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Autism, susceptibility to, 5(IDDAS)

MedGen UID:
340048
Concept ID:
C1853755
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: Autism 5; AUTISM-RELATED SPEECH DELAY; AUTS5; IDDAS; INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER WITH AUTISM AND SPEECH DELAY; PHRASE SPEECH DELAY, AUTISM-RELATED
 
Gene (location): TBR1 (2q24.2)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0011627
OMIM®: 606053

Definition

IDDAS is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by varying degrees of intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, and language deficits (Deriziotis et al., 2014; den Hoed et al., 2018). [from OMIM]

Clinical features

From HPO
Autism
MedGen UID:
13966
Concept ID:
C0004352
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Autism, the prototypic pervasive developmental disorder (PDD), is usually apparent by 3 years of age. It is characterized by a triad of limited or absent verbal communication, a lack of reciprocal social interaction or responsiveness, and restricted, stereotypic, and ritualized patterns of interests and behavior (Bailey et al., 1996; Risch et al., 1999). 'Autism spectrum disorder,' sometimes referred to as ASD, is a broader phenotype encompassing the less severe disorders Asperger syndrome (see ASPG1; 608638) and pervasive developmental disorder, not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). 'Broad autism phenotype' includes individuals with some symptoms of autism, but who do not meet the full criteria for autism or other disorders. Mental retardation coexists in approximately two-thirds of individuals with ASD, except for Asperger syndrome, in which mental retardation is conspicuously absent (Jones et al., 2008). Genetic studies in autism often include family members with these less stringent diagnoses (Schellenberg et al., 2006). Levy et al. (2009) provided a general review of autism and autism spectrum disorder, including epidemiology, characteristics of the disorder, diagnosis, neurobiologic hypotheses for the etiology, genetics, and treatment options. Genetic Heterogeneity of Autism Autism is considered to be a complex multifactorial disorder involving many genes. Accordingly, several loci have been identified, some or all of which may contribute to the phenotype. Included in this entry is AUTS1, which has been mapped to chromosome 7q22. Other susceptibility loci include AUTS3 (608049), which maps to chromosome 13q14; AUTS4 (608636), which maps to chromosome 15q11; AUTS6 (609378), which maps to chromosome 17q11; AUTS7 (610676), which maps to chromosome 17q21; AUTS8 (607373), which maps to chromosome 3q25-q27; AUTS9 (611015), which maps to chromosome 7q31; AUTS10 (611016), which maps to chromosome 7q36; AUTS11 (610836), which maps to chromosome 1q41; AUTS12 (610838), which maps to chromosome 21p13-q11; AUTS13 (610908), which maps to chromosome 12q14; AUTS14A (611913), which has been found in patients with a deletion of a region of 16p11.2; AUTS14B (614671), which has been found in patients with a duplication of a region of 16p11.2; AUTS15 (612100), associated with mutation in the CNTNAP2 gene (604569) on chromosome 7q35-q36; AUTS16 (613410), associated with mutation in the SLC9A9 gene (608396) on chromosome 3q24; AUTS17 (613436), associated with mutation in the SHANK2 gene (603290) on chromosome 11q13; AUTS18 (615032), associated with mutation in the CHD8 gene (610528) on chromosome 14q11; AUTS19 (615091), associated with mutation in the EIF4E gene (133440) on chromosome 4q23; and AUTS20 (618830), associated with mutation in the NLGN1 gene (600568) on chromosome 3q26. (NOTE: the symbol 'AUTS2' has been used to refer to a gene on chromosome 7q11 (KIAA0442; 607270) and therefore is not used as a part of this autism locus series.) There are several X-linked forms of autism susceptibility: AUTSX1 (300425), associated with mutations in the NLGN3 gene (300336); AUTSX2 (300495), associated with mutations in NLGN4 (300427); AUTSX3 (300496), associated with mutations in MECP2 (300005); AUTSX4 (300830), associated with variation in the region on chromosome Xp22.11 containing the PTCHD1 gene (300828); AUTSX5 (300847), associated with mutations in the RPL10 gene (312173); and AUTSX6 (300872), associated with mutation in the TMLHE gene (300777). A locus on chromosome 2q (606053) associated with a phenotype including intellectual disability and speech deficits was formerly designated AUTS5. Folstein and Rosen-Sheidley (2001) reviewed the genetics of autism.
Intellectual disability, severe
MedGen UID:
48638
Concept ID:
C0036857
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Severe mental retardation is defined as an intelligence quotient (IQ) in the range of 20-34.
Motor stereotypies
MedGen UID:
21318
Concept ID:
C0038271
Individual Behavior
Use of the same abnormal action in response to certain triggers or at random. They may be used as a way to regulate one's internal state but must otherwise have no apparent functional purpose.
Delayed ability to walk
MedGen UID:
66034
Concept ID:
C0241726
Finding
A failure to achieve the ability to walk at an appropriate developmental stage. Most children learn to walk in a series of stages, and learn to walk short distances independently between 12 and 15 months.
Macrogyria
MedGen UID:
120579
Concept ID:
C0266483
Congenital Abnormality
Pachygyria is a malformation of cortical development with abnormally wide gyri with sulci 1,5-3 cm apart and abnormally thick cortex measuring more than 5 mm (radiological definition). See also neuropathological definitions for 2-, 3-, and 4-layered lissencephaly.
Delayed speech and language development
MedGen UID:
105318
Concept ID:
C0454644
Finding
A degree of language development that is significantly below the norm for a child of a specified age.
Global developmental delay
MedGen UID:
107838
Concept ID:
C0557874
Finding
A delay in the achievement of motor or mental milestones in the domains of development of a child, including motor skills, speech and language, cognitive skills, and social and emotional skills. This term should only be used to describe children younger than five years of age.
Inability to walk
MedGen UID:
107860
Concept ID:
C0560046
Finding
Incapability to ambulate.
Reduced social responsiveness
MedGen UID:
1841569
Concept ID:
C5826975
Finding
A reduced ability to participate in the back-and-forth flow of social interaction appropriate to culture and developmental level, which is normally characterized by an influence of the behavior of one person on the behavior of another person. This results in difficulty interacting with others through emotional, physical, or verbal communication.
Joint hypermobility
MedGen UID:
336793
Concept ID:
C1844820
Finding
The capability that a joint (or a group of joints) has to move, passively and/or actively, beyond normal limits along physiological axes.
Generalized hypotonia
MedGen UID:
346841
Concept ID:
C1858120
Finding
Generalized muscular hypotonia (abnormally low muscle tone).

