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Dyskeratosis congenita, autosomal recessive 5(DKCB5)

MedGen UID:
767570
Concept ID:
C3554656
Disease or Syndrome
Synonym: DKCB5
 
Gene (location): RTEL1 (20q13.33)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0014076
OMIM®: 615190

Disease characteristics

Dyskeratosis congenita and related telomere biology disorders (DC/TBD) are caused by impaired telomere maintenance resulting in short or very short telomeres. The phenotypic spectrum of telomere biology disorders is broad and includes individuals with classic dyskeratosis congenita (DC) as well as those with very short telomeres and an isolated physical finding. Classic DC is characterized by a triad of dysplastic nails, lacy reticular pigmentation of the upper chest and/or neck, and oral leukoplakia, although this may not be present in all individuals. People with DC/TBD are at increased risk for progressive bone marrow failure (BMF), myelodysplastic syndrome or acute myelogenous leukemia, solid tumors (usually squamous cell carcinoma of the head/neck or anogenital cancer), and pulmonary fibrosis. Other findings can include eye abnormalities (epiphora, blepharitis, sparse eyelashes, ectropion, entropion, trichiasis), taurodontism, liver disease, gastrointestinal telangiectasias, and avascular necrosis of the hips or shoulders. Although most persons with DC/TBD have normal psychomotor development and normal neurologic function, significant developmental delay is present in both forms; additional findings include cerebellar hypoplasia (Hoyeraal Hreidarsson syndrome) and bilateral exudative retinopathy and intracranial calcifications (Revesz syndrome and Coats plus syndrome). Onset and progression of manifestations of DC/TBD vary: at the mild end of the spectrum are those who have only minimal physical findings with normal bone marrow function, and at the severe end are those who have the diagnostic triad and early-onset BMF. [from GeneReviews]
Authors:
Sharon A Savage  |  Marena R Niewisch   view full author information

Additional description

From OMIM
Dyskeratosis congenita (DKC) is a bone marrow failure syndrome characterized by severely shortened telomeres and diverse clinical symptoms. The classic presentation of DKC includes nail dystrophy, abnormal skin pigmentation, and oral leukoplakia. Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson syndrome (HHS) is a severe clinical variant of DKC that is characterized by intrauterine growth failure, microcephaly, developmental delay, immunodeficiency, bone marrow failure, gastrointestinal disease, and cerebellar hypoplasia. Patients with mutations in the RTEL1 gene tend to present with HHS (summary by Walne et al., 2013). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of dyskeratosis congenita, see DKCA1 (127550).  http://www.omim.org/entry/615190

Clinical features

From HPO
Fetal growth restriction
MedGen UID:
4693
Concept ID:
C0015934
Pathologic Function
An abnormal restriction of fetal growth with fetal weight below the tenth percentile for gestational age.
Postnatal growth retardation
MedGen UID:
395343
Concept ID:
C1859778
Finding
Slow or limited growth after birth.
Colitis
MedGen UID:
40385
Concept ID:
C0009319
Disease or Syndrome
Ulcerative colitis is a chronic disorder that affects the digestive system. This condition is characterized by abnormal inflammation of the inner surface (epithelium) of the rectum and colon. The rectum and colon make up most of the length of the large intestine. The inflammation usually causes open sores (ulcers) to develop in the large intestine. Ulcerative colitis usually appears between the age of 15 and 30, although it can develop at any age. The inflammation tends to flare up multiple times throughout a person's life, which causes recurring signs and symptoms.\n\nThe most common symptoms of ulcerative colitis are cramping abdominal pain and frequent diarrhea, often with blood, pus, or mucus in the stool. Other signs and symptoms include nausea, loss of appetite, bowel urgency, fatigue, and fevers. Chronic bleeding from the inflamed and ulcerated intestinal tissue can cause a shortage of red blood cells (anemia) in some affected individuals. People with this disorder have difficulty absorbing enough fluids and nutrients from their diet and often experience weight loss. Affected children usually grow more slowly than normal. Less commonly, ulcerative colitis causes problems with the skin, joints, eyes, kidneys, or liver, which are most likely due to abnormal inflammation.\n\nToxic megacolon is a rare complication of ulcerative colitis that can be life-threatening. Toxic megacolon involves a widening (dilation) of the colon and an overwhelming inflammatory response. Ulcerative colitis also increases the risk of developing colon cancer, especially in people whose entire colon is inflamed and in those who have had ulcerative colitis for 8 years or more.\n\nUlcerative colitis is one common form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Another type of IBD, Crohn's disease, also causes chronic inflammation of the intestines. Unlike ulcerative colitis, which affects only the inner surface of the large intestine, Crohn's disease can cause inflammation in any part of the digestive system, and the inflammation extends deeper into the intestinal tissue.
Esophageal stenosis
MedGen UID:
5026
Concept ID:
C0014866
Disease or Syndrome
An abnormal narrowing of the lumen of the esophagus.
Cerebellar hypoplasia
MedGen UID:
120578
Concept ID:
C0266470
Congenital Abnormality
Cerebellar hypoplasia is a descriptive term implying a cerebellum with a reduced volume, but a normal shape and is stable over time.
Global developmental delay
MedGen UID:
107838
Concept ID:
C0557874
Finding
A delay in the achievement of motor or mental milestones in the domains of development of a child, including motor skills, speech and language, cognitive skills, and social and emotional skills. This term should only be used to describe children younger than five years of age.
Bone marrow hypocellularity
MedGen UID:
383749
Concept ID:
C1855710
Finding
A reduced number of hematopoietic cells present in the bone marrow relative to marrow fat.
Microcephaly
MedGen UID:
1644158
Concept ID:
C4551563
Finding
Head circumference below 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender.
Immunodeficiency
MedGen UID:
7034
Concept ID:
C0021051
Disease or Syndrome
Failure of the immune system to protect the body adequately from infection, due to the absence or insufficiency of some component process or substance.
Leukopenia
MedGen UID:
6073
Concept ID:
C0023530
Disease or Syndrome
An abnormal decreased number of leukocytes in the blood.
Decreased circulating antibody concentration
MedGen UID:
892481
Concept ID:
C4048270
Finding
An abnormally decreased level of immunoglobulin in blood.
Nail dystrophy
MedGen UID:
66368
Concept ID:
C0221260
Disease or Syndrome
Onychodystrophy (nail dystrophy) refers to nail changes apart from changes of the color (nail dyschromia) and involves partial or complete disruption of the various keratinous layers of the nail plate.

