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Shallow anterior chamber

MedGen UID:
602215
Concept ID:
C0423276
Finding; Finding
Synonym: Slitlike anterior chamber angles in children
SNOMED CT: Shallow AC (246986004); AC shallow (246986004); Shallow anterior chamber of eye (246986004)
 
HPO: HP:0000594

Definition

Reduced depth of the anterior chamber, i.e., the anteroposterior distance between the cornea and the iris is decreased. [from HPO]

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVShallow anterior chamber

Conditions with this feature

Atrophia bulborum hereditaria
MedGen UID:
75615
Concept ID:
C0266526
Congenital Abnormality
Norrie disease (ND) is an X-linked recessive disorder characterized by very early childhood blindness due to degenerative and proliferative changes of the neuroretina. Approximately 50% of patients show some form of progressive mental disorder, often with psychotic features, and about one-third of patients develop sensorineural deafness in the second decade. In addition, some patients have more complex phenotypes, including growth failure and seizures (Berger et al., 1992). Warburg (1966) noted confusion of the terms 'pseudoglioma' and microphthalmia with Norrie disease in the literature. 'Pseudoglioma' is a nonspecific term for any condition resembling retinoblastoma and can have diverse causes, including inflammation, hemorrhage, trauma, neoplasia, or congenital malformation, and often shows unilateral involvement. Thus, 'pseudoglioma' is not an acceptable clinical or pathologic diagnosis (see Duke, 1958).
GAPO syndrome
MedGen UID:
98034
Concept ID:
C0406723
Disease or Syndrome
GAPO syndrome is the acronymic designation for a complex of growth retardation, alopecia, pseudoanodontia (failure of tooth eruption), and progressive optic atrophy (Tipton and Gorlin, 1984). Ilker et al. (1999) and Bayram et al. (2014) noted that optic atrophy is not a consistent feature of the disorder.
Facial dysmorphism-lens dislocation-anterior segment abnormalities-spontaneous filtering blebs syndrome
MedGen UID:
330396
Concept ID:
C1832167
Disease or Syndrome
Traboulsi syndrome is characterized by dislocated crystalline lenses and anterior segment abnormalities in association with a distinctive facies involving flat cheeks and a beaked nose. Some affected individuals develop highly unusual nontraumatic conjunctival cysts (filtering blebs), presumably caused by abnormal thinning of the sclera (Patel et al., 2014).
Exudative vitreoretinopathy 2, X-linked
MedGen UID:
337030
Concept ID:
C1844579
Disease or Syndrome
Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR) is an inherited disorder characterized by the incomplete development of the retinal vasculature. Its clinical appearance varies considerably, even within families, with severely affected patients often registered as blind during infancy, whereas mildly affected patients with few or no visual problems may have such a small area of avascularity in their peripheral retina that it is visible only by fluorescein angiography. It is believed that this peripheral avascularity is the primary anomaly in FEVR and results from defective retinal angiogenesis. The sight-threatening features of the FEVR phenotype are considered secondary to retinal avascularity and develop because of the resulting retinal ischemia; they include the development of hyperpermeable blood vessels, neovascularization, vitreoretinal traction, retinal folds, and retinal detachments (summary by Poulter et al., 2010). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of FEVR, see EVR1 (133780).
Colobomatous macrophthalmia-microcornea syndrome
MedGen UID:
400728
Concept ID:
C1865286
Disease or Syndrome
Colobomatous macrophthalmia with microcornea (MACOM) is an autosomal dominant eye malformation characterized by microcornea with increased axial length, coloboma of the iris and optic disc, and severe myopia (summary by Beleggia et al., 2015).
Weill-Marchesani syndrome 2, dominant
MedGen UID:
358388
Concept ID:
C1869115
Disease or Syndrome
Weill-Marchesani syndrome (WMS) is a connective tissue disorder characterized by abnormalities of the lens of the eye, short stature, brachydactyly, joint stiffness, and cardiovascular defects. The ocular problems, typically recognized in childhood, include microspherophakia (small spherical lens), myopia secondary to the abnormal shape of the lens, ectopia lentis (abnormal position of the lens), and glaucoma, which can lead to blindness. Height of adult males is 142-169 cm; height of adult females is 130-157 cm. Autosomal recessive WMS cannot be distinguished from autosomal dominant WMS by clinical findings alone.
Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, autosomal recessive
MedGen UID:
370100
Concept ID:
C1969783
Disease or Syndrome
Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHPV), also termed 'persistent fetal vasculature,' is a developmental malformation of the eye in which the primary vitreous fails to regress in utero, resulting in the presence of a retrolental fibrovascular membrane with persistence of the posterior portion of the tunica vasculosa lentis and hyaloid artery. This abnormality is usually unilateral and associated with microphthalmia, cataract, glaucoma, and congenital retinal nonattachment (see Haddad et al., 1978; Khaliq et al., 2001; Prasov et al., 2012). PHPV shares phenotypic overlap with Norrie disease (310600). Genetic Heterogeneity of Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous A dominant form of PHPV has been described (PHPVAD; 611308).
Exudative vitreoretinopathy 5
MedGen UID:
412872
Concept ID:
C2750079