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Hartmann A, Ansquer S, Brefel-Courbon C, Burbaud P, Castrioto A, Czernecki V, Damier P, Deniau E, Drapier S, Jalenques I, Marechal O, Priou T, Spodenkiewicz M, Thobois S, Roubertie A, Witjas T, Anheim M
Rev Neurol (Paris) 2024 Oct;180(8):818-827. Epub 2024 May 17 doi: 10.1016/j.neurol.2024.04.005. PMID: 38760282
Hecht PM, Hudson M, Connors SL, Tilley MR, Liu X, Beversdorf DQ
Autism Res 2016 Nov;9(11):1151-1160. Epub 2016 Apr 19 doi: 10.1002/aur.1629. PMID: 27091118
Posey DJ, McDougle CJ
Curr Psychiatry Rep 2001 Apr;3(2):101-8. doi: 10.1007/s11920-001-0006-1. PMID: 11276404

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Trost B, Thiruvahindrapuram B, Chan AJS, Engchuan W, Higginbotham EJ, Howe JL, Loureiro LO, Reuter MS, Roshandel D, Whitney J, Zarrei M, Bookman M, Somerville C, Shaath R, Abdi M, Aliyev E, Patel RV, Nalpathamkalam T, Pellecchia G, Hamdan O, Kaur G, Wang Z, MacDonald JR, Wei J, Sung WWL, Lamoureux S, Hoang N, Selvanayagam T, Deflaux N, Geng M, Ghaffari S, Bates J, Young EJ, Ding Q, Shum C, D'Abate L, Bradley CA, Rutherford A, Aguda V, Apresto B, Chen N, Desai S, Du X, Fong MLY, Pullenayegum S, Samler K, Wang T, Ho K, Paton T, Pereira SL, Herbrick JA, Wintle RF, Fuerth J, Noppornpitak J, Ward H, Magee P, Al Baz A, Kajendirarajah U, Kapadia S, Vlasblom J, Valluri M, Green J, Seifer V, Quirbach M, Rennie O, Kelley E, Masjedi N, Lord C, Szego MJ, Zawati MH, Lang M, Strug LJ, Marshall CR, Costain G, Calli K, Iaboni A, Yusuf A, Ambrozewicz P, Gallagher L, Amaral DG, Brian J, Elsabbagh M, Georgiades S, Messinger DS, Ozonoff S, Sebat J, Sjaarda C, Smith IM, Szatmari P, Zwaigenbaum L, Kushki A, Frazier TW, Vorstman JAS, Fakhro KA, Fernandez BA, Lewis MES, Weksberg R, Fiume M, Yuen RKC, Anagnostou E, Sondheimer N, Glazer D, Hartley DM, Scherer SW
Cell 2022 Nov 10;185(23):4409-4427.e18. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.10.009. PMID: 36368308Free PMC Article
Fu JM, Satterstrom FK, Peng M, Brand H, Collins RL, Dong S, Wamsley B, Klei L, Wang L, Hao SP, Stevens CR, Cusick C, Babadi M, Banks E, Collins B, Dodge S, Gabriel SB, Gauthier L, Lee SK, Liang L, Ljungdahl A, Mahjani B, Sloofman L, Smirnov AN, Barbosa M, Betancur C, Brusco A, Chung BHY, Cook EH, Cuccaro ML, Domenici E, Ferrero GB, Gargus JJ, Herman GE, Hertz-Picciotto I, Maciel P, Manoach DS, Passos-Bueno