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Meckel syndrome, type 6(MKS6)

MedGen UID:
382942
Concept ID:
C2676790
Disease or Syndrome
Synonym: CC2D2A-Related Meckel Syndrome
 
Gene (location): CC2D2A (4p15.32)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0012848
OMIM®: 612284

Definition

Because of their serious health problems, most individuals with Meckel syndrome die before or shortly after birth. Most often, affected infants die of respiratory problems or kidney failure.

Other signs and symptoms of Meckel syndrome vary widely among affected individuals. Numerous abnormalities of the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system) have been reported in people with Meckel syndrome, including a group of birth defects known as neural tube defects. These defects occur when a structure called the neural tube, a layer of cells that ultimately develops into the brain and spinal cord, fails to close completely during the first few weeks of embryonic development. Meckel syndrome can also cause problems with development of the eyes and other facial features, heart, bones, urinary system, and genitalia.

Meckel syndrome is a disorder with severe signs and symptoms that affect many parts of the body. The most common features are enlarged kidneys with numerous fluid-filled cysts; an occipital encephalocele, which is a sac-like protrusion of the brain through an opening at the back of the skull; and the presence of extra fingers and toes (polydactyly). Most affected individuals also have a buildup of scar tissue (fibrosis) in the liver. [from MedlinePlus Genetics]

Clinical features

From HPO
Horseshoe kidney
MedGen UID:
65140
Concept ID:
C0221353
Congenital Abnormality
A connection of the right and left kidney by an isthmus of functioning renal parenchyma or fibrous tissue that crosses the midline.
Renal cyst
MedGen UID:
854361
Concept ID:
C3887499
Disease or Syndrome
A fluid filled sac in the kidney.
Aplasia of the bladder
MedGen UID:
869385
Concept ID:
C4023812
Finding
Aplasia (absence) of the urinary bladder.
Abnormal internal genitalia
MedGen UID:
871334
Concept ID:
C4025824
Anatomical Abnormality
An anomaly of the adnexa, uterus, and vagina (in female) or seminal tract and prostate (in male).
Clubfoot
MedGen UID:
3130
Concept ID:
C0009081
Congenital Abnormality
Clubfoot is a congenital limb deformity defined as fixation of the foot in cavus, adductus, varus, and equinus (i.e., inclined inwards, axially rotated outwards, and pointing downwards) with concomitant soft tissue abnormalities (Cardy et al., 2007). Clubfoot may occur in isolation or as part of a syndrome (e.g., diastrophic dysplasia, 222600). Clubfoot has been reported with deficiency of long bones and mirror-image polydactyly (Gurnett et al., 2008; Klopocki et al., 2012).
Postaxial hand polydactyly
MedGen UID:
609221
Concept ID:
C0431904
Congenital Abnormality
Supernumerary digits located at the ulnar side of the hand (that is, on the side with the fifth finger).
Postaxial foot polydactyly
MedGen UID:
384489
Concept ID:
C2112129
Finding
Polydactyly of the foot most commonly refers to the presence of six toes on one foot. Postaxial polydactyly affects the lateral ray and the duplication may range from a well-formed articulated digit to a rudimentary digit.
Hepatic fibrosis
MedGen UID:
116093
Concept ID:
C0239946
Disease or Syndrome
The presence of excessive fibrous connective tissue in the liver. Fibrosis is a reparative or reactive process.
Isolated agenesis of gallbladder
MedGen UID:
82736
Concept ID:
C0266251
Congenital Abnormality
A developmental defect in which the gallbladder fails to form.
Bile duct proliferation
MedGen UID:
120603
Concept ID:
C0267818
Disease or Syndrome
Proliferative changes of the bile ducts.
Hepatic cysts
MedGen UID:
82761
Concept ID:
C0267834
Disease or Syndrome
A cystic lesion located in the liver.
Cystic liver disease
MedGen UID:
1643791
Concept ID:
C4551631
Disease or Syndrome
Anencephaly
MedGen UID:
8068
Concept ID:
C0002902
Congenital Abnormality
Because these nervous system abnormalities are so severe, almost all babies with anencephaly die before birth or within a few hours or days after birth.\n\nAnencephaly is a condition that prevents the normal development of the brain and the bones of the skull. This condition results when a structure called the neural tube fails to close during the first few weeks of embryonic development. The neural tube is a layer of cells that ultimately develops into the brain and spinal cord. Because anencephaly is caused by abnormalities of the neural tube, it is classified as a neural tube defect.\n\nBecause the neural tube fails to close properly, the developing brain and spinal cord are exposed to the amniotic fluid that surrounds the fetus in the womb. This exposure causes the nervous system tissue to break down (degenerate). As a result, people with anencephaly are missing large parts of the brain called the cerebrum and cerebellum. These brain regions are necessary for thinking, hearing, vision, emotion, and coordinating movement. The bones of the skull are also missing or incompletely formed.
Occipital encephalocele
MedGen UID:
4935
Concept ID:
C0014067
Congenital Abnormality
A type of encephalocele (that is, a a protrusion of part of the cranial contents including brain tissue through a congenital opening in the cranium, typically covered with skin or mucous membrane) in the occipital region of the skull. Occipital encephalocele presents as a midline swelling over the occipital bone. It is usually covered with normal full-thickness scalp.
Hydrocephalus
MedGen UID:
9335
Concept ID:
C0020255
Disease or Syndrome
Hydrocephalus is an active distension of the ventricular system of the brain resulting from inadequate passage of CSF from its point of production within the cerebral ventricles to its point of absorption into the systemic circulation.
Pulmonary hypoplasia
MedGen UID:
78574
Concept ID:
C0265783
Congenital Abnormality
A congenital abnormality in which the lung parenchyma is not fully developed. It may be associated with other congenital abnormalities.
Bilobed right lung
MedGen UID:
539498
Concept ID:
C0265792
Congenital Abnormality
A developmental defect of pulmonary lobation characterized by the presence of only two lobes of the right lung.
Cleft upper lip
MedGen UID:
40327
Concept ID:
C0008924
Congenital Abnormality
A gap or groove in the upper lip. This is a congenital defect resulting from nonfusion of tissues of the lip during embryonal development.
Cleft palate
MedGen UID:
756015
Concept ID:
C2981150
Congenital Abnormality
Cleft palate is a developmental defect of the palate resulting from a failure of fusion of the palatine processes and manifesting as a separation of the roof of the mouth (soft and hard palate).

