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Anal squamous cell carcinoma

MedGen UID:
237257
•Concept ID:
C1412036
•
Neoplastic Process
Synonyms: anal squamous cell cancer; Anal Squamous Cell Carcinoma; anal squamous cell carcinoma; ANSC; anus squamous cell carcinoma; Epidermoid Anal Carcinoma; epidermoid anal carcinoma; Epidermoid Carcinoma of Anus; epidermoid carcinoma of anus; Epidermoid Carcinoma of the Anus; epidermoid carcinoma of the anus; Squamous Cell Anal Carcinoma; squamous cell anal carcinoma; squamous cell carcinoma - anus; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Anus; squamous cell carcinoma of anus; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Anus; squamous cell carcinoma of the anus
SNOMED CT: Anal squamous cell carcinoma (255084004)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0006082

Definition

A squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) arising from the anal canal or the anal margin (perianal skin). Human papillomavirus is detected in the majority of cases. Homosexual HIV-positive men have an increased risk of developing anal squamous cell carcinoma in comparison to the general male population. Symptoms include anal pruritus, discomfort when sitting, pain, change in bowel habit, and bleeding. The prognosis is generally better for anal margin SCC than for anal canal SCC. [from NCI]

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Anal Carcinoma, Version 2.2023, NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology.
Benson AB, Venook AP, Al-Hawary MM, Azad N, Chen YJ, Ciombor KK, Cohen S, Cooper HS, Deming D, Garrido-Laguna I, Grem JL, Hecht JR, Hoffe S, Hubbard J, Hunt S, Hussan H, Jeck W, Johung KL, Joseph N, Kirilcuk N, Krishnamurthi S, Maratt J, Messersmith WA, Meyerhardt J, Miller ED, Mulcahy MF, Nurkin S, Overman MJ, Parikh A, Patel H, Pedersen K, Saltz L, Schneider C, Shibata D, Skibber JM, Sofocleous CT, Stotsky-Himelfarb E, Tavakkoli A, Willett CG, Williams G, Algieri F, Gurski L, Stehman K
J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2023 Jun;21(6):653-677. doi: 10.6004/jnccn.2023.0030. PMID: 37308125
Follow-up imaging of anal cancer after treatment.
El Homsi M, Sheedy SP, Rauch GM, Ganeshan DM, Ernst RD, Golia Pernicka JS
Abdom Radiol (NY) 2023 Sep;48(9):2888-2897. Epub 2023 Apr 6 doi: 10.1007/s00261-023-03895-0. PMID: 37024606
Diagnosis and Treatment of Anal Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
Gardner IH, Watson KM
Dis Colon Rectum 2020 Oct;63(10):1358-1361. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000001791. PMID: 32969877

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Anal Cancer and Anal Cancer Screening.
Cohen CM, Clarke MA
Clin Obstet Gynecol 2023 Sep 1;66(3):516-533. Epub 2023 Jul 13 doi: 10.1097/GRF.0000000000000789. PMID: 37439541Free PMC Article
Immunotherapy in Anal Cancer.
Dhawan N, Afzal MZ, Amin M
Curr Oncol 2023 Apr 27;30(5):4538-4550. doi: 10.3390/curroncol30050343. PMID: 37232801Free PMC Article
Pembrolizumab for previously treated advanced anal squamous cell carcinoma: results from the non-randomised, multicohort, multicentre, phase 2 KEYNOTE-158 study.
Marabelle A, Cassier PA, Fakih M, Kao S, Nielsen D, Italiano A, Guren TK, van Dongen MGJ, Spencer K, Bariani GM, Ascierto PA, Santoro A, Shah M, Asselah J, Iqbal S, Takahashi S, Piha-Paul SA, Ott PA, Chatterjee A, Jin F, Norwood K, Delord JP
Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022 May;7(5):446-454. Epub 2022 Feb 1 doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(21)00382-4. PMID: 35114169
Squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal.
Morton M, Melnitchouk N, Bleday R
Curr Probl Cancer 2018 Sep;42(5):486-492. Epub 2018 Nov 23 doi: 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2018.11.001. PMID: 30497849
Chemoradiotherapy for anal squamous cell carcinoma.
Houlihan OA, O'Neill BD
Surgeon 2016 Aug;14(4):202-12. Epub 2016 Apr 23 doi: 10.1016/j.surge.2016.03.006. PMID: 27118047

