Life Science

Biomedical research using animals requires administrators and managers who are knowledgeable and highly skilled. They must adapt to the complexity of rapidly changing technologies, balance research goals with a thorough understanding of regulatory requirements and guidelines, and know how to work with a multigenerational, multicultural workforce.

Management of Animal Care and Use Programs in Research, Education, and Testing, Second Edition is the extensively expanded revision of the popular Management of Laboratory Animal Care and Use Programs book published earlier this century. Following in the footsteps of the first edition, this revision will serve as a first-line management resource, provide strong advocacy for advancing quality animal welfare and science worldwide, and continue as a valuable seminal reference for those engaged in all types of programs involving animal care and use. It has more than doubled the number of chapters in the original volume to present a more comprehensive overview of the current breadth and depth of the field with applicability to an international audience. Readers will be provided with the latest information and resource and reference materials from authors who are noted experts in their field.

Contents

• Foreword
  Irving H. Zucker.
• Preface to the Second Edition
• Editors
• Contributers
• Reviewers
• I. Introduction/Historical Overview
  Editors: Robert H. Weichbrod, Gail A. (Heidbrink) Thompson, and John N. Norton.
  • 1. Evolution of Laboratory Animal Program Management
    James F. Taylor.
    • Conclusion
• II. Developing a Collaborative Culture of Caring
  Editors: Robert H. Weichbrod, Gail A. (Heidbrink) Thompson, and John N. Norton.
  • 2. Culture of Care: Organizational Responsibilities
    Marilyn J. Brown, Camellia Symonowicz, Leticia V. Medina, Natalie A. Bratcher, Cindy A. Buckmaster, Hilton Klein, and Lynn C. Anderson.
    • Introduction
    • Organizational Commitment
    • Designing a Culture of Care
    • Key Characteristics of a Culture of Care
    • Auditing and Continuous Improvement
    • Reinforcement
    • The 3Rs
    • Conclusion
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • 3. Fostering Collaborative Roles and Responsibilities for Members of an IACUC or Oversight Body
    Ernest D. Prentice, M. Elizabeth Blackburn, and Robert S. Dixon.
    • Introduction
    • The Program
    • Establishing a Culture of Compliance, Conscience, and Respect
    • The IACUC
    • The Institutional Official
    • The IACUC Chair
    • The IACUC Administrator
    • The Attending Veterinarian
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • 4. Bioethics and Animal Use in Programs of Research, Teaching, and Testing
    Richard C. Simmonds.
    • Introduction
    • Relevant Historical Philosophical Approaches Regarding Animal Use
    • Guidelines and Principles
    • Contemporary Issues
    • Public Perceptions about the Use of Animals in Biomedical Activities
    • Value of Biomedical Activities Involving Animals
    • Impact of Emerging Technologies
    • Can Animal Use Be Prohibited?
    • Application of Ethical Concerns of Oversight Bodies Such as Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees and Ethics Review Committees
    • Risk (Harm) versus Benefit Assessment
    • Role of Animal Care and Use Administrators, Directors, and Managers in Fostering Ethical and Compliant Programs
    • Application of Ethical Concerns by Other Institutional Individuals
    • Value of External Review of Animal Care and Use Programs
    • Conclusion
    • Attachment I
    • References
  • 5. Behavioral Management Programs to Promote Laboratory Animal Welfare
    Mollie A. Bloomsmith, Jaine E. Perlman, Eric Hutchinson, and Mark Sharpless.
    • Introduction to Behavioral Management
    • Constructs to Achieve with Behavioral Management
    • Personnel Involved in Behavioral Management
    • Social Housing Program
    • Environmental Enrichment Program
    • Animal Training Program
    • Behavioral Assessment Program
    • Facility and Housing Design
    • Coordination of Behavioral Management with Research
    • Coordination of Behavioral Management with Veterinary and Animal Care Personnel
    • Record Keeping and Documentation
    • Selecting New Employees and Employee Training on Behavioral Management
    • Structure of Behavioral Management Programs
    • Characteristics of Successful Behavioral Management Programs
    • Conclusions and Summary
    • Acknowledgments
    • Further Readings
    • References
  • 6. Education and Outreach Programs
    Daniel T. Stimson.