Disease or Syndrome
Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy is an inherited blinding disorder caused by defects in the development of retinal vasculature. There is extensive variation in disease severity among patients, even between members of the same family. Severely affected individuals often are registered as blind during infancy and can present with a phenotype resembling retinal dysplasia. Conversely, mildly affected individuals frequently have few or no visual problems and may have just a small area of avascularity in their peripheral retina, detectable only by fluorescein angiography (summary by Poulter et al., 2012). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (FEVR), see EVR1 (133780).
Weill-Marchesani 4 syndrome, recessive
MedGen UID:
416383
Concept ID:
C2750787
Disease or Syndrome
Weill-Marchesani syndrome (WMS) is a connective tissue disorder characterized by abnormalities of the lens of the eye, short stature, brachydactyly, joint stiffness, and cardiovascular defects. The ocular problems, typically recognized in childhood, include microspherophakia (small spherical lens), myopia secondary to the abnormal shape of the lens, ectopia lentis (abnormal position of the lens), and glaucoma, which can lead to blindness. Height of adult males is 142-169 cm; height of adult females is 130-157 cm. Autosomal recessive WMS cannot be distinguished from autosomal dominant WMS by clinical findings alone.
Retinal degeneration-nanophthalmos-glaucoma syndrome
MedGen UID:
444153
Concept ID:
C2931831
Disease or Syndrome
Syndrome with characteristics of progressive pigmentary retinal degeneration (with nyctalopia and visual field restriction), cystic macular degeneration and angle closure glaucoma. It has been described in seven members of one family. Patients also have hyperopia and nanophthalmos. The mode of transmission is autosomal recessive.
Warburg micro syndrome 3
MedGen UID:
481833
Concept ID:
C3280203
Disease or Syndrome
RAB18 deficiency is the molecular deficit underlying both Warburg micro syndrome (characterized by eye, nervous system, and endocrine abnormalities) and Martsolf syndrome (characterized by similar – but milder – findings). To date Warburg micro syndrome comprises >96% of reported individuals with genetically defined RAB18 deficiency. The hallmark ophthalmologic findings are bilateral congenital cataracts, usually accompanied by microphthalmia, microcornea (diameter <10), and small atonic pupils. Poor vision despite early cataract surgery likely results from progressive optic atrophy and cortical visual impairment. Individuals with Warburg micro syndrome have severe to profound intellectual disability (ID); those with Martsolf syndrome have mild to moderate ID. Some individuals with RAB18 deficiency also have epilepsy. In Warburg micro syndrome, a progressive ascending spastic paraplegia typically begins with spastic diplegia and contractures during the first year, followed by upper-limb involvement leading to spastic quadriplegia after about age five years, often eventually causing breathing difficulties. In Martsolf syndrome infantile hypotonia is followed primarily by slowly progressive lower-limb spasticity. Hypogonadism – when present – manifests in both syndromes, in males as micropenis and/or cryptorchidism and in females as hypoplastic labia minora, clitoral hypoplasia, and small introitus.
Ectopia lentis 1, isolated, autosomal dominant
MedGen UID:
762106
Concept ID:
C3541518
Disease or Syndrome
Ectopia lentis is defined as an abnormal stretching of the zonular fibers that leads to lens dislocation, resulting in acute or chronic visual impairment (Greene et al., 2010). Citing the revised Ghent criteria for Marfan syndrome, Loeys et al. (2010) proposed the designation 'ectopia lentis syndrome' (ELS) for patients with ectopia lentis and a mutation in the FBN1 gene who lack aortic involvement, to highlight the systemic nature of the condition and to emphasize the need for assessment of features outside the ocular system (see DIAGNOSIS). Genetic Heterogeneity of Isolated Ectopia Lentis An autosomal recessive form of isolated ectopia lentis (ECTOL2; 225100) is caused by mutation in the ADAMTSL4 gene (610113).
Weill-Marchesani syndrome 3
MedGen UID:
766699
Concept ID:
C3553785
Disease or Syndrome
Weill-Marchesani syndrome (WMS) is a connective tissue disorder characterized by abnormalities of the lens of the eye, short stature, brachydactyly, joint stiffness, and cardiovascular defects. The ocular problems, typically recognized in childhood, include microspherophakia (small spherical lens), myopia secondary to the abnormal shape of the lens, ectopia lentis (abnormal position of the lens), and glaucoma, which can lead to blindness. Height of adult males is 142-169 cm; height of adult females is 130-157 cm. Autosomal recessive WMS cannot be distinguished from autosomal dominant WMS by clinical findings alone.
Weill-Marchesani syndrome 1
MedGen UID:
1637058
Concept ID:
C4552002
Disease or Syndrome
Weill-Marchesani syndrome (WMS) is a connective tissue disorder characterized by abnormalities of the lens of the eye, short stature, brachydactyly, joint stiffness, and cardiovascular defects. The ocular problems, typically recognized in childhood, include microspherophakia (small spherical lens), myopia secondary to the abnormal shape of the lens, ectopia lentis (abnormal position of the lens), and glaucoma, which can lead to blindness. Height of adult males is 142-169 cm; height of adult females is 130-157 cm. Autosomal recessive WMS cannot be distinguished from autosomal dominant WMS by clinical findings alone.