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Dąbkowska S, Kucińska-Chahwan A, Beneturska A, Ilnicka A, Nowakowska B, Panek G, Roszkowski T, Bijok J
Prenat Diagn 2020 Apr;40(5):612-617. Epub 2020 Feb 12 doi: 10.1002/pd.5654. PMID: 32003477
Erger F, Brüchle NO, Gembruch U, Zerres K
Arch Gynecol Obstet 2017 Apr;295(4):897-906. Epub 2017 Mar 10 doi: 10.1007/s00404-017-4336-6. PMID: 28283827
Barisic I, Boban L, Loane M, Garne E, Wellesley D, Calzolari E, Dolk H, Addor MC, Bergman JE, Braz P, Draper ES, Haeusler M, Khoshnood B, Klungsoyr K, Pierini A, Queisser-Luft A, Rankin J, Rissmann A, Verellen-Dumoulin C
Eur J Hum Genet 2015 Jun;23(6):746-52. Epub 2014 Sep 3 doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.174. PMID: 25182137Free PMC Article

Curated

Salonen R, Kestilä M, Bergmann C
Eur J Hum Genet 2011 Jul;19(7) Epub 2011 Feb 2 doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2010.255. PMID: 21368913Free PMC Article

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Dąbkowska S, Kucińska-Chahwan A, Beneturska A, Ilnicka A, Nowakowska B, Panek G, Roszkowski T, Bijok J
Prenat Diagn 2020 Apr;40(5):612-617. Epub 2020 Feb 12 doi: 10.1002/pd.5654. PMID: 32003477
Radhakrishnan P, Nayak SS, Shukla A, Lindstrand A, Girisha KM
Clin Genet 2019 Dec;96(6):560-565. Epub 2019 Aug 21 doi: 10.1111/cge.13623. PMID: 31411728
Roosing S, Romani M, Isrie M, Rosti RO, Micalizzi A, Musaev D, Mazza T, Al-Gazali L, Altunoglu U, Boltshauser E, D'Arrigo S, De Keersmaecker B, Kayserili H, Brandenberger S, Kraoua I, Mark PR, McKanna T, Van Keirsbilck J, Moerman P, Poretti A, Puri R, Van Esch H, Gleeson JG, Valente EM
J Med Genet 2016 Sep;53(9):608-15. Epub 2016 May 6 doi: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2016-103832. PMID: 27208211Free PMC Article
Park E, Lee JM, Ahn YH, Kang HG, Ha II, Lee JH, Park YS, Kim NK, Park WY, Cheong HI
Pediatr Nephrol 2016 Jan;31(1):113-9. Epub 2015 Aug 11 doi: 10.1007/s00467-015-3185-4. PMID: 26260382
Abdelhamed ZA, Natarajan S, Wheway G, Inglehearn CF, Toomes C, Johnson CA, Jagger DJ
Dis Model Mech 2015 Jun;8(6):527-41. Epub 2015 Apr 7 doi: 10.1242/dmm.019083. PMID: 26035863Free PMC Article