Diagnosis

Anal Cancer and Anal Cancer Screening.
Cohen CM, Clarke MA
Clin Obstet Gynecol 2023 Sep 1;66(3):516-533. Epub 2023 Jul 13 doi: 10.1097/GRF.0000000000000789. PMID: 37439541Free PMC Article
Anal squamous cell carcinoma: a retrospective case series.
Houlihan OA, Monaghan O, O'Sullivan S, Nugent K, Dunne M, Neary P, Cahill R, Mehigan B, McNamara DA, Salib O, Gillham C, McVey G, Faul C, Cunningham M, Armstrong J, O'Neill BDP
Ir J Med Sci 2022 Apr;191(2):681-686. Epub 2021 May 11 doi: 10.1007/s11845-021-02643-x. PMID: 33977391
Diagnosis and Treatment of Anal Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
Gardner IH, Watson KM
Dis Colon Rectum 2020 Oct;63(10):1358-1361. doi: 10.1097/DCR.0000000000001791. PMID: 32969877
Squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal.
Morton M, Melnitchouk N, Bleday R
Curr Probl Cancer 2018 Sep;42(5):486-492. Epub 2018 Nov 23 doi: 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2018.11.001. PMID: 30497849
Chemoradiotherapy for anal squamous cell carcinoma.
Houlihan OA, O'Neill BD
Surgeon 2016 Aug;14(4):202-12. Epub 2016 Apr 23 doi: 10.1016/j.surge.2016.03.006. PMID: 27118047

Therapy

Anal Cancer and Anal Cancer Screening.
Cohen CM, Clarke MA
Clin Obstet Gynecol 2023 Sep 1;66(3):516-533. Epub 2023 Jul 13 doi: 10.1097/GRF.0000000000000789. PMID: 37439541Free PMC Article
Capecitabine in the treatment of anal squamous cell carcinoma.
Radka L, Zdeňka P
Klin Onkol 2022 Winter;35(1):38-43. doi: 10.48095/ccko202238. PMID: 35236080
Pembrolizumab for previously treated advanced anal squamous cell carcinoma: results from the non-randomised, multicohort, multicentre, phase 2 KEYNOTE-158 study.
Marabelle A, Cassier PA, Fakih M, Kao S, Nielsen D, Italiano A, Guren TK, van Dongen MGJ, Spencer K, Bariani GM, Ascierto PA, Santoro A, Shah M, Asselah J, Iqbal S, Takahashi S, Piha-Paul SA, Ott PA, Chatterjee A, Jin F, Norwood K, Delord JP
Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022 May;7(5):446-454. Epub 2022 Feb 1 doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(21)00382-4. PMID: 35114169
The Management and Prevention of Anal Squamous Cell Carcinoma.
Eng C, Messick C, Glynne-Jones R
Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2019 Jan;39:216-225. Epub 2019 May 17 doi: 10.1200/EDBK_237433. PMID: 31099616
Chemoradiotherapy for anal squamous cell carcinoma.
Houlihan OA, O'Neill BD
Surgeon 2016 Aug;14(4):202-12. Epub 2016 Apr 23 doi: 10.1016/j.surge.2016.03.006. PMID: 27118047

