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Patrias K, author; Wendling D, editor. Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers [Internet]. 2nd edition. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2007-.
Citing Medicine: The NLM Style Guide for Authors, Editors, and Publishers [Internet]. 2nd edition.
Show detailsA. Electronic Mail
B. LISTSERVs and Similar Discussion Lists
C. Blogs
D. Wikis
See also:
Chapter 13 Letters and Other Personal Communication
A. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Electronic Mail
The general format for a reference to an electronic mail message, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Electronic Mail
Electronic mail or e-mail is a written message sent over communication networks to a single address or to multiple addressees. E-mail systems are maintained by most computer networks, and virtually all online services and Internet service providers have them.
E-mail is a form of personal communication and is not often accepted by editors and others for inclusion in a reference list. Most authorities recommend placing references to e-mail communications within the running text, not as formal end references. The nature and source of the cited information should be identified by an appropriate statement. Place the source information in parentheses, using a term or terms to indicate clearly that the citation is not in the reference list. For example:
…and most of these meningiomas proved to be inoperable (Mar 22, 2007 e-mail from RS Grant to me; unreferenced, see "Notes") while a few….
The author must provide written permission to the publisher from the cited person (if living) or from the cited organization if the message is not accessible to scholars via the e-mail server's archive. The permission should be a statement in an "Acknowledgments" or a "Notes" section following the text of an article or placed at the end of a book's main text. These statements may include additional details, such as the reason for the communication.
It is highly recommended that any message being considered for future citation be saved to disk or in print because not all e-mail systems use a standard method of saving or archiving messages.
The rules below apply when an e-mail message is included in a reference list rather than within the text as described above. References to e-mail messages have a formal structure to clearly identify the author (initiator) and the recipient (receiver) of the communication. Because of the lack of other information to include in a citation to an e-mail message, providing the full names for both author and recipient is recommended as well as clarifying notes on content.
For information on citing letters, see Chapter 13. For further examples of formats for author names and titles, see Chapter 1.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Electronic Mail.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Electronic Mail.
Citation Rules with Examples for Electronic Mail
Components/elements are listed in the order they should appear in a reference. An R after the component name means that it is required in the citation; an O after the name means it is optional.
Author (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title of Message (R) | Content Type (O) | Type of Medium (R) | Connective Phrase (R) | Recipient (R) | Recipient Affiliation (O) | Date (R) | Date of Citation (R) | Extent (Pagination) (O) | Availability (O) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Author for Electronic Mail (required)
General Rules for Author
- Enter surname (family or last name) first for the person initiating the communication
- Capitalize surnames and enter spaces in surnames as they appear in the document cited. For example: Van Der Horn or van der Horn; De Wolf or de Wolf or DeWolf.
- Follow the surname with a comma and a space
- Enter the given (first) name and any middle name or initials; follow initials with periods
- End author information with a period unless the Author Affiliation is given, then use a space
Specific Rules for Author
Box 1
Surnames with hyphens and other punctuation in them.
Box 2
Other surname rules.
Box 3
Given names containing punctuation, a prefix, a preposition, or particle.
Box 4
Degrees, titles, and honors before or after a personal name.
Box 5
Designations of rank in a family, such as Jr and III.
Box 6
Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean) or character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese).
Box 7
Organization as author.
Box 8
Title of author given.
Box 9
Options for author names.
Author Affiliation for Electronic Mail (optional)
General Rules for Author Affiliation
- Begin with the department and name of the institution, followed by city and state/Canadian province/country
- Use commas to separate parts of the address
- Place the address in parentheses, such as (Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA)
- Separate the affiliation from its author by a space
- Follow the affiliation with a comma placed outside the parentheses
Title of Message for Electronic Mail (required)
General Rules for Title
- Enter the title of the subject line of a message as it appears on the screen, in the original language
- Capitalize only the first word of a title, proper nouns, proper adjectives, acronyms, and initialisms
- Use a colon followed by a space to separate a title from a subtitle, unless another form of punctuation (such as a question mark, period, or an exclamation point) is already present
- Follow non-English titles with a translation when possible; place the translation in square brackets
- End a title with a space
Specific Rules for Title
Box 16
Titles containing a Greek letter, chemical formula, or another special character.
Box 17
Titles not in English.
Box 18
Titles ending in punctuation other than a period.
Box 19
No title can be found.
Examples for Title
Content Type for Electronic Mail (optional)
General Rules for Content Type
- Use a content type to describe the format of the item being cited
- Begin type information with a left square bracket
- Enter the words "electronic mail on the"
- End content type with space
Specific Rules for Content Type
Box 20
Titles ending in punctuation other than a period.
Box 21
Titles not in English.
Examples for Content Type
Type of Medium for Electronic Mail (required)
General Rules for Type of Medium
- Place the type of medium in square brackets following the title (and Content Type, if present)
- End with a period placed outside the closing bracket
- Add location information (URL, etc) according to the instructions under Availability below
Specific Rules for Type of Medium
Box 22
Both a content type and a type of medium.
Box 23
Titles ending in punctuation other than a period.
Box 24
Titles not in English.
Examples for Type of Medium
Connective Phrase for Electronic Mail (required)
General Rules for Connective Phrase
- Use the phrase "Message to" after the title of the message and the Type of Medium
- Follow the phrase with a colon and a space
Examples for Connective Phrase
Recipient for Electronic Mail (required)
General Rules for Recipient
- Begin with the given (first) name and any middle name or initials of the person receiving the communication; follow initials with periods
- Give the surname (family or last name)
- Capitalize surnames and enter spaces in surnames as they appear in the message. For example: Van Der Horn or van der Horn; De Wolf or de Wolf or DeWolf.
- Separate multiple recipients with a semicolon and a space
- End recipient information with a period unless the Recipient Affiliation is given, then use a space
Specific Rules for Recipient
Box 25
Given names containing punctuation, a prefix, a preposition, or particle.
Box 26
Surnames with hyphens and other punctuation in them.
Box 27
Other surname rules.
Box 28
Degrees, titles, and honors before or after a personal name.
Box 29
Designations of rank in a family, such as Jr and III.
Box 30
Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean) or character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese).
Box 31
Titles in recipient names.
Box 32
Organization as recipient.
Box 33
Options for recipient names.
Recipient Affiliation for Electronic Mail (optional)
General Rules for Recipient Affiliation
- Begin with the department and name of the institution, followed by city and state/Canadian province/country
- Use commas to separate parts of the address
- Place the address in parentheses, such as (Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA)
- Separate the affiliation from its author by a space
- Follow the affiliation with a semicolon placed outside the closing parenthesis, unless the affiliation is for the last or only recipient, then use a period
Date for Electronic Mail (required)
General Rules for Date
- Begin with the year the message was sent
- Convert roman numerals to arabic numbers. For example: MMVII to 2007.
- Include the month and day after the year, such as 2007 Apr 30
- Use English names for months and abbreviate them to the first three letters
- End date information with a space
Specific Rules for Date
Box 40
Time of the message included.
Box 41
Formats for dates.
Box 42
Non-English names for months.
Box 43
Optional date location.
Examples for Date
Date of Citation for Electronic Mail (required)
General Rules for Date of Citation
- Give the date the message was first seen
- Include the year month and day in that order, such as 2006 May 5
- Use English names for months and abbreviate them using the first three letters, such as Jan
- Place citation date information in square brackets
- End citation date information with a period placed outside the closing bracket
Examples for Date of Citation
Extent (Pagination) for Electronic Mail (optional)
General Rules for Extent (Pagination)
- Give extent as the total number of screens, paragraphs, lines, or bytes, whichever is most practical
- Precede the total with the word "about" for all except the number of paragraphs and place it in square brackets, as [about 5 screens]
- If the message is printed, precede the page total with the word "about" and place it in square brackets, as [about 3 p.]