    • Animal Research: Why Is It Necessary?
    • Recent Animal Research Achievements
    • Animal Research for Animals
    • Animal Models
    • Oversight
    • Public Support
    • Communication Tips
    • Domestic and International Advocacy Groups
    • Disclaimer
    • Appendix 6.1
    • References
• III. Compliance, Assessment, and Assurance
  Editors: Robert H. Weichbrod, Gail A. (Heidbrink) Thompson, and John N. Norton.
  • 7. Compliance and Regulatory Programs
    William W. King, Yasmina A. Paramastri, and Javier GuillÁ©n.
    • Introduction
    • Typical Compliance Programs
    • Introduction to Regulations Impacting Animal-Based Research
    • Summary
    • References
  • 8. Harmonizing International Animal Care and Use Programs
    John F. Bradfield, Javier GuillÁ©n, and Lynn C. Anderson.
    • Global Principles of Research Animal Welfare
    • Why Harmonization Matters
    • Strategies for Effective Harmonization
    • Summary
    • References
  • 9. Assessment and Accreditation Programs for Research Animal Care and Use
    Christian E. Newcomer and Sylvie Cloutier.
    • Introduction
    • Standards Used in the Assessment and Certification Process: Selection and Application
    • Professionals and Professionalism Involved in Conducting Assessment and Certification Visits
    • Components of the Assessment, Accreditation, and Certification Processes
    • Institutional Steps to Maintain or Restore Accreditation or Certification
    • Benefits of Accreditation and Certification
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • 10. Facilitating the Research Process: Limiting Regulatory Burden and Leveraging Performance Standards
    Joseph D. Thulin, Valerie K. Bergdall, and John F. Bradfield.
    • Introduction
    • Impact of Regulatory Compliance Burden
    • Minimizing Regulatory Compliance Burden
    • Assessing Outcomes
    • Application of Performance Standards to Oversight of the Animal Care and Use Program
    • Organizational Considerations
    • Summary
    • References
• IV. Program Management and Stewardship of Resources
  Editors: Robert H. Weichbrod, Gail A. (Heidbrink) Thompson, and John N. Norton.
  • 11. Human Care
    Pamela A. Straeter, Carolyn M. Malinowski, and Laura A. Conour.
    • Introduction
    • Recruitment
    • Retention
    • Development
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • 12. Education and Training
    Bruce W. Kennedy and Kim Froeschl.
    • Introduction
    • Culture of Training Set by the Manager
    • Andragogy and Learning Styles Revisited
    • Appreciating Cultural Differences and How We Learn
    • Developing a Training Program
    • Methods That Managers Use to Accomplish Training In-House
    • Assessment: Measuring Competency and Evaluating Training
    • Summary
    • Appendix 12.1. Educational Theory and Concepts Applied to Laboratory Animal Science
    • Appendix 12.2. Schools Offering Training in Lab Animal Science
    • Appendix 12.3. Programs for Trainers
    • Appendix 12.4. Recognized Laboratory Animal Science Credentials
    • Appendix 12.5. Organizations within Laboratory Animal Science Offering Training, Courses, and More
    • Contributors and Collaborators
    • References
  • 13. Fiscal Management
    Stephen J. Pomeroy and Theodore Plemons.
    • Introduction
    • Program Planning
    • Budgeting
    • Monitoring
    • Cost Accounting
    • Grants, Other Sources of Revenue, and New Services
    • Technology
    • Glossary Of Financial Terms
    • References
  • 14. Occupational Safety and Health
    James M. Schmitt, Deborah E. Wilson, and James M. Raber.
    • Background
    • Roles and Responsibilities
    • Occupational Safety
    • Occupational Medicine
    • Unique Hazards Encountered in the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
    • Disposal of Hazardous Materials
    • Summary
    • References
  • 15. Program Documentation and Monitoring
    William E. Dale, George J. Haluska, and Diane (Dee) Horne.
    • Introduction
    • Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee/Oversite Body
    • Animal Resources and Facility Operations
    • Good Laboratory Practice
    • Select Agents
    • References
  • 16. Existing and Emerging Information Technology
    Thomas R. Meier and Kenneth R. Boschert.