MR, Persico AM, Renieri A, Sutcliffe JS, Tassone F, Trabetti E, Campos G, Cardaropoli S, Carli D, Chan MCY, Fallerini C, Giorgio E, Girardi AC, Hansen-Kiss E, Lee SL, Lintas C, Ludena Y, Nguyen R, Pavinato L, Pericak-Vance M, Pessah IN, Schmidt RJ, Smith M, Costa CIS, Trajkova S, Wang JYT, Yu MHC; Autism Sequencing Consortium (ASC); Broad Institute Center for Common Disease Genomics (Broad-CCDG); iPSYCH-BROAD Consortium, Cutler DJ, De Rubeis S, Buxbaum JD, Daly MJ, Devlin B, Roeder K, Sanders SJ, Talkowski ME
Nat Genet 2022 Sep;54(9):1320-1331. Epub 2022 Aug 18 doi: 10.1038/s41588-022-01104-0. PMID: 35982160Free PMC Article
Zhou X, Feliciano P, Shu C, Wang T, Astrovskaya I, Hall JB, Obiajulu JU, Wright JR, Murali SC, Xu SX, Brueggeman L, Thomas TR, Marchenko O, Fleisch C, Barns SD, Snyder LG, Han B, Chang TS, Turner TN, Harvey WT, Nishida A, O'Roak BJ, Geschwind DH; SPARK Consortium, Michaelson JJ, Volfovsky N, Eichler EE, Shen Y, Chung WK
Nat Genet 2022 Sep;54(9):1305-1319. Epub 2022 Aug 18 doi: 10.1038/s41588-022-01148-2. PMID: 35982159Free PMC Article
Wang T, Hoekzema K, Vecchio D, Wu H, Sulovari A, Coe BP, Gillentine MA, Wilfert AB, Perez-Jurado LA, Kvarnung M, Sleyp Y, Earl RK, Rosenfeld JA, Geisheker MR, Han L, Du B, Barnett C, Thompson E, Shaw M, Carroll R, Friend K, Catford R, Palmer EE, Zou X, Ou J, Li H, Guo H, Gerdts J, Avola E, Calabrese G, Elia M, Greco D, Lindstrand A, Nordgren A, Anderlid BM, Vandeweyer G, Van Dijck A, Van der Aa N, McKenna B, Hancarova M, Bendova S, Havlovicova M, Malerba G, Bernardina BD, Muglia P, van Haeringen A, Hoffer MJV, Franke B, Cappuccio G, Delatycki M, Lockhart PJ, Manning MA, Liu P, Scheffer IE, Brunetti-Pierri N, Rommelse N, Amaral DG, Santen GWE, Trabetti E, Sedláček Z, Michaelson JJ, Pierce K, Courchesne E, Kooy RF; SPARK Consortium, Nordenskjöld M, Romano C, Peeters H, Bernier RA, Gecz J, Xia K, Eichler EE
Nat Commun 2020 Oct 1;11(1):4932. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-18723-y. PMID: 33004838Free PMC Article
Kong A, Frigge ML, Masson G, Besenbacher S, Sulem P, Magnusson G, Gudjonsson SA, Sigurdsson A, Jonasdottir A, Jonasdottir A, Wong WS, Sigurdsson G, Walters GB, Steinberg S, Helgason H, Thorleifsson G, Gudbjartsson DF, Helgason A, Magnusson OT, Thorsteinsdottir U, Stefansson K
Nature 2012 Aug 23;488(7412):471-5. doi: 10.1038/nature11396. PMID: 22914163Free PMC Article