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Pradhan ZS, Shroff S, Bansod A, Poornachandra B, Shetty A, Devi S, Rao DAS, Puttaiah NK, Rao HL
Indian J Ophthalmol 2022 Jul;70(7):2449-2451. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_3189_21. PMID: 35791130Free PMC Article
Marchini G, Chemello F, Berzaghi D, Zampieri A
Prog Brain Res 2015;221:191-212. Epub 2015 Jun 30 doi: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.05.001. PMID: 26518079
Ng WT, Morgan W
Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2012 May-Jun;40(4):e218-28. Epub 2011 Jul 26 doi: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2011.02604.x. PMID: 21575128

Recent clinical studies

Therapy

Park J, Rittiphairoj T, Wang X, E JY, Bicket AK
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023 Mar 13;3(3):CD010472. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010472.pub3. PMID: 36912740Free PMC Article
Patil TS, Mani B, Balekudaru S, George RJ, Lingam V
Indian J Ophthalmol 2022 Aug;70(8):2915-2921. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_3071_21. PMID: 35918943Free PMC Article
Diep MQ, Madigan MC
Clin Exp Optom 2019 Mar;102(2):116-125. Epub 2018 Jul 4 doi: 10.1111/cxo.12807. PMID: 29971817
Alshamrani AA, Al-Shahwan S
J Glaucoma 2018 Jun;27(6):e110-e112. doi: 10.1097/IJG.0000000000000946. PMID: 29557836
Agarwal A, Jacob S
Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2017 Jan;28(1):49-57. doi: 10.1097/ICU.0000000000000333. PMID: 27801688

Prognosis

Yuan H, Zhang J, Han X, Ye J, Huang Y, Huang R, Wen L, Qiu X, Chen X, Chen K, Tan X, Luo L
Acta Ophthalmol 2024 Aug;102(5):e705-e711. Epub 2024 Feb 9 doi: 10.1111/aos.16654. PMID: 38334238
Lee YW, Cho KS, Hyon JY, Han SB
Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2023 Sep-Oct 01;12(5):477-485. Epub 2023 Aug 14 doi: 10.1097/APO.0000000000000627. PMID: 37844256
Patil TS, Mani B, Balekudaru S, George RJ, Lingam V
Indian J Ophthalmol 2022 Aug;70(8):2915-2921. doi: 10.4103/ijo.IJO_3071_21. PMID: 35918943Free PMC Article
Diep MQ, Madigan MC
Clin Exp Optom 2019 Mar;102(2):116-125. Epub 2018 Jul 4 doi: 10.1111/cxo.12807. PMID: 29971817
Agarwal A, Jacob S
Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2017 Jan;28(1):49-57. doi: 10.1097/ICU.0000000000000333. PMID: 27801688

Clinical prediction guides

Yuan H, Zhang J, Han X, Ye J, Huang Y, Huang R, Wen L, Qiu X, Chen X, Chen K, Tan X, Luo L
Acta Ophthalmol 2024 Aug;102(5):e705-e711. Epub 2024 Feb 9 doi: 10.1111/aos.16654. PMID: 38334238
Lee YW, Cho KS, Hyon JY, Han SB
Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2023 Sep-Oct 01;12(5):477-485. Epub 2023 Aug 14 doi: 10.1097/APO.0000000000000627. PMID: 37844256
Alshamrani AA, Al-Shahwan S
J Glaucoma 2018 Jun;27(6):e110-e112. doi: 10.1097/IJG.0000000000000946. PMID: 29557836
Agarwal A, Jacob S
Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2017 Jan;28(1):49-57. doi: 10.1097/ICU.0000000000000333. PMID: 27801688
Del Hierro Zarzuelo A, Boto de Los Bueis A
Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol 2016 Sep;91(9):422-5. Epub 2016 Mar 17 doi: 10.1016/j.oftal.2016.02.005. PMID: 26996049

Recent systematic reviews

Park J, Rittiphairoj T, Wang X, E JY, Bicket AK
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023 Mar 13;3(3):CD010472. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD010472.pub3. PMID: 36912740Free PMC Article
Al-Haddad CE, Abdulaal M, Al-Moujahed A, Ervin AM, Ismail K
Am J Ophthalmol 2017 Feb;174:33-41. Epub 2016 Oct 26 doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2016.10.006. PMID: 27794426Free PMC Article
Cheng JW, Cheng SW, Wei RL, Lu GC
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016 Jan 15;2016(1):CD009782. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009782.pub2. PMID: 26769010Free PMC Article
Ghate D, Wang X
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015 Jan 30;1:CD008213. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008213.pub2. PMID: 25636153Free PMC Article
Rulli E, Biagioli E, Riva I, Gambirasio G, De Simone I, Floriani I, Quaranta L
JAMA Ophthalmol 2013 Dec;131(12):1573-82. doi: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2013.5059. PMID: 24158640

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