    • Introduction
    • IT in the IACUC Office
    • IT in the Animal Care Department
    • Communication and Collaboration in the Current Environment
    • Information Technology Security
    • Social Media
    • E-Mail
    • Useful Websites for Laboratory Animal Professionals
    • References
  • 17. Emergency Response and Management
    Lynell M. Dupepe, John C. Donaho, and Gordon Roble.
    • Introduction
    • Crisis Management
    • Conclusion
    • Appendix 17.1. Resources for Crisis Plan Development
    • References
• V. Physical Plant
  Editors: Robert H. Weichbrod, Gail A. (Heidbrink) Thompson, and John N. Norton.
  • 18. Facility Design, Planning, and Renovation
    Michael J. Huerkamp, David Mallon, and Gerald Percifield.
    • Introduction
    • The Building
    • Equipment
    • Operations
    • Maintenance
    • Conclusions
    • References
  • 19. Special Security Considerations for Protecting Programs That Use Animals
    John J. Sancenito, Norman Mortell, Michael Stephens, and Robert H. Weichbrod.
    • Introduction
    • Security Awareness and Preparedness
    • Risk from Animal Rights Extremism
    • Insider Threats: Risk of Infiltration
    • Workplace Violence
    • Managing and Protecting Data
    • Social Engineering
    • Conclusion
    • Appendix 19.1. Guidelines for Managing Protests
    • Appendix 19.2. Sample Bomb Threat Form
    • Appendix 19.3. Sample Suspicious Phone Call Form
    • Useful Resources
    • References
• VI. Environment and Housing
  Editors: Robert H. Weichbrod, Gail A. (Heidbrink) Thompson, and John N. Norton.
  • 20. Environmental Factors: Macroenvironment versus Microenvironment
    Margaret C. Hogan, John N. Norton, and Randall P. Reynolds.
    • Introduction
    • The Macroenvironment
    • The Microenvironment
    • Aquatics and Semiaquatics
    • Summary
    • References
  • 21. Small Animal Enclosures and Housing
    Debra L. Hickman, Judy M. Hickman-Davis, Jessica Peveler, and Melissa Swan.
    • Introduction
    • Regulatory Requirements and Considerations
    • Caging Systems
    • Enrichment
    • Emerging Technologies
    • Research Impact and Considerations
    • References
  • 22. Large (Nonagricultural) Animal Enclosures and Housing
    Jeffrey D. Wyatt.
    • Introduction
    • Priorities
    • Nonhuman Primates
    • Rabbits
    • Canines
    • Felines
    • References
  • 23. Agricultural Animals
    Janice C. Swanson, Larry T. Chapin, and F. Claire Hankenson.
    • Introduction
    • Housing
    • Environment
    • Oversight of Veterinary Care and Animal Welfare
    • Animals and Personnel Safety
    • Special Research Considerations
    • Summary
    • References
  • 24. Aquatics
    Christian Lawrence, George E. Sanders, and Carole Wilson.
    • Introduction
    • Macroenvironment
    • Additional Concerns
    • Summary
    • References
  • 25. Nontraditional Species
    Dorcas P. O’Rourke, James D. Cox, and Diana P. Baumann.
    • Introduction
    • Regulatory Considerations
    • Invertebrates
    • Birds (Songbirds, Pigeons, Chickens and Ducks, and Psittacines)
    • Reptiles (Snakes, Lizards, Turtles, and Crocodilians)
    • Amphibians (Terrestrial and Semiaquatic Frogs, Toads, and Salamanders)
    • Summary
    • References
• VII. Husbandry
  Editors: Robert H. Weichbrod, Gail A. (Heidbrink) Thompson, and John N. Norton.
  • 26. Basic Animal Facility Management
    Jori K. Leszczynski, Jamie Tackett, and Michelle Wallace-Fields.
    • Introduction
    • Types of Facilities
    • Staffing Models
    • Basic Husbandry Methods
    • Hazard Identification
    • Preventive Maintenance and Equipment Repair Programs
    • Facility Administration
    • Emerging Technologies
    • References
  • 27. Feed and Bedding
    Ronald L. Carter and Neil S. Lipman.