Diagnosis

Junior JHMF, Junior SP, Pustilnik HN, de Almeida Leão L, da Paz MGDS, Araujo TB, de Deus FOG, Alcântara T, Dourado JC, de Avellar LM
Childs Nerv Syst 2024 Jul;40(7):2161-2168. Epub 2024 Mar 9 doi: 10.1007/s00381-024-06346-3. PMID: 38459147
Srivastava S, Manisha R, Dwivedi A, Agarwal H, Saxena D, Agrawal V, Mandal K
Fetal Pediatr Pathol 2022 Dec;41(6):1041-1051. Epub 2021 Nov 25 doi: 10.1080/15513815.2021.2007434. PMID: 34821546
Dąbkowska S, Kucińska-Chahwan A, Beneturska A, Ilnicka A, Nowakowska B, Panek G, Roszkowski T, Bijok J
Prenat Diagn 2020 Apr;40(5):612-617. Epub 2020 Feb 12 doi: 10.1002/pd.5654. PMID: 32003477
Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Rac MWF, McKinney J, Gandhi M
Am J Obstet Gynecol 2019 Dec;221(6):B13-B15. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2019.09.023. PMID: 31787158
Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, McKinney J, Rac MWF, Gandhi M
Am J Obstet Gynecol 2019 Dec;221(6):B10-B12. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2019.09.022. PMID: 31787157

Prognosis

Junior JHMF, Junior SP, Pustilnik HN, de Almeida Leão L, da Paz MGDS, Araujo TB, de Deus FOG, Alcântara T, Dourado JC, de Avellar LM
Childs Nerv Syst 2024 Jul;40(7):2161-2168. Epub 2024 Mar 9 doi: 10.1007/s00381-024-06346-3. PMID: 38459147
Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM), Monteagudo A
Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020 Dec;223(6):B38-B41. Epub 2020 Nov 7 doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2020.08.184. PMID: 33168220
Dąbkowska S, Kucińska-Chahwan A, Beneturska A, Ilnicka A, Nowakowska B, Panek G, Roszkowski T, Bijok J
Prenat Diagn 2020 Apr;40(5):612-617. Epub 2020 Feb 12 doi: 10.1002/pd.5654. PMID: 32003477
Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Rac MWF, McKinney J, Gandhi M
Am J Obstet Gynecol 2019 Dec;221(6):B13-B15. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2019.09.023. PMID: 31787158
Park E, Lee JM, Ahn YH, Kang HG, Ha II, Lee JH, Park YS, Kim NK, Park WY, Cheong HI
Pediatr Nephrol 2016 Jan;31(1):113-9. Epub 2015 Aug 11 doi: 10.1007/s00467-015-3185-4. PMID: 26260382

Clinical prediction guides

Simonini C, Fröschen EM, Nadal J, Strizek B, Berg C, Geipel A, Gembruch U
Arch Gynecol Obstet 2023 Oct;308(4):1287-1300. Epub 2022 Oct 31 doi: 10.1007/s00404-022-06814-8. PMID: 36310336Free PMC Article
Erger F, Brüchle NO, Gembruch U, Zerres K
Arch Gynecol Obstet 2017 Apr;295(4):897-906. Epub 2017 Mar 10 doi: 10.1007/s00404-017-4336-6. PMID: 28283827
Park E, Lee JM, Ahn YH, Kang HG, Ha II, Lee JH, Park YS, Kim NK, Park WY, Cheong HI
Pediatr Nephrol 2016 Jan;31(1):113-9. Epub 2015 Aug 11 doi: 10.1007/s00467-015-3185-4. PMID: 26260382
Barisic I, Boban L, Loane M, Garne E, Wellesley D, Calzolari E, Dolk H, Addor MC, Bergman JE, Braz P, Draper ES, Haeusler M, Khoshnood B, Klungsoyr K, Pierini A, Queisser-Luft A, Rankin J, Rissmann A, Verellen-Dumoulin C
Eur J Hum Genet 2015 Jun;23(6):746-52. Epub 2014 Sep 3 doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.174. PMID: 25182137Free PMC Article
Shaheen R, Faqeih E, Seidahmed MZ, Sunker A, Alali FE, AlQahtani K, Alkuraya FS
Hum Mutat 2011 Jun;32(6):573-8. Epub 2011 May 5 doi: 10.1002/humu.21507. PMID: 21462283

Recent systematic reviews

Junior JHMF, Junior SP, Pustilnik HN, de Almeida Leão L, da Paz MGDS, Araujo TB, de Deus FOG, Alcântara T, Dourado JC, de Avellar LM
Childs Nerv Syst 2024 Jul;40(7):2161-2168. Epub 2024 Mar 9 doi: 10.1007/s00381-024-06346-3. PMID: 38459147

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