Uterine leiomyoma (UL), commonly known as fibroids, are benign tumors of the uterine myometrium. They represent the most prevalent pelvic tumors in women and are found in more than 75% of women of reproductive age. Approximately 20 to 25% of women with UL exhibit symptoms including menorrhagia, infertility, pelvic pain, and a range of complications during pregnancy. UL are the leading cause for hysterectomy in the United States, accounting for 30% of all hysterectomies (summary by Eggert et al., 2012).

The presence of a adenoma of the thyroid gland.

The presence of one or more cysts of the ovary.

A fluid filled sac in the kidney.

An adenocarcinoma arising from the stomach glandular epithelium. Gastric carcinoma often produces no specific symptoms when it is superficial and potentially surgically curable, although up to 50% of patients may have nonspecific gastrointestinal complaints such as dyspepsia.

Presence of multiple polyps in the duodenum.

Presence of multiple adenomatous polyps in the colon.

Astrocytoma is a neoplasm of the central nervous system derived from astrocytes. Astrocytes are a type of glial cell, and thus astrocytoma is a subtype of glioma.

Intraductal papilloma is a benign tumor found within breast ducts. The abnormal proliferation of ductal epithelial cells causes growth. A solitary intraductal papilloma is usually found centrally posterior to the nipple affecting the central duct. Multiple intraductal papillomas are located peripherally, found in any breast quadrant affecting the peripheral ducts.