Diagnosis

Bai D, Yip BHK, Windham GC, Sourander A, Francis R, Yoffe R, Glasson E, Mahjani B, Suominen A, Leonard H, Gissler M, Buxbaum JD, Wong K, Schendel D, Kodesh A, Breshnahan M, Levine SZ, Parner ET, Hansen SN, Hultman C, Reichenberg A, Sandin S
JAMA Psychiatry 2019 Oct 1;76(10):1035-1043. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.1411. PMID: 31314057Free PMC Article
Hviid A, Hansen JV, Frisch M, Melbye M
Ann Intern Med 2019 Apr 16;170(8):513-520. Epub 2019 Mar 5 doi: 10.7326/M18-2101. PMID: 30831578
Demontis D, Walters RK, Martin J, Mattheisen M, Als TD, Agerbo E, Baldursson G, Belliveau R, Bybjerg-Grauholm J, Bækvad-Hansen M, Cerrato F, Chambert K, Churchhouse C, Dumont A, Eriksson N, Gandal M, Goldstein JI, Grasby KL, Grove J, Gudmundsson OO, Hansen CS, Hauberg ME, Hollegaard MV, Howrigan DP, Huang H, Maller JB, Martin AR, Martin NG, Moran J, Pallesen J, Palmer DS, Pedersen CB, Pedersen MG, Poterba T, Poulsen JB, Ripke S, Robinson EB, Satterstrom FK, Stefansson H, Stevens C, Turley P, Walters GB, Won H, Wright MJ; ADHD Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC); Early Lifecourse & Genetic Epidemiology (EAGLE) Consortium; 23andMe Research Team, Andreassen OA, Asherson P, Burton CL, Boomsma DI, Cormand B, Dalsgaard S, Franke B, Gelernter J, Geschwind D, Hakonarson H, Haavik J, Kranzler HR, Kuntsi J, Langley K, Lesch KP, Middeldorp C, Reif A, Rohde LA, Roussos P, Schachar R, Sklar P, Sonuga-Barke EJS, Sullivan PF, Thapar A, Tung JY, Waldman ID, Medland SE, Stefansson K, Nordentoft M, Hougaard DM, Werge T, Mors O, Mortensen PB, Daly MJ, Faraone SV, Børglum AD, Neale BM
Nat Genet 2019 Jan;51(1):63-75. Epub 2018 Nov 26 doi: 10.1038/s41588-018-0269-7. PMID: 30478444Free PMC Article
Mold M, Umar D, King A, Exley C
J Trace Elem Med Biol 2018 Mar;46:76-82. Epub 2017 Nov 26 doi: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2017.11.012. PMID: 29413113
Voineagu I
Dis Markers 2012;33(5):223-4. doi: 10.3233/DMA-2012-0931. PMID: 22960343Free PMC Article

Therapy

Yu X, Mostafijur Rahman M, Carter SA, Lin JC, Zhuang Z, Chow T, Lurmann FW, Kleeman MJ, Martinez MP, van Donkelaar A, Martin RV, Eckel SP, Chen Z, Levitt P, Schwartz J, Hackman D, Chen JC, McConnell R, Xiang AH
Environ Int 2023 Sep;179:108148. Epub 2023 Aug 14 doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108148. PMID: 37595536Free PMC Article
Hviid A, Hansen JV, Frisch M, Melbye M
Ann Intern Med 2019 Apr 16;170(8):513-520. Epub 2019 Mar 5 doi: 10.7326/M18-2101. PMID: 30831578
Kong A, Frigge ML, Masson G, Besenbacher S, Sulem P, Magnusson G, Gudjonsson SA, Sigurdsson A, Jonasdottir A, Jonasdottir A, Wong WS, Sigurdsson G, Walters GB, Steinberg S, Helgason H, Thorleifsson G, Gudbjartsson DF, Helgason A, Magnusson OT, Thorsteinsdottir U, Stefansson K
Nature 2012 Aug 23;488(7412):471-5. doi: 10.1038/nature11396. PMID: 22914163Free PMC Article
Muglia P
Curr Opin Pharmacol 2011 Oct;11(5):563-71. Epub 2011 Sep 3 doi: 10.1016/j.coph.2011.08.003. PMID: 21893430
Murphy DL, Lerner A, Rudnick G, Lesch KP
Mol Interv 2004 Apr;4(2):109-23. doi: 10.1124/mi.4.2.8. PMID: 15087484