- End extent information with a period placed outside the closing bracket
Examples for Extent (Pagination)
Availability for Electronic Mail (optional)
General Rules for Availability
- Provide the access address of the archive if the message is archived by the mail server
- Begin with the phrase "Available from" followed by a colon and a space
- Insert the entire Uniform Resource Locator (URL); do not omit FTP, http://, www, or other beginning components
- End with a period only if the URL ends with a slash, otherwise end with no punctuation
Language for Electronic Mail (required)
General Rules for Language
- Give the language of the message if not English
- Capitalize the language name
- Follow the language name with a period
Notes for Electronic Mail (optional)
General Rules for Notes
- Notes is a collective term for further information given after the citation itself
- Complete sentences are not required
- Be brief
Specific Rules for Notes
Box 48
Messages containing an attachment.
Box 49
System requirements.
Box 50
Other types of material to include in notes.
Examples for Notes
Examples of Citations to Electronic Mail
Note: The examples below are derived from actual e-mail messages, but the names and addresses have been changed in most cases to preserve privacy.
1. Standard citation to an electronic mail message
Backus, Joyce. Physician Internet search behavior: detailed study [Internet]. Message to: Karen Patrias. 2007 Mar 27 [cited 2007 Mar 28]. [2 paragraphs].
2. Electronic mail message with optional initials for author and recipient
Backus J. Physician Internet search behavior: detailed study [Internet]. Message to: K. Patrias. 2007 Mar 27 [cited 2007 Mar 28]. [2 paragraphs].
3. Electronic mail message with organization as author
Protein Lounge (San Diego, CA). Pathway illustration tool and database [Internet]. Message to: Karen Patrias (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD). 2007 May 1 [cited 2007 May 2]. [about 2 screens].
4. Electronic mail message with optional content type
Protein Lounge (San Diego, CA). Pathway illustration tool and database [electronic mail on the Internet]. Message to: Karen Patrias (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD). 2007 May 1 [cited 2007 May 2]. [about 2 screens].
5. Electronic mail message with multiple recipients
Garner, Patricia. DSL and cable modem costs [Internet]. Message to: Phillip S. Chu; Margaret Lyons. 2006 Apr 23 [cited 2006 Apr 24]. [about 1 screen].
6. Electronic mail message with group as recipient
Zerhouni, Elias A. (Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD). NIH Roadmap [Internet]. Message to: NIH staff. 2007 Feb 15 [cited 2007 Feb 15]. [about 3 p.].
7. Electronic mail message with affiliations for author and recipient
Harris, Pat (National Information Standards Organization, Bethesda, MD). ISO standards on bibliographic references to be revised [Internet]. Message to: Karen Patrias (Public Services Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD). 2005 Jul 07 [cited 2005 Jul 8]. [about 1 screen].
8. Electronic mail message with position titles for author and recipient included in affiliation
Garner, Patricia (Administrative Officer, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD). DSL and cable modem costs [Internet]. Message to: Phillip S. Chu (Chief, Behavioral and Social Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD); Margaret Lyons (Chief, Neuroscience and Neuropsychology and Aging Program, Bethesda, MD). 2006 Apr 23 [cited 2006 Apr 24]. [about 1 screen].
Patrias, Karen (Senior Resource Specialist, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD). Dates in tables [Internet]. Message to: Lenore Roberts (Editor, Data-Tech, Inc., Ottawa, ON). 2006 Feb 8 [cited 2006 Feb 9]. [2 paragraphs].
9. Electronic mail message with e-mail addresses included in affiliation
Patrias, Karen (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD. patrias@nlm.nih.gov). Presentation for May meeting [Internet]. Message to: Mary Silco (Food and Drug Administration, White Oak, MD. Mary.Silco@fda.hhs.gov). 2007 Feb 7 [cited 2007 Feb 8]. [about 1 screen].
10. Electronic mail message with time included in date
Harris, Pat (National Information Standards Organization, Bethesda, MD). ISO standards on bibliographic references to be revised [Internet]. Message to: Karen Patrias (Public Services Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD). 2005 Jul 07, 4:19 PM [cited 2005 Jul 8]. [about 1 screen].
11. Electronic mail message with extent provided
Patrias, Karen (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD). Dates in tables [Internet]. Message to: Lenore Roberts (Data-Tech, Inc., Ottawa, ON). 2006 Feb 8 [cited 2006 Feb 9]. [2 paragraphs].
Harris, Pat (National Information Standards Organization, Bethesda, MD). ISO standards on bibliographic references to be revised [Internet]. Message to: Karen Patrias (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD). 2005 Jul 07 [cited 2005 Jul 8]. [about 1 screen].
Zerhouni, Elias A. (Director, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD). NIH Roadmap [Internet]. Message to: NIH staff. 2007 Feb 15 [cited 2007 Feb 15]. [about 3 p.].
12. Electronic mail message with a note
Patrias, Karen. Presentation for May meeting [Internet]. Message to: Mary Silco. 2007 Feb 7 [cited 2007 Feb 8]. [about 1 screen]. Accompanied by: 1 PowerPoint file.
B. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing LISTSERVs and Similar Discussion Lists
The general format for a reference to a message from a LISTSERV or similar discussion list, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to LISTSERVs and Similar Discussion Lists
LISTSERV is a proprietary name for mailing list software that is a registered trademark of L-Soft International, Inc. However, the term is commonly used as a generic for all mailing list applications.
Mailing lists are usually subject-oriented and provide a forum for member discussion. Individuals join a list and post messages that are sent out to all the list members and receive messages sent by others. Lists may be moderated, i.e., content is filtered before broadcast, or unmoderated.
Like e-mail in general, messages posted to discussion lists are a form of personal communication and are not often accepted by editors and others for inclusion in a reference list. Most authorities recommend placing references to e-mail communications within the running text, not as formal end references. The nature and source of the cited information should be identified by an appropriate statement. Place the source information in parentheses, using a term or terms to indicate that the citation is not represented in the reference list. For example:
…and many nurses involved with such cases (Mar 22, 2007 posting by RS Grant to the ANPACC Listserv; unreferenced, see "Notes") report…
When a reference to a discussion list message is included in a reference list, the author must provide written permission to the publisher from the cited person (if living) or from the cited organization if the message is not accessible to scholars via the list server's archive. The permission should be stated in an "Acknowledgments" or "Notes" section that follows the text of an article or is placed at the end of a book's main text. These statements may include additional details, such as the reason for the communication.
Because all discussion lists do not employ a standard method of saving or archiving messages, it is highly recommended that any message being considered for future citation be saved to disk or in print.
The rules below apply when a posting to a discussion list is included in a reference list rather than within the text as described above. Because of the lack of other information to include in a citation to an e-mail message, providing the full name for the author is recommended as well as clarifying notes on content.
Some discussion lists post messages consisting entirely of referrals to publications for their members. Do not cite these as messages on the list, but locate the original publication and cite it.
To cite an entire LISTSERV or other discussion list rather than a message from one, use the instructions from Chapter 24A for citing an open serial database. See also example 24.
For information on citing letters, see Chapter 13. For further examples of formats for author names, titles, place of publication, and publisher see Chapter 1.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for LISTSERVs and Similar Discussion Lists.
Continue to Examples of Citations to LISTSERVs and Similar Discussion Lists.
Citation Rules with Examples for LISTSERVs and Similar Discussion Lists
Components/elements are listed in the order they should appear in a reference. An R after the component name means that it is required in the citation; an O after the name means it is optional.
