Secretory Pathway
    • Sec-independent Export
    • Less Conventional Mechanisms for Protein Export
    • References
  • Chapter 20. Alternative Mechanisms of Protein Release
    Steven R. Blanke and Dan Ye.
    • Type IV Secretion: Adaptation of Conjugative Cellular Machinery
    • Bacterial Autolysis: An "Altruistic" Mechanism for H. pylori Adaptation within a Hostile Environment?
    • Outer Membrane Vesicles: Bundling Cell Envelope Proteins for Delivery?
    • Conclusions
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • Chapter 21. Motility, Chemotaxis, and Flagella
    Gunther Spohn and Vincenzo Scarlato.
    • The Flagella
    • Chemotaxis
    • Perspectives
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • Chapter 22. Natural Transformation, Recombination, and Repair
    Wolfgang Fischer, Dirk Hofreuter, and Rainer Haas.
    • Natural Transformation Competence
    • Genes Involved in DNA Uptake
    • Recombination
    • DNA Repair
    • References
  • Chapter 23. Chromosomal Replication, Plasmid Replication, and Cell Division
    Hiroaki Takeuchi and Teruko Nakazawa.
    • Chromosomal Replication
    • Plasmid Replication
    • Cell Division
    • Summary and Perspectives
    • References
  • Chapter 24. Restriction and Modification Systems
    John P. Donahue and Richard M. Peek Jr.
    • Classification of R-M Systems
    • Conclusion
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • Chapter 25. Regulation of Urease for Acid Habitation
    George Sachs, David R. Scott, David L. Weeks, Marina Rektorscheck, and Klaus Melchers.
    • Acid Resistance
    • The Mechanism of UreI
    • Conclusions
    • References
  • Chapter 26. Transcription and Translation
    Sanjib Bhattacharyya, Mae F. Go, Bruce E. Dunn, and Suhas H. Phadnis.
    • Transcription
    • Translation
    • Summary
    • References
• Part V. Genetics
  • Chapter 27. The Genome
    Richard A. Alm and Brian Noonan.
    • Comparative Analysis of the H. pylori Genomes
    • Genome of H. pylori Compared with Other Sequenced Microbial Genomes
    • Functional Genomes and Understanding the Host-Pathogen Interaction
    • Future Considerations
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • Chapter 28. Genetic Exchange
    Dawn A. Israel.
    • Transformation
    • Conjugation
    • Transduction
    • Barriers to Genetic Exchange
    • Conclusion
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • Chapter 29. Gene Regulation
    Nicolette de Vries, Arnoud H.M. van Vliet, and Johannes G. Kusters.
    • Gene Regulation in response to Environmental Factors
    • Regulation of Motility and Chemotaxis
    • Phase Variation
    • Other Regulatory Systems
    • Conclusions
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • Chapter 30. Mutagenesis
    Agnès Labigne and Peter J. Jenks.
    • Introduction to Mutagenesis
    • Spontaneous Mutagenesis of H. pylori
    • Induced Mutagenesis for H. pylori Genetics
    • Acknowledgment
    • References
  • Chapter 31. The cag Pathogenicity Island
    Markus Stein, Rino Rappuoli, and Antonello Covacci.
    • The cag Pathogenicity Island of H. pylori
    • Type IV Secretion Systems and Their Functions
    • Pathogenic Functions of the cag Pathogenicity Island
    • Conclusions
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • Chapter 32. Population Genetics
    Sebastian Suerbaum and Mark Achtman.
    • Bacterial Population Genetics
    • Genetic Heterogeneity of H. pylori
    • Evidence for Recombination in H. pylori
    • Geographic Variation in H. pylori
    • Do H. pylori Genotypes Reflect Human Migrations?
    • Microevolution during Chronic Colonization
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • Chapter 33. Heterogeneity and Subtyping
    Robert J. Owen, Diane E. Taylor, Ge Wang, and Leen-Jan van Doorn.
    • Introduction
    • Genotyping Based on Multiple Sites throughout the Genome and on Plasmids—Macrodiversity Analysis
    • Genotyping Based on Known Loci—Microdiversity Analysis
    • Mechanisms of Genetic Variation in Relation to Genotyping
    • Conclusions
    • References
• Part VI. Bacterial Virulence and Pathogenic Mechanisms
  • Chapter 34. Adherence and Colonization
    Traci L. Testerman, David J. McGee, and Harry L. T. Mobley.
    • Adherence
    • Bacterial Adhesins and Receptors
    • Adherence Antagonists
    • Does Invasion into Host Cells Occur?
    • Interations of H. pylori with Phagocytic Cells
    • Colonization
    • Conclusions
    • References
  • Chapter 35. Lipopolysaccharide Lewis Antigens
    Ben J. Appelmelk and Christina M. J. E. Vandenbroucke-Grauls.