    • Introduction
    • Feed
    • Influence of Feed on Experimental Results
    • Bedding
    • Types of Bedding and the Potential to Affect Research
    • Feed and Bedding Handling and Processing
    • Feed and Bedding Receipt and Storage
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • 28. Water Quality and Water Delivery Systems
    E. Douglas Allen, Edgar F. Czarra, and Louis DeTolla.
    • Introduction
    • Sources of Water
    • Municipal Water Treatment and Distribution
    • Water Quality
    • Water Treatment
    • Water Delivery Systems
    • Conclusion
    • References
  • 29. Management of Research Animal Breeding Colonies
    James J. Elliott, Charles T. Miller, James A. Hagarman, Stephen T. Kelley, Suzette D. Tardif, Sander O. Hacker, and Amanda Bettis.
    • Introduction
    • Mice
    • Macaques and Baboons
    • Marmosets
    • Dogs
    • References
  • 30. Managing Husbandry Programs Involving Experimental Hazards
    James R. Swearengen, Rebecca K. Holt, and Ronald L. Bowman.
    • Introduction
    • Basic Principles of Biosafety
    • Examples of Hazards
    • Administrative Controls
    • Lessons Learned
    • Summary
    • References
• VIII. Animal Health and Care
  Editors: Robert H. Weichbrod, Gail A. (Heidbrink) Thompson, and John N. Norton.
  • 31. Veterinary Care
    James M. Raber, Marek Niekrasz, Jan Linkenhoker, and Kathy A. Perdue.
    • Background
    • Roles and Responsibilities
    • Veterinary Care: Impact of Facility Design, Medical Support Areas, and Equipment
    • Veterinary Programs
    • Summary
    • References
  • 32. Behavioral Training as Part of the Health Care Program
    Steven J. Schapiro, Elizabeth R. Magden, Lisa A. Reamer, Mary Catherine Mareno, and Susan P. Lambeth.
    • Introduction: Enhancing Care
    • Training the Animals
    • Training the Trainers
    • Brief Review of Studies of the Training Process
    • Health Care Issues Amenable to Training Solutions
    • Cost–Benefit Analyses
    • Emerging Technologies
    • Conclusion
    • Acknowledgments
    • References
  • 33. Managing Animal Colony Health
    Kerith Luchins and George Langan.
    • Introduction
    • Risk Assessment
    • Administrative Considerations
    • Summary
    • References
  • 34. Surgery
    Randall R. Clevenger, Jan Bernal, Michael Talcott, Teresa R. Gleason, Tracie Rindfield, and Robert F. Hoyt, Jr.
    • Overview and Background
    • Protocol Planning
    • Surgery Planning
    • Surgical Facility
    • Surgical Instruments and Equipment
    • Records and Regulations
    • Budget and Billing
    • Surgical Procedures and Postoperative Care
    • Surgical Facility Standard Operating Procedures
    • Training
    • Summary
    • References
  • 35. Euthanasia
    Christine P. Sivula and Mark A. Suckow.
    • Background and Perspective
    • Reasons for Euthanasia
    • Methods of Euthanasia
    • Personnel Training and Oversight
    • References
• IX. Conclusion
  Editors: Robert H. Weichbrod, Gail A. (Heidbrink) Thompson, and John N. Norton.
  • 36. Future Directions and Challenges
    Joseph N. Benoit, Robert H. Weichbrod, John N. Norton, and Janet C. Garber.
    • Managing the Biomedical Research Enterprise and the Global Status of Laboratory Animal Welfare
    • Regulatory Challenges
    • Expanding Oversight and the Compliance Environment
    • Governmental Sources of Regulation and Legal Challenges Related to Regulatory Burden
    • Nongovernmental Sources of Regulatory Burden
    • Tracking Legislative and Rulemaking Actions in the United States
    • U.S. Rules and Regulations
    • Emerging Legal Challenges Impacting Animal Care and Use Programs
    • Assessing, Mitigating, and Managing Risks
    • Summary and Recommendations for a Path Forward
    • Acknowledgment
    • References