Author (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title for Message (R) | Connective Phrase (R) | Title (R) | Address (O) | Content Type (O) | Type of Medium (R) | Place of Publication (R) | Publisher (R) | Date (R) | Date of Citation (R) | Extent (Pagination) (O) | Availability (O) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Author of Message for Lists (required)
General Rules for Author
- Enter surname (family or last name) first for the person initiating the communication
- Capitalize surnames and enter spaces in surnames as they appear in the document cited. For example: Van Der Horn or van der Horn; De Wolf or de Wolf or DeWolf.
- Convert given (first) names and middle names to initials for a maximum of two initials following each surname
- End author information with a period unless the Author Affiliation is given, then use a space
Specific Rules for Author
Box 51
Surnames with hyphens and other punctuation in them.
Box 52
Other surname rules.
Box 53
Given names containing punctuation, a prefix, a preposition, or particle.
Box 54
Degrees, titles, and honors before or after a personal name.
Box 55
Designations of rank in a family, such as Jr and III.
Box 56
Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean) or character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese).
Box 57
Organization as author.
Box 58
Title of author given.
Box 59
Options for author names.
Examples for Author
Author Affiliation for Lists (optional)
General Rules for Author Affiliation
- Begin with the department and name of the institution, followed by city and state/Canadian province/country
- Use commas to separate parts of the address
- Place the address in parentheses, such as (Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA)
- Separate the affiliation from its author by a space
- Follow the affiliation with a comma placed outside the closing parenthesis
Title of Message for Lists (required)
General Rules for Title
- Enter the title of the subject line of a message as it appears on the screen, in the original language
- Capitalize only the first word of a title, proper nouns, proper adjectives, acronyms, and initialisms
- Use a colon followed by a space to separate a title from a subtitle, unless another form of punctuation (such as a question mark, period, or an exclamation point) is already present
- Follow non-English titles with a translation when possible; place the translation in square brackets
- End a title with a space
Connective Phrase for Lists (required)
General Rules for Connective Phrase
- Use the word "In" after the title of the message
- Follow the word with a colon and a space
Examples for Connective Phrase
Title for Lists (required)
General Rules for Title
- Enter the title of the list as it appears on screen, in the original language
- Use the capitalization and punctuation found
- Follow non-English titles with a translation when possible; place the translation in square brackets
- End the title with a space
Address for List (optional)
General Rules for Address
- Give the e-mail address for the list as provided in the message
- Use the capitalization and punctuation found
- Separate the address from the Title by a space
- Place the address in parenthesis
- Follow the address with a space
Examples for Address
Content Type for Lists (optional)
General Rules for Content Type
- Use a content type to describe the format of the item being cited
- Begin type information with a left square bracket
- Enter the words "discussion list on the"
- End content type with space
Type of Medium for Lists (required)
General Rules for Type of Medium
- Place the type of medium in square brackets following the title (and Content Type, if present)
- End with a period placed outside the closing bracket
Place of Publication for Lists (required)
General Rules for Place of Publication
- Use for place the city of the individual or organization responsible for the list
- Follow US and Canadian cities with the two-letter abbreviation for the state or province (see Appendix E) to avoid confusion when citing lesser known cities or when cities in different locations have the same name, such as Palm Springs (CA) and Palm Springs (FL)
- Follow cities in other countries with the name of the country, either written out or as the two-letter ISO country code (see Appendix D), when citing lesser known cities or when cities in different locations have the same name, such as Cambridge (MA) and Cambridge (England)
- Use the anglicized form for a non-US city, such as Vienna for Wien
- End place information with a colon
Specific Rules for Place of Publication
Box 75
Locating the place of publication.
Box 76
Non-US cities.
Box 77
No place of publication can be found.
Examples for Place of Publication
Publisher for Lists (required)
General Rules for Publisher
- The publisher is the individual or organization responsible for the list
- Record the name of the publisher as it is found on the screen, using whatever capitalization and punctuation appears
- Abbreviate well-known words in publisher names if desired
- When a division or another subsidiary part of a publisher is provided, enter the publisher name first. For example: University of Texas, Comprehensive Cancer Center.
- End publisher information with a semicolon
Date for Lists (required)
General Rules for Date
- Begin with the year the message was sent
- Include the month and day after the year, such as 2007 Apr 30
- Use English names for months and abbreviate them to the first three letters
- End date information with a space
Date of Citation for Lists (required)
General Rules for Date of Citation
- Give the date the message was first seen
- Include the year month and day in that order, such as 2006 May 5
- Use English names for months and abbreviate them using the first three letters, such as Jan
- Place citation date information in square brackets
- End date information with a period placed outside the closing bracket
Examples for Date of Citation
Extent (Pagination) for Lists (optional)
General Rules for Extent (Pagination)
- Give extent as the total number of screens, paragraphs, lines, or bytes, whichever is most practical
- Precede the total with the word "about" for all except the number of paragraphs and place it in square brackets, as [about 5 screens]
- If the message is printed out, precede the page total with the word "about" and place it in square brackets, as [about 3 p.]
- End extent information with a period placed outside the closing bracket
Examples for Extent (Pagination)
Availability for Lists (optional)
General Rules for Availability
- If the message is archived by the mail server, the access address of the archive may be provided
- Begin with the phrase "Available from" followed by a colon and a space
- Insert the entire Uniform Resource Locator (URL); do not omit FTP, http://, www, or other beginning components
- End with a period only if the URL ends with a slash, otherwise end with no punctuation
Language for Lists (required)
General Rules for Language
- Give the language of the message if not English
- Capitalize the language name
- Follow the language name with a period
Examples for Language
Notes for Lists (optional)
General Rules for Notes
- Notes is a collective term for information given after the citation itself
- Complete sentences are not required
- Be brief
Examples of Citations to LISTSERVs and Similar Discussion Lists
Note: The examples below are derived from actual lists, but the names and other components have been changed in most cases to preserve privacy.
1. Standard citation to a message from a LISTSERV or similar discussion list
Ramirez AG. NPM1 gene mutation in AML. In: AML-Listserv [Internet]. New York: Association of Cancer Online Resources; 2007 Jan 12 [cited 2007 Jan 14]. [about 3 screens].
with optional content type
Ramirez AG. NPM1 gene mutation in AML. In: AML-Listserv [discussion list on the Internet]. New York: Association of Cancer Online Resources; 2007 Jan 12 [cited 2007 Jan 14]. [about 3 screens].
2. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with optional full name for author
Davis, Blake F. Albuterol versus levalbuterol for treatment of acute asthma. In: RC_WORLD [Internet]. Indianapolis (IN): IUPUI; 2007 Mar 2 [cited 2007 Mar 2]. [5 paragraphs].
3. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with organization as author
GPO Customer Contact Center. Cessation of the FDA Consumer in print. In: FDLP Listserv [Internet]. Washington: Government Printing Office (US); 2007 Apr 27 [cited 2007 Apr 27]. [13 lines].
4. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with e-mail address only for author
CarrieOlson@aol.com. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and nephrology. In: PEDNEFRO-L [Internet]. Prague (Czech Republic): Univerzity Karlovy, Lekarska Fakulta; 1998 Jan 4, 10:01 PM [cited 2007 May 3]. [about 3 p.].
5. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with author affiliation
Slack HT (TMD and Orofacial Pain Clinic, College of Dentistry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, NE). Orthodontics for TMD therapy. In: OANDP-L [Internet]. Gainesville (FL): O & P digital Technologies; 2007 Apr 20 [cited 2007 Apr 22]. [about 4 screens].
Ramirez AG (Instituto de Biologia Molecular y Celular del Cancer, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain). NPM1 gene mutation in AML. In: AML-Listserv [Internet]. New York: Association of Cancer Online Resources; 2007 Jan 12 [cited 2007 Jan 14]. [about 3 screens].
6. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with position title for author in affiliation
Slack HT (Clinical Administrator, TMD and Orofacial Pain Clinic, College of Dentistry, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Lincoln, NE). Orthodontics for TMD therapy. In: OANDP-L [Internet]. Gainesville (FL): O & P digital Technologies; 2007 Apr 20 [cited 2007 Apr 22]. [about 4 screens].
7. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with e-mail address of author included in affiliation
Theron M (Hopital Marmottan, Paris, FR. marie.theron@marmottan.fr). WHO revised global disease standards. In: MEDLIB-L [Internet]. Chicago: Medical Library Association; 2007 Mar 18 [cited 2007 Apr 1]. [1 paragraph].
8. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with message title having a subtitle
Blake M. Summary: librarian handbooks and guidelines. In: MEDLIB-L [Internet]. Chicago: Medical Library Association; 2007 Apr 27 [cited 2007 Apr 28]. [about 2 screens].
9. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with required subject preceding message title
KCarlson@penn.edu. GLAUCOMA: Early vs late intraocular pressure following trabeculectomy. In: OPHTHAL [Internet]. [place unknown]: Internet Ophthalmology; 2007 Apr 27 [cited 2007 May 3]. [about 2 screens].
10. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with list title not in English
Michel D. Peut-on se fier aux statistiques fournies par les banques de donnees emanant du ministere de la sante? In: archivistes hospitaliers [Internet]. Lyon (FR): CISR; 2007 May 2 [cited 2007 May 3]. [about 3 p.]. French.
with translation included
Michel D. Peut-on se fier aux statistiques fournies par les banques de donnees emanant du ministere de la sante? [Could we trust clinical statistics from data banks of the National Health Service (NHS)?]. In: archivistes hospitaliers [hospital archivists] [Internet]. Lyon (FR): CISR; 2007 May 2 [cited 2007 May 3]. [about 3 p.]. French.
11. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with optional address for list
Davis BF. Albuterol versus levalbuterol for treatment of acute asthma. In: RC_WORLD (LISTSERV@LISTSERV.iupui.edu) [Internet]. Indianapolis (IN): IUPUI; 2007 May 2 [cited 2007 Sep 17]. [5 paragraphs].
Blake M. Summary: librarian handbooks and guidelines. In: MEDLIB-L (MEDLIB-L@LISTSERV.BUFFALO.EDU) [Internet]. Chicago: Medical Library Association; 2007 Apr 27 [cited 2007 Apr 28]. [about 2 screens].
Michel D. Peut-on se fier aux statistiques fournies par les banques de donnees emanant du ministere de la sante? [Could we trust clinical statistics from data banks of the National Health Service (NHS)?]. In: archivistes hospitaliers [hospital archivists] (archivistes_hospitaliers@listes.univ-lyon1.fr) [Internet]. Lyon (FR): CISR; 2007 May 2 [cited 2007 May 3]. [about 3 p.]. French.
12. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with optional content type
Davis BF. Albuterol versus levalbuterol for treatment of acute asthma. In: RC_WORLD [discussion list on the Internet]. Indianapolis (IN): IUPUI; 2007 May 2 [cited 2007 Sep 17]. [5 paragraphs].
13. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with well-known place of publication
Blake M. Summary: librarian handbooks and guidelines. In: MEDLIB-L [Internet]. Chicago: Medical Library Association; 2007 Apr 27 [cited 2007 Apr 28]. [about 2 screens].
14. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with geographic qualifier added to place of publication for clarity
King M. Africa goes into negative food balance. In: AFRO-NETS [Internet]. Watertown (MA): AED-SATELLIFE; 2003 May 4 [cited 2007 Apr 25]. 19.55 KB.
15. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with unknown place of publication
KCarlson@penn.edu. GLAUCOMA: Early vs late intraocular pressure following trabeculectomy. In: OPHTHAL [Internet]. [place unknown]: Internet Ophthalmology; 2007 Apr 27 [cited 2007 May 3]. [about 2 screens].
16. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with publisher having subsidiary division
Keller CD. Public health training for rural primary care physicians. In: RURALNET-L [Internet]. Huntington (WV): Marshall University School of Medicine, Department of Academic Computing; 2007 Apr 15 [cited 2007 Apr 16]. [about 3 screens].
17. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list published by a government agency
Murray GC. A diagram of the UMLS Semantic Network. In: UMLSUSERS-L [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2007 Apr 23, 11:33 AM [cited 2007 May 2]. [60 lines].
18. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with time included in date
Murray GC. A diagram of the UMLS Semantic Network. In: UMLSUSERS-L [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2007 Apr 23, 11:33 AM [cited 2007 May 2]. [60 lines].
19. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with extent provided
Davis BF. Albuterol versus levalbuterol for treatment of acute asthma. In: RC_WORLD [Internet]. Indianapolis (IN): IUPUI; 2007 May 2 [cited 2007 Sep 17]. [5 paragraphs].
GPO Customer Contact Center. Cessation of the FDA Consumer in print. In: FDLP Listserv [Internet]. Washington: Government Printing Office (US); 2007 Apr 27 [cited 2007 Apr 27]. [13 lines].
Karns M. Africa goes into negative food balance. In: AFRO-NETS [Internet]. Watertown (MA): AED-SATELLIFE; 2003 May 4 [cited 2007 Apr 25]. 19.55 KB. Accompanied by: 1 GIF file, 20KB.
CarrieOlson@aol.com. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and nephrology. In: PEDNEFRO-L [Internet]. Prague (Czech Republic): Univerzity Karlovy, Lekarska Fakulta; 1998 Jan 4, 10:01 PM [cited 2007 May 3]. [about 3 p.].
Ramirez AG. NPM1 gene mutation in AML. In: AML-Listserv [Internet]. New York: Association of Cancer Online Resources; 2007 Jan 12 [cited 2007 Jan 14]. [about 3 screens].
20. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with accompanying file
Karns M. Africa goes into negative food balance. In: AFRO-NETS [Internet]. Watertown (MA): AED-SATELLIFE; 2003 May 4 [cited 2007 Apr 25]. 19.55 KB. Accompanied by: 1 GIF file, 20KB. Available from: http://www.afronets.org/docs-related.php
21. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with archive URL provided
Theron M. WHO revised global disease standards. In: MEDLIB-L [Internet]. Chicago: Medical Library Association; 2007 Mar 18 [cited 2007 Apr 1]. [1 paragraph]. Available from: http://listserv.buffalo.edu/archives/medlib-l.html
CarrieOlson@aol.com. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and nephrology. In: PEDNEFRO-L [Internet]. Prague (Czech Republic): Univerzity Karlovy, Lekarska Fakulta; 1998 Jan 4, 10:01 PM [cited 2007 May 3]. [about 3 p.]. Available from: http://www.lf2.cuni.cz/cgi-bin/wilma_hiliter/pednefro-l/199806/msg00000.html?line=80#
22. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with archive not directly addressable
GPO Customer Contact Center. Cessation of the FDA Consumer in print. In: FDLP Listserv [Internet]. Washington: Government Printing Office (US); 2007 Apr 27 [cited 2007 Apr 27]. [13 lines]. Available from: http://listserv.access.gpo.gov/ by clicking on Online mailing list archives.
23. A message from a LISTSERV or similar list with a note
Ramirez AG. NPM1 gene mutation in AML. In: AML-Listserv [Internet]. New York: Association of Cancer Online Resources; 2007 Jan 12 [cited 2007 Jan 14]. [about 3 screens]. List for acute myelocytic leukemia.
Davis BF. Albuterol versus levalbuterol for treatment of acute asthma. In: RC_WORLD [Internet]. Indianapolis (IN): IUPUI; 2007 May 2 [cited 2007 Sep 17]. [5 paragraphs]. IUPUI is Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis.