    • Phase Variation in H. pylori LPS
    • The Biological Role of H. pylori Lewis Antigen Mimicry
    • H. pylori Lewis Antigens as Adhesins
    • References
  • Chapter 36. Gastric Autoimmunity
    Mathijs P. Bergman, Gerhard Faller, Mario M. D'Elios, Gianfranco Del Prete, Christina M. J. E. Vandenbroucke-Grauls, and Ben J. Appelmelk.
    • H. pylori Infection induces Autoantibodies to Gastric Mucosal Antigens
    • AIG/PA and Experimental Autoimmune Gastritis
    • Gastric T-Cell and Cytokine Responses in H. pylori Infection
    • Gastric Epithelial Cells during H. pylori Infection
    • A Model for the Pathogenesis of H. pylori-associated Antigastric Autoimmunity
    • References
  • Chapter 37. Vaccines
    Jacques Pappo, Steven Czinn, and John Nedrud.
    • The Immune Response against Helicobacter pylori: Implications for Vaccination
    • Preventive and Therapeutic Vaccines
    • Mechanisms of Immune Protection
    • Clinical Trials
    • References
• Part VII. Pathogenesis in the Host, Diagnosis, and Treatment
  • Chapter 38. Pathology of Gastritis and Peptic Ulceration
    Michael F. Dixon.
    • General Features of H. pylori Gastritis
    • Patterns of H. pylori Gastritis
    • Duodenal Ulceration
    • Gastric Ulceration
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • Chapter 39. Host Inflammatory Response to Infection
    Jide Wang, Thomas G. Blanchard, and Peter B. Ernst.
    • The Interactions between H. pylori and the Host Regulate Colonization and Pathogenicity
    • The Role of the Host Response in the Pathogenesis of Gastroduodenal Disease
    • Summary
    • References
  • Chapter 40. Gastric Cancer
    Masahiro Asaka, Antonia R. Sepulveda, Toshiro Sugiyama, and David Y. Graham.
    • Epidemiological Evaluation of the Relationship between H. pylori Infection and Gastric Cancer
    • Molecular Pathogenesis of H. pylori and Gastric Cancer
    • Development of Gastric Cancer in H. pylori-infected Animals
    • Genetic Alterations in Gastric Carcinogenesis
    • Perspective
    • References
  • Chapter 41. Markers of Infection
    David Y. Graham and Waqar A. Qureshi.
    • Laboratory Abnormalities
    • Markers Based on H. pylori Enzymes
    • Markers Based on Anti-H. pylori Antibodies
    • Markers Based on the Presence of H. pylori Antigens
    • Markers Based on the Presence of the Bacterium
    • References
  • Chapter 42. Antibiotic Susceptibility and Resistance
    Francis Mégraud, Stuart Hazell, and Youri Glupczynski.
    • 5-Nitroimidazole Activity and Mechanism of Resistance
    • Macrolide Activity and Mechanisms of Resistance
    • Resistance to β-Lactams
    • Resistance to Other Antibiotics
    • Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
    • Genomics and Drug Discovery
    • References
• Part VIII. Animal Models and Other Helicobacter Species
  • Chapter 43. Enterohepatic Helicobacter Species
    David B. Schauer.
    • Helicobacter hepaticus
    • Helicobacter cinaedi and Helicobacter fennelliae
    • Helicobacter canis
    • Helicobacter pametensis and Helicobacter pullorum
    • Other Urease-negative Helicobacter Species from Mice and Hamsters
    • H. muridarum
    • "Helicobacter rappini"
    • H. bilis
    • H. trogontum
    • Helicobacter aurati
    • Enterohepatic Helicobacter Species in Human Liver Disease
    • References
  • Chapter 44. Other Gastric Helicobacters and Spiral Organisms
    Stephen J. Danon and Adrian Lee.
    • History
    • The Ecology of the Gastric Helicobacters
    • References
  • Chapter 45. In Vivo Modeling of Helicobacter-associated Gastrointestinal Diseases
    Richard L. Ferrero and James G. Fox.
    • Helicobacter Colonization of Animal Hosts
    • Bacterial Host Specificity and Gastric Inflammation
    • Factors Mediating Helicobacter-induced Inflammation and Tissue Damage
    • Carcinogenesis
    • Applications of Helicobacter Infection Models
    • Conclusions
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • Chapter 46. In Vivo Adaptation to the Host
    Richard L. Ferrero and Peter J. Jenks.
    • In Vitro versus In Vivo
    • Mechanisms of Adaptation to the Host
    • Selection in the Host
    • Conclusions and Perspectives
    • Acknowledgment
    • References