Prognosis

Taylor MJ, Rosenqvist MA, Larsson H, Gillberg C, D'Onofrio BM, Lichtenstein P, Lundström S
JAMA Psychiatry 2020 Sep 1;77(9):936-943. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.0680. PMID: 32374377Free PMC Article
Doostparast Torshizi A, Armoskus C, Zhang H, Forrest MP, Zhang S, Souaiaia T, Evgrafov OV, Knowles JA, Duan J, Wang K
Sci Adv 2019 Sep;5(9):eaau4139. Epub 2019 Sep 11 doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aau4139. PMID: 31535015Free PMC Article
Den K, Kato M, Yamaguchi T, Miyatake S, Takata A, Mizuguchi T, Miyake N, Mitsuhashi S, Matsumoto N
J Hum Genet 2019 Aug;64(8):821-827. Epub 2019 May 20 doi: 10.1038/s10038-019-0617-1. PMID: 31110234
Zhang J, Walsh MF, Wu G, Edmonson MN, Gruber TA, Easton J, Hedges D, Ma X, Zhou X, Yergeau DA, Wilkinson MR, Vadodaria B, Chen X, McGee RB, Hines-Dowell S, Nuccio R, Quinn E, Shurtleff SA, Rusch M, Patel A, Becksfort JB, Wang S, Weaver MS, Ding L, Mardis ER, Wilson RK, Gajjar A, Ellison DW, Pappo AS, Pui CH, Nichols KE, Downing JR
N Engl J Med 2015 Dec 10;373(24):2336-2346. Epub 2015 Nov 18 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1508054. PMID: 26580448Free PMC Article
Hirschhorn JN, Gajdos ZK
Annu Rev Med 2011;62:11-24. doi: 10.1146/annurev.med.091708.162036. PMID: 21226609