24. Entire LISTSERV or similar list
AML-Listserv [Internet]. New York: Association of Cancer Online Resources. 1997 Nov 12 - [cited 2007 May 11]. Available from: AML-request@LISTSERV.ACOR.ORG
MEDLIB-L [Internet]. Chicago: Medical Library Association. 1995 Aug 16 - [cited 2007 May 11]. Available from: MEDLIB-L@LIST.UVM.EDU
C. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Blogs
The general format for a reference to a blog on the Internet, including punctuation:
The general format for a reference to a contribution to a blog, when the contribution is written by someone other than the blog owner, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Blogs
Blog is a contraction of Web log. A blog is a publicly available Web site that serves as a personal journal or sounding board for an individual or as an information tool for an organization. The blog owner posts messages and invites comments from readers. Entries or messages are displayed in reverse chronological order and the site is usually updated daily.
In citing a blog, note that:
- The word blog may or may not be a part of the title. If it is not, using the content type "blog" is strongly recommended.
- Many blogs are self-published, with the author and the publisher the same individual.
- Place of publication may be absent. Use the author's city as the place if one is not provided.
- Blogs often omit giving the date the blog began. If no beginning date is found, use the date of the earliest message posted (usually found under Archive) and place it in square brackets.
- Many blogs have new content added daily or very frequently. A date of update/revision is therefore not useful and is omitted from a citation.
Look at the opening screen(s), the bottom or closing screens, sidebar, and the source code (viewable through the Web browser), in that order, for authoritative information to use in citing a blog.
Contributions to a Blog
To cite an entire blog, use the instructions below. To cite a part of, or a contribution to a blog, examples are provided. For more details, combine the instructions in this chapter with those in Chapter 24B Parts of Databases on the Internet if the item was posted by the blog owner or in Chapter 24C Contributions to Databases on the Internet if the item was written by someone other than the blog owner. See examples 29-30.
Be aware that the message content of many blogs is not moderated. Many blogs also post articles or other documents that were initially published elsewhere. Do not cite these as contributions to a blog. Locate the original and cite that item.
Messages posted to discussion lists like a blog are considered a form of personal communication and are not often accepted by editors or others for inclusion in a reference list. Most authorities recommend placing references to such communications within the running text, not as formal end references. The nature and source of the cited information should be identified by an appropriate statement. Place the source information in parentheses, using a term or terms to indicate that the citation is not represented in the reference list. For example:
…and many nurses involved with such cases (Mar 22, 2007 posting by RS Grant to Nurse Studio Blog; unreferenced, see "Notes") report…
When a reference to a blog posting is included in a reference list, the author must provide written permission to the publisher from the cited person (if living) or from the cited organization. The permission should be a statement in an "Acknowledgments" or a "Notes" section that follows the text of an article or is placed at the end of a book's main text. Such statements may include additional details, such as the reason for the posting.
It is highly recommended that any message being considered for future citation be saved to disk or in print because blogs may not save or archive messages for retrieval or may withdraw individual messages.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Blogs
Continue to Examples of Citations to Blogs
Citation Rules with Examples for Blogs
Components/elements are listed in the order they should appear in a reference. An R after the component name means that it is required in the citation; an O after the name means it is optional.
Author/Editor (R) | Author Affiliation (O) | Title (R) | Content Type (O) | Type of Medium (R) | Editor and other Secondary Authors (O) | Place of Publication (R) | Publisher (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Date of Citation (R) | Availability (R) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Author/Editor for Blogs (required)
General Rules for Author/Editor
- List names in the order they appear on the opening screens
- Enter surname (family or last name) first for each author/editor
- Capitalize surnames and enter spaces within surnames as they appear on the assumption that the author approved the form used. For example: Van Der Horn or van der Horn; De Wolf or de Wolf or DeWolf.
- Convert given (first) names and middle names to initials for a maximum of two initials following each surname
- Give all authors/editors, regardless of the number
- Separate author/editor names from each other by a comma and a space
- If there are no authors, only editors, follow the last named editor with a comma and the word editor or editors; see Editor and other Secondary Authors below if there are authors and editors
- End author/editor information with a period
Specific Rules for Author/Editor
Box 93
Determining the author.
Box 94
Surnames with hyphens and other punctuation in them.
Box 95
Other surname rules.
Box 96
Given names containing punctuation, a prefix, a preposition, or particle.
Box 97
Degrees, titles, and honors before or after a personal name.
Box 98
Designations of rank in a family, such as Jr and III.
Box 99
Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean) or character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese).
Box 100
Non-English words for editor.
Box 101
Organization as author.
Box 102
No author can be found.
Box 103
Options for author names.
Examples for Author/Editor
Author Affiliation for Blogs (optional)
General Rules for Author Affiliation
- Enter the affiliation of all authors or only the first author
- Begin with the department and name of the institution, followed by city and state/Canadian province/country
- Use commas to separate parts of the address
- Place the address in parentheses, such as (Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA)
- Separate the affiliation from its author by a space
- Follow the affiliation with a comma placed outside the closing parenthesis, unless the affiliation is for the last author, then use a period
Specific Rules for Author Affiliation
Box 104
Abbreviations in affiliations.
Box 105
E-mail address included.
Box 106
Titles in affiliations.
Box 107
Organizational names for affiliations not in English.
Box 108
Names for cities and countries not in English.
Box 109
No affiliation found.
Examples for Author Affiliation
Title for Blogs (required)
General Rules for Title
- Reproduce the title of a blog as closely as possible to the wording that appears on the screen, duplicating capitalization, spacing, and punctuation
- Use a colon followed by a space to separate a title from a subtitle, unless another form of punctuation (such as a question mark, period, or an exclamation point) is already present
- Follow non-English titles with a translation whenever possible; place the translation in square brackets
- End a title with a space
Content Type for Blogs (optional)
General Rules for Content Type
- Use a content type to alert the user that the reference is to a blog, not to a standard book or Web site
- Begin type information with a left square bracket
- Enter the words "blog on"
- End the content type with space
Specific Rules for Content Type
Box 115
Titles ending in punctuation other than a period.
Box 116
Titles not in English.
Examples for Content Type
Type of Medium for Blogs (required)
General Rules for Type of Medium
- Place the word "Internet" in square brackets after the title (and Content Type, if present)
- End with a period, placed outside the closing bracket
- Add location information (the URL, etc.) according to the instructions under Availability below
Specific Rules for Type of Medium
Box 117
Both a content type and a type of medium.
Box 118
Titles ending in punctuation other than a period.
Box 119
Titles not in English.
Examples for Type of Medium
Editor and other Secondary Authors for Blogs (optional)
General Rules for Editor and other Secondary Authors
- A secondary author modifies the work of the author. Examples include editors, translators, and producers.
- Place the names of secondary authors after the Type of Medium
- Use the same rules for the format of names given in Author/Editor above
- Follow the last named editor with a comma and the word editor or editors; the last named illustrator with a comma and the word illustrator or illustrators, etc.
- End secondary author information with a period
- If there is no author, move secondary authors such as editors and translators to the author position in the reference
Specific Rules for Editor and other Secondary Authors
Box 120
More than one type of secondary author.
Box 121
Secondary author performing more than one role.
Box 122
Non-English names for secondary authors.
Box 123
Organization as editor or other secondary author.
Examples for Editor and other Secondary Authors
Place of Publication for Blogs (required)
General Rules for Place of Publication
- Use for place of publication the city where the blog is published
- Follow US and Canadian cities with the two-letter abbreviation for the state or province to avoid confusion when citing lesser known cities or when cities in different locations have the same name, such as Palm Springs (CA) and Palm Springs (FL)
- Follow cities in other countries with the name of the country, either written out or as the two-letter ISO country code, when citing lesser known cities or when cities in different locations have the same name, such as Cambridge (MA) and Cambridge (England)
- Use the anglicized form for a non-US city, such as Vienna for Wien
- End place information with a colon
Specific Rules for Place of Publication
Box 124
Locating the place of publication.