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Rolles B, Caballero-Oteyza A, Proietti M, Goldacker S, Warnatz K, Camacho-Ordonez N, Prader S, Schmid JP, Vieri M, Isfort S, Meyer R, Kirschner M, Brümmendorf TH, Beier F, Grimbacher B
Clin Immunol 2023 Dec;257:109837. Epub 2023 Nov 8 doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109837. PMID: 37944684
Niewisch MR, Giri N, McReynolds LJ, Alsaggaf R, Bhala S, Alter BP, Savage SA
Blood 2022 Mar 24;139(12):1807-1819. doi: 10.1182/blood.2021013523. PMID: 34852175Free PMC Article
Larizza L, Roversi G, Volpi L
Orphanet J Rare Dis 2010 Jan 29;5:2. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-5-2. PMID: 20113479Free PMC Article

Diagnosis

Rolles B, Caballero-Oteyza A, Proietti M, Goldacker S, Warnatz K, Camacho-Ordonez N, Prader S, Schmid JP, Vieri M, Isfort S, Meyer R, Kirschner M, Brümmendorf TH, Beier F, Grimbacher B
Clin Immunol 2023 Dec;257:109837. Epub 2023 Nov 8 doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109837. PMID: 37944684
Tummala H, Walne A, Buccafusca R, Alnajar J, Szabo A, Robinson P, McConkie-Rosell A, Wilson M, Crowley S, Kinsler V, Ewins AM, Madapura PM, Patel M, Pontikos N, Codd V, Vulliamy T, Dokal I
Am J Hum Genet 2022 Aug 4;109(8):1472-1483. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.06.014. PMID: 35931051Free PMC Article
Niewisch MR, Giri N, McReynolds LJ, Alsaggaf R, Bhala S, Alter BP, Savage SA
Blood 2022 Mar 24;139(12):1807-1819. doi: 10.1182/blood.2021013523. PMID: 34852175Free PMC Article
Larizza L, Roversi G, Volpi L
Orphanet J Rare Dis 2010 Jan 29;5:2. doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-5-2. PMID: 20113479Free PMC Article
Kaviarasan PK, Prasad PV, Shradda, Viswanathan P
Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2005 Sep-Oct;71(5):348-50. doi: 10.4103/0378-6323.16788. PMID: 16394462

Therapy

Niewisch MR, Giri N, McReynolds LJ, Alsaggaf R, Bhala S, Alter BP, Savage SA
Blood 2022 Mar 24;139(12):1807-1819. doi: 10.1182/blood.2021013523. PMID: 34852175Free PMC Article

Prognosis

Rolles B, Caballero-Oteyza A, Proietti M, Goldacker S, Warnatz K, Camacho-Ordonez N, Prader S, Schmid JP, Vieri M, Isfort S, Meyer R, Kirschner M, Brümmendorf TH, Beier F, Grimbacher B
Clin Immunol 2023 Dec;257:109837. Epub 2023 Nov 8 doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109837. PMID: 37944684
Güngör T, Corbacioglu S, Storb R, Seger RA
Bone Marrow Transplant 2003 Mar;31(5):407-10. doi: 10.1038/sj.bmt.1703844. PMID: 12634734

Clinical prediction guides

Niewisch MR, Giri N, McReynolds LJ, Alsaggaf R, Bhala S, Alter BP, Savage SA
Blood 2022 Mar 24;139(12):1807-1819. doi: 10.1182/blood.2021013523. PMID: 34852175Free PMC Article

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