Clinical prediction guides

Trost B, Thiruvahindrapuram B, Chan AJS, Engchuan W, Higginbotham EJ, Howe JL, Loureiro LO, Reuter MS, Roshandel D, Whitney J, Zarrei M, Bookman M, Somerville C, Shaath R, Abdi M, Aliyev E, Patel RV, Nalpathamkalam T, Pellecchia G, Hamdan O, Kaur G, Wang Z, MacDonald JR, Wei J, Sung WWL, Lamoureux S, Hoang N, Selvanayagam T, Deflaux N, Geng M, Ghaffari S, Bates J, Young EJ, Ding Q, Shum C, D'Abate L, Bradley CA, Rutherford A, Aguda V, Apresto B, Chen N, Desai S, Du X, Fong MLY, Pullenayegum S, Samler K, Wang T, Ho K, Paton T, Pereira SL, Herbrick JA, Wintle RF, Fuerth J, Noppornpitak J, Ward H, Magee P, Al Baz A, Kajendirarajah U, Kapadia S, Vlasblom J, Valluri M, Green J, Seifer V, Quirbach M, Rennie O, Kelley E, Masjedi N, Lord C, Szego MJ, Zawati MH, Lang M, Strug LJ, Marshall CR, Costain G, Calli K, Iaboni A, Yusuf A, Ambrozewicz P, Gallagher L, Amaral DG, Brian J, Elsabbagh M, Georgiades S, Messinger DS, Ozonoff S, Sebat J, Sjaarda C, Smith IM, Szatmari P, Zwaigenbaum L, Kushki A, Frazier TW, Vorstman JAS, Fakhro KA, Fernandez BA, Lewis MES, Weksberg R, Fiume M, Yuen RKC, Anagnostou E, Sondheimer N, Glazer D, Hartley DM, Scherer SW
Cell 2022 Nov 10;185(23):4409-4427.e18. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.10.009. PMID: 36368308Free PMC Article
Fu JM, Satterstrom FK, Peng M, Brand H, Collins RL, Dong S, Wamsley B, Klei L, Wang L, Hao SP, Stevens CR, Cusick C, Babadi M, Banks E, Collins B, Dodge S, Gabriel SB, Gauthier L, Lee SK, Liang L, Ljungdahl A, Mahjani B, Sloofman L, Smirnov AN, Barbosa M, Betancur C, Brusco A, Chung BHY, Cook EH, Cuccaro ML, Domenici E, Ferrero GB, Gargus JJ, Herman GE, Hertz-Picciotto I, Maciel P, Manoach DS, Passos-Bueno MR, Persico AM, Renieri A, Sutcliffe JS, Tassone F, Trabetti E, Campos G, Cardaropoli S, Carli D, Chan MCY, Fallerini C, Giorgio E, Girardi AC, Hansen-Kiss E, Lee SL, Lintas C, Ludena Y, Nguyen R, Pavinato L, Pericak-Vance M, Pessah IN, Schmidt RJ, Smith M, Costa CIS, Trajkova S, Wang JYT, Yu MHC; Autism Sequencing Consortium (ASC); Broad Institute Center for Common Disease Genomics (Broad-CCDG); iPSYCH-BROAD Consortium, Cutler DJ, De Rubeis S, Buxbaum JD, Daly MJ, Devlin B, Roeder K, Sanders SJ, Talkowski ME
Nat Genet 2022 Sep;54(9):1320-1331. Epub 2022 Aug 18 doi: 10.1038/s41588-022-01104-0. PMID: 35982160Free PMC Article
Hviid A, Hansen JV, Frisch M, Melbye M
Ann Intern Med 2019 Apr 16;170(8):513-520. Epub 2019 Mar 5 doi: 10.7326/M18-2101. PMID: 30831578
Zhang J, Walsh MF, Wu G, Edmonson MN, Gruber TA, Easton J, Hedges D, Ma X, Zhou X, Yergeau DA, Wilkinson MR, Vadodaria B, Chen X, McGee RB, Hines-Dowell S, Nuccio R, Quinn E, Shurtleff SA, Rusch M, Patel A, Becksfort JB, Wang S, Weaver MS, Ding L, Mardis ER, Wilson RK, Gajjar A, Ellison DW, Pappo AS, Pui CH, Nichols KE, Downing JR
N Engl J Med 2015 Dec 10;373(24):2336-2346. Epub 2015 Nov 18 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1508054. PMID: 26580448Free PMC Article
Kong A, Frigge ML, Masson G, Besenbacher S, Sulem P, Magnusson G, Gudjonsson SA, Sigurdsson A, Jonasdottir A, Jonasdottir A, Wong WS, Sigurdsson G, Walters GB, Steinberg S, Helgason H, Thorleifsson G, Gudbjartsson DF, Helgason A, Magnusson OT, Thorsteinsdottir U, Stefansson K
Nature 2012 Aug 23;488(7412):471-5. doi: 10.1038/nature11396. PMID: 22914163Free PMC Article

Recent systematic reviews

Pecci-Lloret MR, Pecci-Lloret MP, Rodríguez-Lozano FJ
Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022 Nov 17;19(22) doi: 10.3390/ijerph192215194. PMID: 36429911Free PMC Article
Yu X, Rahman MM, Wang Z, Carter SA, Schwartz J, Chen Z, Eckel SP, Hackman D, Chen JC, Xiang AH, McConnell R
Environ Res 2022 May 15;208:112590. Epub 2021 Dec 17 doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112590. PMID: 34929192Free PMC Article
Wei H, Zhu Y, Wang T, Zhang X, Zhang K, Zhang Z
J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021 Jun;128(6):717-734. Epub 2021 Jun 11 doi: 10.1007/s00702-021-02360-w. PMID: 34115189
Griessenauer CJ, Farrell S, Sarkar A, Zand R, Abedi V, Holland N, Michael A, Cummings CL, Metpally R, Carey DJ, Goren O, Martin N, Hendrix P, Schirmer CM
J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018 Nov;38(11):1853-1871. Epub 2018 Sep 5 doi: 10.1177/0271678X18797958. PMID: 30182779Free PMC Article
Tick B, Bolton P, Happé F, Rutter M, Rijsdijk F
J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2016 May;57(5):585-95. Epub 2015 Dec 27 doi: 10.1111/jcpp.12499. PMID: 26709141Free PMC Article

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