Box 125
Non-US cities.
Box 126
No place of publication can be found.
Examples for Place of Publication
Publisher for Blogs (required)
General Rules for Publisher
- Use for publisher the individual or organization issuing the blog
- Record the name of the publisher as it is found on the title page or opening screens, using whatever capitalization and punctuation appears
- When a division or another subsidiary part of a publisher appears in the publication, enter the publisher name first. For example: McGraw-Hill, Health Professions Division.
- End publisher information with a period
Date of Publication for Blogs (required)
General Rules for Date of Publication
- Give the beginning date, i.e., the date the blog was created
- Always give the year
- Convert roman numerals to arabic numbers. For example: MM to 2000.
- Include the month, if desired, after the year, such as 2004 May
- Use English names for months and abbreviate them using the first three letters, such as Jan
- For an open blog, give the beginning date of the blog followed by a hyphen and 3 spaces
- For a closed blog, give the beginning and ending dates, separated by a hyphen with a space before and after
- If the beginning date is not provided, see No beginning date is provided below
- End date information with a space
Box 137
No beginning date is provided.
Specific Rules for Date of Publication
Box 132
Locating the date of publication.
Box 133
Multiple years of publication.
Box 134
Non-English names for months.
Box 135
Date of publication and date of copyright.
Box 136
No date of publication, but a date of copyright.
Box 138
Blog is no longer updated.
Box 139
Options for date of publication.
Examples for Date of Publication
Date of Citation for Blogs (required)
General Rules for Date of Citation
- Always include the date the blog was seen on the Internet
- Include the year month and day in that order, such as 2006 May 5
- Use English names for months and abbreviate them using the first three letters, such as Jan
- If a date of update/revision is given, place the date of citation after it and follow both dates with a right square bracket
- If no date of update/revision is given, place citation date information in square brackets
- End date information with a period placed outside the closing bracket
Examples for Date of Citation
Availability for Blogs (required)
General Rules for Availability
- Begin with the phrase "Available from" followed by a colon and a space
- Insert the entire Uniform Resource Locator (URL); do not omit http://, www, or other beginning components
- Provide the specific URL or Permalink for the content if available
- End with a period only if the URL ends with a slash, otherwise end with no punctuation
Language for Blogs (required)
General Rules for Language
- Give the language of publication if not English
- Capitalize the language name
- Follow the language name with a period
Examples for Language
Notes for Blogs (optional)
General Rules for Notes
- Notes is a collective term for any useful information given after the citation itself
- Complete sentences are not required
- Be brief
Examples for Notes
Examples of Citations to Blogs
1. Standard citation to a blog
Bernstein M. Bioethics Discussion Blog [Internet]. Los Angeles: Maurice Bernstein. 2004 Jul - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://bioethicsdiscussion.blogspot.com/.
Holt M. The Health Care Blog [Internet]. San Francisco: Matthew Holt. 2003 Oct - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.thehealthcareblog.com/the_health_care_blog/.
with optional content type
KidneyNotes.com [blog on the Internet]. New York: KidneyNotes. c2006 - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.kidneynotes.com/.
2. Blog with an individual(s) as author
Cohen MH. CAMLAW: complementary and alternative medicine law blog [Internet]. Cambridge (MA): Michael H. Cohen, Esq. c2007 - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.camlawblog.com/.
Mik T. Nursing Studio [blog on the Internet]. Seattle: Akon. [2002 May] - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.nursingstudio.net
3. Blog with optional full names for authors/editors
Cohen, Michael H. CAMLAW: complementary and alternative medicine law blog [Internet]. Cambridge (MA): Michael H. Cohen, Esq. c2007 - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.camlawblog.com/.
Ostrovsky, Michael; Genes, Nicholas; Odell, Timothy; Ostrovsky, Gene, editors. medGadget [blog on the Internet]. El Granada (CA): Medgadget LLC. [2004 Dec] - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.medgadget.com/.
4. Blog with only first name provided for author
Kim. Emergiblog: The Life & Times of an ER Nurse [Internet]. Ask Shane, producer. San Francisco: Emergiblog. c2005-2007 - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.emergiblog.com/.
5. Blog with only blog name provided for author
Doctor CBB. CodeBlueBlog [Internet]. [Florida]: [Thomas Boyle]. [2004 May] - [cited 2007 May 17]. Available from: http://codeblueblog.blogs.com/.
6. Blog with an organization as author
Wall Street Journal. HEALTH BLOG: WSJ's blog on health and the business of health [Internet]. Hensley S, editor. New York: Dow Jones & Company, Inc. c2007 - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://blogs.wsj.com/health/.
AARP Issues Blog Team. AARP Issues Blog [Internet]. Washington: AARP. [2005 Jan] - [cited 2007 May 17]. Available from: http://aarp.typepad.com/.
7. Blog with editors where there is no author
Ostrovsky M, Genes N, Odell T, Ostrovsky G, editors. medGadget [blog on the Internet]. El Granada (CA): Medgadget LLC. [2004 Dec] - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.medgadget.com/.
8. Blog with no authors
KidneyNotes.com [blog on the Internet]. Viklund A, CSSCreator, illustrators. New York: KidneyNotes. c2006 - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.kidneynotes.com/.
HealthNex: IBMers and friends on networked, patient-centric healthcare [Internet]. [place unknown]: IBM. [2006 Sep] - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://healthnex.typepad.com/web_log/.
9. Blog with author affiliation
Myers PZ (University of Minnesota, Morris, MN). Pharyngula [blog on the Internet]. New York: ScienceBlogs LLC. [2006 Jan] - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/.
Schwitzer G (University of Minnesota, School of Journalism & Mass Communication, Minneapolis, MN). Schwitzer health news blog [Internet]. Minneapolis (MN): HealthNewsReview.org. [2004 Sep] - [cited 2007 May 17]. Available from: http://blog.lib.umn.edu/schwitz/healthnews/.
10. Blog title with a subtitle
Tenderich A. Diabetes Mine: a gold mine of straight talk and encouragement for people living with diabetes [blog on the Internet]. San Francisco: Amy Tenderich. [2005 Feb] - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from:http://www.diabetesmine.com/.
11. Blog title with upper/lowercase letters, special characters
Kim. Emergiblog: The Life & Times of an ER Nurse [Internet]. Ask Shane, producer. San Francisco: Emergiblog. c2005-2007 - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.emergiblog.com/.
Silverman E. PHARMALOT [blog on the Internet]. [Newark (NJ)]: Star-Ledger. 2007 Jan - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://pharmalot.com/.
Genes N. blogborygmi: a digest of developments in the life of an emergency medicine resident [Internet]. [place unknown]: Nicholas Genes. [2003 Jun] - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://blogborygmi.blogspot.com/.
Sharp J. eHealth: a blog devoted to ehealth and healthcare information technology [Internet]. Cleveland (OH): EHEALTH.JOHNWSHARP.COM. [2006 Sep] - [cited 2007 May 17]. Available from: http://ehealth.johnwsharp.com/.
12. Blog with title ending in punctuation other than a period
Scalpel or Sword? [blog on the Internet]. [Texas]: [publisher unknown]. [2006 Aug] - [cited 2007 May 17]. Available from: http://scalpelorsword.blogspot.com/.
13. Blog in a language other than English
Arrington M, Ohayon O. TechCrunch: explorons le Web 2.0 [blog on the Internet]. Arrington M, editor. Paris: Pulpmedia. 2005 Jun 11 - [cited 2007 May 17]. Available from: http://fr.techcrunch.com/. French.