Prognosis

Anal squamous cell carcinoma incidentally found at hemorrhoidectomy.
O'Brien SJ, Ellis CT, McDowell J, Galandiuk S, Polk HC Jr
Surgery 2021 Mar;169(3):610-616. Epub 2020 Sep 29 doi: 10.1016/j.surg.2020.08.026. PMID: 33004218
How I treat anal squamous cell carcinoma.
Martini G, Arrichiello G, Borrelli C, Poliero L, Martinelli E
ESMO Open 2020 Sep;4(Suppl 2):e000711. doi: 10.1136/esmoopen-2020-000711. PMID: 32883674Free PMC Article
Squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal.
Morton M, Melnitchouk N, Bleday R
Curr Probl Cancer 2018 Sep;42(5):486-492. Epub 2018 Nov 23 doi: 10.1016/j.currproblcancer.2018.11.001. PMID: 30497849
Chemoradiotherapy for anal squamous cell carcinoma.
Houlihan OA, O'Neill BD
Surgeon 2016 Aug;14(4):202-12. Epub 2016 Apr 23 doi: 10.1016/j.surge.2016.03.006. PMID: 27118047
Anal squamous cell carcinoma: an evolution in disease and management.
Osborne MC, Maykel J, Johnson EK, Steele SR
World J Gastroenterol 2014 Sep 28;20(36):13052-9. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i36.13052. PMID: 25278699Free PMC Article

Clinical prediction guides

Anal squamous cell carcinoma: are we improving outcomes?
Mackowski A, Levitt M, Makin G, Salama P, Tan P, Penter C, Platell C
ANZ J Surg 2018 Oct;88(10):1013-1016. Epub 2018 Aug 29 doi: 10.1111/ans.14745. PMID: 30159994
Anal squamous cell carcinoma - State of the art management and future perspectives.
Martin D, Balermpas P, Winkelmann R, Rödel F, Rödel C, Fokas E
Cancer Treat Rev 2018 Apr;65:11-21. Epub 2018 Feb 22 doi: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2018.02.001. PMID: 29494827
Molecular biology of anal squamous cell carcinoma: implications for future research and clinical intervention.
Bernardi MP, Ngan SY, Michael M, Lynch AC, Heriot AG, Ramsay RG, Phillips WA
Lancet Oncol 2015 Dec;16(16):e611-21. doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00292-2. PMID: 26678214
Anorectal human papillomavirus: current concepts.
Assi R, Reddy V, Einarsdottir H, Longo WE
Yale J Biol Med 2014 Dec;87(4):537-47. Epub 2014 Dec 12 PMID: 25506286Free PMC Article
Anal squamous cell carcinoma: an evolution in disease and management.
Osborne MC, Maykel J, Johnson EK, Steele SR
World J Gastroenterol 2014 Sep 28;20(36):13052-9. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i36.13052. PMID: 25278699Free PMC Article

Recent systematic reviews

Immune-checkpoint inhibitors in anal squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Pala L, De Pas T, Stucchi E, Catania C, Cocorocchio E, Zampino MG, Rossi G, Zattarin E, Di Muzio A, Laszlo D, Stucchi S, Conforti F
Semin Oncol 2023 Dec;50(6):140-143. Epub 2023 Nov 24 doi: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2023.11.002. PMID: 38065801
Radiotherapy alone versus chemoradiotherapy for stage I anal squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Talwar G, Daniel R, McKechnie T, Levine O, Eskicioglu C
Int J Colorectal Dis 2021 Jun;36(6):1111-1122. Epub 2021 Jan 24 doi: 10.1007/s00384-021-03846-5. PMID: 33486535
A tumor control probability model for anal squamous cell carcinoma.
Muirhead R, Partridge M, Hawkins MA
Radiother Oncol 2015 Aug;116(2):192-6. Epub 2015 Aug 1 doi: 10.1016/j.radonc.2015.07.014. PMID: 26243680
A systematic review of anal squamous cell carcinoma in inflammatory bowel disease.
Slesser AA, Bhangu A, Bower M, Goldin R, Tekkis PP
Surg Oncol 2013 Dec;22(4):230-7. Epub 2013 Aug 26 doi: 10.1016/j.suronc.2013.08.002. PMID: 24050823
Systematic review of sentinel lymph node biopsy in anal squamous cell carcinoma.
Noorani A, Rabey N, Durrani A, Walsh SR, Davies RJ
Int J Surg 2013;11(9):762-6. Epub 2013 Jul 19 doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2013.07.005. PMID: 23872032

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