| Categories | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Logit | GLM | Logit | GLM | Logit | GLM | |
| Moderate Pain | −0.29*** (0.08) | −0.05** (0.03) | −0.12 (0.09) | −0.05* (0.03) | −0.12 (0.09) | −0.05* (0.03) |
| Severe Pain | −0.77*** (0.08) | −0.09*** (0.03) | −0.26*** (0.09) | −0.07** (0.03) | −0.26*** (0.09) | −0.07** (0.03) |
| Joint Pain | −0.04 (0.06) | −0.01 (0.01) | 0.03 (0.06) | 0.00 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.06) | 0.00 (0.02) |
| Arthritis | −0.18*** (0.06) | −0.03* (0.02) | −0.06 (0.07) | −0.03 (0.02) | −0.06 (0.06) | −0.02 (0.02) |
| Female | −0.17*** (0.05) | −0.19*** (0.01) | −0.17*** (0.05) | −0.19*** (0.01) | −0.17*** (0.05) | −0.19*** (0.01) |
| Family Size | −0.08*** (0.02) | −0.02*** (0.00) | −0.09*** (0.02) | −0.03*** (0.00) | −0.09*** (0.02) | −0.03*** (0.00) |
| Age 35–44 | −0.07 (0.07) | 0.14*** (0.02) | −0.07 (0.07) | 0.14*** (0.02) | −0.07 (0.07) | 0.14*** (0.02) |
| Age 45–54 | −0.22*** (0.07) | 0.19*** (0.02) | −0.20*** (0.08) | 0.19*** (0.02) | −0.20*** (0.08) | 0.19*** (0.02) |
| Age 55–64 | −0.82*** (0.08) | 0.17*** (0.02) | −0.83*** (0.08) | 0.17*** (0.02) | −0.82*** (0.08) | 0.17*** (0.02) |
| Black | 0.16*** (0.06) | −0.10*** (0.02) | 0.19*** (0.07) | −0.11*** (0.02) | 0.19*** (0.06) | −0.10*** (0.02) |
| Hispanic | 0.07 (0.07) | −0.19*** (0.02) | 0.01 (0.07) | −0.20*** (0.02) | 0.01 (0.07) | −0.20*** (0.02) |
| Asian | −0.23** (0.10) | −0.05* (0.03) | −0.26** (0.10) | −0.05* (0.03) | −0.25** (0.10) | −0.05* (0.03) |
| High School Degree | 0.13** (0.06) | 0.00 (0.02) | 0.14** (0.06) | 0.00 (0.02) | 0.14** (0.06) | 0.00 (0.02) |
| College Degree | 0.21*** (0.07) | 0.41*** (0.02) | 0.18** (0.07) | 0.41*** (0.02) | 0.18** (0.07) | 0.41*** (0.02) |
| Graduate Degree | 0.11 (0.10) | 0.59*** (0.02) | 0.07 (0.11) | 0.59*** (0.02) | 0.07 (0.11) | 0.59*** (0.02) |
| Divorced | 0.20*** (0.07) | −0.06*** (0.02) | 0.33*** (0.07) | −0.06*** (0.02) | 0.32*** (0.07) | −0.06*** (0.02) |
| Widow | −0.46*** (0.18) | −0.11** (0.05) | −0.35* (0.18) | −0.10** (0.05) | −0.34* (0.18) | −0.10** (0.05) |
| Separated | 0.14 (0.12) | −0.21*** (0.04) | 0.25* (0.13) | −0.21*** (0.04) | 0.25* (0.13) | −0.21*** (0.04) |
| Never Married | 0.10 (0.07) | −0.14*** (0.02) | 0.21*** (0.08) | −0.14*** (0.02) | 0.21*** (0.08) | −0.14*** (0.02) |
| Fair/Poor Health | −0.71*** (0.07) | −0.10*** (0.02) | −0.28*** (0.07) | −0.09*** (0.02) | −0.28*** (0.07) | −0.08*** (0.02) |
| Midwest | 0.13 (0.10) | −0.08*** (0.03) | 0.12 (0.10) | −0.08*** (0.03) | 0.12 (0.10) | −0.08*** (0.03) |
| South | −0.04 (0.08) | −0.09*** (0.02) | −0.09 (0.09) | −0.10*** (0.02) | −0.09 (0.09) | −0.10*** (0.02) |
| West | −0.16* (0.09) | 0.04 (0.03) | −0.20** (0.10) | 0.04 (0.03) | −0.20** (0.10) | 0.04 (0.03) |
| Metropolitan Statistical Area | 0.16* (0.08) | 0.15*** (0.02) | 0.18** (0.09) | 0.15*** (0.02) | 0.17** (0.08) | 0.15*** (0.02) |
| Functional Disability | −1.95*** (0.09) | −0.13*** (0.04) | −1.95*** (0.09) | −0.13*** (0.04) | ||
| Diabetes | −0.07 (0.08) | −0.05* (0.02) | ||||
| Asthma | 0.13 (0.08) | −0.01 (0.02) | ||||
| Constant | 1.46*** (0.15) | 2.88*** (0.04) | 1.51*** (0.16) | 2.89*** (0.04) | 1.50*** (0.16) | 2.89*** (0.04) |
NOTES: Total expenditures include inpatient, emergency room, and outpatient services (hospital, clinic and office-based visits); prescription drugs; and other (e.g., home health services, vision care services, dental care, ambulance services, medical equipment). The expenditures do not include over-the-counter purchases. Linearized standard errors are in parentheses. GLM = generalized linear model.* p <.10, ** p <0.05, *** p <.01.
SOURCE: Based on the 2008 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.
From: Appendix C, The Economic Costs of Pain in the United States
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