Martins G. O INTERNO: technologia e anesthesia [blog on the Internet]. Porto (Portugal): Gustavo Martins. [2006 Jun] - [cited 2007 May 17]. Available from: http://ointerno.blogspot.com/. Portuguese.
Fresquet Febrer JL. Blog de Historia de la medicina [Internet]. Valencia (Spain): Universidad de Valencia. [2005 Dec] - [cited 2007 May 17]. Available from: http://www.historiadelamedicina.org/blog/. Spanish.
with translation included
Fresquet Febrer JL. Blog de Historia de la medicina [Blog of the history of medicine] [Internet]. Valencia (Spain): Universidad de Valencia. [2005 Dec] - [cited 2007 May 17]. Available from: http://www.historiadelamedicina.org/blog/. Spanish.
14. Blog published with content type given
Tenderich A. Diabetes Mine: a gold mine of straight talk and encouragement for people living with diabetes [blog on the Internet]. San Francisco: Amy Tenderich. [2005 Feb] - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from:http://www.diabetesmine.com/.
Levy P. RUNNING A HOSPITAL [blog on the Internet]. Boston: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. [2006 Aug] - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://runningahospital.blogspot.com/.
15. Blog with secondary authors
Wall Street Journal. HEALTH BLOG: WSJ's blog on health and the business of health [Internet]. Hensley S, editor. New York: Dow Jones & Company, Inc. c2007 - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://blogs.wsj.com/health/.
KidneyNotes.com [blog on the Internet]. Viklund A, CSSCreator, illustrators. New York: KidneyNotes. c2006 - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.kidneynotes.com/.
Arrington M, Ohayon O. TechCrunch: explorons le Web 2.0 [blog on the Internet]. Arrington M, editor. Paris: Pulpmedia. 2005 Jun 11 - [cited 2007 May 17]. Available from: http://fr.techcrunch.com/. French.
16. Blog with well known place of publication
Levy P. RUNNING A HOSPITAL [blog on the Internet]. Boston: Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. [2006 Aug] - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://runningahospital.blogspot.com/.
Wall Street Journal. HEALTH BLOG: WSJ's blog on health and the business of health [Internet]. Hensley S, editor. New York: Dow Jones & Company, Inc. c2007 - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://blogs.wsj.com/health/.
Arrington M, Ohayon O. TechCrunch: explorons le Web 2.0 [blog on the Internet]. Arrington M, editor. Paris: Pulpmedia. 2005 Jun 11 - [cited 2007 May 17]. Available from: http://fr.techcrunch.com/. French.
17. Blog with geographic qualifier added to place of publication for clarity
Ostrovsky M, Genes N, Odell T, Ostrovsky G, editors. medGadget [blog on the Internet]. El Granada (CA): Medgadget LLC. [2004 Dec] - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.medgadget.com/.
Schwab S. Surgeonsblog [Internet]. Puget Sound (WA): Sid Schwab. [2006] - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://surgeonsblog.blogspot.com/.
Pho K. Kevin, M.D.: medical Weblog [Internet]. Nashua (NH): Kevin Pho. [2004 May] - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://kevinmd.com/blog/.
Martins G. O INTERNO: technologia e anesthesia [blog on the Internet]. Porto (Portugal): Gustavo Martins. [2006 Jun] - [cited 2007 May 17]. Available from: http://ointerno.blogspot.com/. Portuguese.
18. Blog with place of publication inferred
Silverman E. PHARMALOT [blog on the Internet]. [Newark (NJ)]: Star-Ledger. 2007 Jan - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://pharmalot.com/.
Hunscher D. Future Scenarios for Health IT [blog on the Internet]. [Ann Arbor (MI)]: Dale Hunscher. [2006 Aug] - [cited 2007 May 17]. Available from: http://hunscher.typepad.com/futurehit/.
19. Blog with unknown place of publication
Reider J. Family Medicine Notes [blog on the Internet]. [place unknown]: Jacob Reider. 1999 - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.docnotes.net/.
Genes N. blogborygmi: a digest of developments in the life of an emergency medicine resident [Internet]. [place unknown]: Nicholas Genes. [2003 Jun] - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://blogborygmi.blogspot.com/.
20. Blog with publisher having subsidiary division
Gottesman MM The DDIR's COI Blog [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health (US), Office of the Director, Office of Intramural Research. 2005 Mar 25 - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.nih.gov/ddir/COIBlog/COIBlog.htm
21. Blog with government agency or other national body as publisher
Bernhardt JM. Director's Blog [Internet]. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US), National Center for Health Marketing. [2006 Jul 13] - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/healthmarketing/blog.htm
22. Blog with publisher inferred
Doctor CBB. CodeBlueBlog [Internet]. [Florida]: [Thomas Boyle]. [2004 May] - [cited 2007 May 17]. Available from: http://codeblueblog.blogs.com/.
23. Blog with unknown publisher
Scalpel or Sword? [blog on the Internet]. [Texas]: [publisher unknown]. [2006 Aug] - [cited 2007 May 17]. Available from: http://scalpelorsword.blogspot.com/.
24. Blog with month/day included in date of publication
Holt M. The Health Care Blog [Internet]. San Francisco: Matthew Holt. 2003 Oct - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.thehealthcareblog.com/the_health_care_blog/.
Gottesman MM The DDIR's COI Blog [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health (US), Office of the Director, Office of Intramural Research. 2005 Mar 25 - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.nih.gov/ddir/COIBlog/COIBlog.htm
25. Blog with multiple years
Kim. Emergiblog: The Life & Times of an ER Nurse [Internet]. Ask Shane, producer. San Francisco: Emergiblog. c2005-2007 - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.emergiblog.com/.
26. Blog with date of copyright instead of date of publication
KidneyNotes.com [blog on the Internet]. Viklund A, CSSCreator, illustrators. New York: KidneyNotes. c2006 - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.kidneynotes.com/.
Kim. Emergiblog: The Life & Times of an ER Nurse [Internet]. Ask Shane, producer. San Francisco: Emergiblog. c2005-2007 - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.emergiblog.com/.
27. Blog with date obtained from earliest material in it
Bernhardt JM. Director's Blog [Internet]. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US), National Center for Health Marketing. [2006 Jul 13] - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/healthmarketing/blog.htm
Mik T. Nursing Studio [blog on the Internet]. Seattle: Akon. [2002 May] - [cited 2007 May 16]. Available from: http://www.nursingstudio.net
28. Blog with supplemental note included
Scalpel or Sword? [blog on the Internet]. [Texas]: [publisher unknown]. [2006 Aug] - [cited 2007 May 17]. Available from: http://scalpelorsword.blogspot.com/. Topic is emergency medicine.
Tripathi M. MAeHC Blog [Internet]. Waltham (MA): Micky Tripathi. [2006] - [cited 2007 May 17]. Available from: http://maehc.blogspot.com/. MAeHC is the Massachusetts eHealth Collaborative.
29. Part of a blog on the Internet from the blog owner
Reider J. Family Medicine Notes [blog on the Internet]. [place unknown]: Jacob Reider. 1999 - . CRP again ...; 2004 Apr 2 [cited 2007 May 23]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://www.docnotes.net/001763.html
Doctor CBB. CodeBlueBlog [Internet]. [Florida]: [Thomas Boyle]. [2004 May] - . i-Mammo part II: breasts, lies and videotapes; 2005 Apr 15 [cited 2007 May 23]; [about 4 screens]. Available from: http://codeblueblog.blogs.com/codeblueblog/2005/04/part_ii_and_the.html
Kraft M. The Krafty Librarian [blog on the Internet]. [Cleveland (OH)]: Michelle Kraft. [2004 Jun] - . Collaborative technologies and science: more tools or more risk? 2008 Jan 21 [cited 2008 Apr 28]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://kraftylibrarian.com/2008/01/collaborative-technologies-and-science.html
with author affiliation
Leavitt M (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC). Secretary Mike Leavitt's Blog [Internet]. [Washington]: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2007 Aug 13 - . Health information technology; 2008 Jan 24 [cited 2008 Apr 28]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://secretarysblog.hhs.gov/my_weblog/2008/01/health-informat.html
30. Contribution to a blog on the Internet by someone other than the blog owner
Mantone J. Head trauma haunts many, researchers say. 2008 Jan 29 [cited 2008 Apr 28]. In: Wall Street Journal. HEALTH BLOG [Internet]. New York: Dow Jones & Company, Inc. c2008 - . [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://blogs.wsj.com/health/2008/01/29/head-trauma-haunts-many-researchers-say/.
Teresa. Comment on: "Flo's pledge: deal or no deal?" 2007 May 12 [cited 2007 May 16]. In: Kim. Emergiblog: The Life & Times of an ER Nurse [Internet]. San Francisco: Emergiblog. c2005-2007 - . [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://www.emergiblog.com/2007/05/flos-pledge-deal-or-no-deal.html scroll down to comments.
with author affiliation
Lanard J (Western Pacific Regional Office of the World Health Organization, Manila, Philippines). Comment on: "This blog can save your life!" and "Health Communication: Science and Art." 2006 Oct 15 [cited 2007 May 17]. In: Bernhardt JM. Director's Blog [Internet]. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US), National Center for Health Marketing. [2006 Jul 13] - . [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/healthmarketing/blog_101106.htm scroll down to locate comment.
Campbell A (Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA). Diabetes and alcohol: do the two mix? (Part 2). 2008 Jan 28 [cited 2008 Apr 28]. In: Diabetes Self-Management Blog [Internet]. New York: Diabetes Self-Management. [2006 Aug 14] - . 2 p. Available from: http://www.diabetesselfmanagement.com/blog/Amy_Campbell/Diabetes_and_Alcohol_Do_the_Two_Mix_Part_2
D. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Wikis
The general format for a reference to a wiki on the Internet, including punctuation:
Examples of Citations to Wikis
A wiki is a multi-authored or collaborative Web site that permits users to create additional content for the site and to edit existing content. Users may also add comments to content, ask questions, and reply to questions posed by others. The term wiki is derived from the Hawaiian "wiki wiki", which means quick. Wikipedia is perhaps the most widely known general wiki. Most other wikis are devoted to a particular subject, like AIDS Wiki or WIKISURGERY.
To cite a wiki:
- Always begin with the title. If the word wiki is not included, using the content type "wiki" is strongly recommended.
- Enter as secondary authors those named as editors, curators, moderators, and other similar roles.
- Look to the opening screen(s), the sidebar, links from the site, and the source code (viewable through the Web browser), in that order, for authoritative information to use in citing a wiki.
- If publication facts are absent from these sources, look for a link labeled "About this site", "History", or similar wording.
Contributions to a Wiki
To cite an entire wiki, use the instructions below. To cite a contribution to a wiki, combine the instructions in this chapter with those in Chapter 24C Contributions to Databases on the Internet if the contribution has an author named or with Chapter 24B Parts of Databases on the Internet if the contribution has no author named. See also examples 25-26.
Be aware, however, that many wikis are not moderated. Since anyone can post text to most wikis, the validity of the content may be questionable. Even for moderated sites, the content is generally only reviewed after posting and the content may remain online for some time before review. Note also that many wikis post articles or other documents that were initially published elsewhere. Do not cite these as contributions to a wiki. Locate the original and cite that item.
Messages or other content posted to discussion lists including wikis are a form of personal communication and not often accepted by editors or others for inclusion in a reference list. Most authorities recommend placing references to such communications within the running text, not as formal end references. The nature and source of the cited information should be identified by an appropriate statement. Place the source information in parentheses, using a term or terms to indicate that the citation is not represented in the reference list. For example:
…and many nurses involved with such cases (Mar 22, 2007 posting by RS Grant to Nurse Wiki; unreferenced, see "Notes") report…
When a reference to a wiki posting is included in a reference list, the author must provide written permission to the publisher from the cited person (if living) or from the cited organization. The permission should be a statement in an "Acknowledgments" or a "Notes" section that follows the text of an article or is placed at the end of a book's main text. These statements may include additional details, such as the reason for the posting.
It is highly recommended that any message/content considered for future citation be saved to disk or in print because all wikis may not save or archive message content for retrieval or may withdraw some content.
Continue to Citation Rules with Examples for Wikis.
Continue to Examples of Citations to Wikis.
Citation Rules with Examples for Wikis
Components/elements are listed in the order they should appear in a reference. An R after the component name means that it is required in the citation; an O after the name means it is optional.
Title (R) | Content Type (O) | Type of Medium (R) | Editor and other Secondary Authors (O) | Place of Publication (R) | Publisher (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Date of Update/Revision (R) | Date of Citation (R) | Availability (R) | Language (R) | Notes (O)
Title for a Wiki (required)
General Rules for Title
- Reproduce the title of a wiki as closely as possible to the wording that appears on the screen, duplicating capitalization, spacing, and punctuation
- Use a colon followed by a space to separate a title from a subtitle, unless another form of punctuation (such as a question mark, period, or an exclamation point) is already present
- Follow non-English titles with a translation whenever possible; place the translation in square brackets
- End a title with a space
Content Type for a Wiki (optional)
General Rules for Content Type
- Use a content type to alert the user that the reference is to a wiki, not to a standard book or Web site
- Begin type information with a left square bracket
- Enter the phrase "wiki on the"
- End the content type with space
Specific Rules for Content Type
Box 149
Titles ending in punctuation other than a period.
Box 150
Titles not in English.
Examples for Content Type
Type of Medium for a Wiki (required)
General Rules for Type of Medium
- Place the word "Internet" in square brackets after the title (and Content Type, if present)
- End with a period, placed outside the closing bracket
- Add location information (the URL, etc.) according to the instructions under Availability below
Specific Rules for Type of Medium
Box 151
Both a content type and a type of medium.
Box 152
Titles ending in punctuation other than a period.
Box 153
Titles not in English.
Examples for Type of Medium
Editor and other Secondary Authors a Wiki (optional)
General Rules for Editor and other Secondary Authors
- Place the names of secondary authors, such as editors, curators, and moderators, after the Type of Medium
- Use the same rules for the format of names given in Author/Editor above
- Follow the last named editor with a comma and the word editor or editors; the last named curator with a comma and the word curator or curators, etc.
- End secondary author information with a period
Specific Rules for Editor and other Secondary Authors
Box 154
Role not named.
Box 155
More than one type of secondary author.
Box 156
Secondary author performing more than one role.
Box 157
Non-English names for secondary authors.
Box 158
Organization as editor or other secondary author.
Examples for Editor and other Secondary Authors
Place of Publication for a Wiki (required)
General Rules for Place of Publication
- Use for place of publication the city where the wiki is published
- Follow US and Canadian cities with the two-letter abbreviation for the state or province to avoid confusion when citing lesser known cities, or when cities in different locations have the same name, such as Palm Springs (CA) and Palm Springs (FL)
- Follow cities in other countries with the name of the country, either written out or as the two-letter ISO country code, when citing lesser known cities or when cities in different locations have the same name, such as Cambridge (MA) and Cambridge (England)
- Use the anglicized form for a non-US city, such as Vienna for Wien
- End place information with a colon
Specific Rules for Place of Publication
Box 159
Locating the place of publication.
Box 160
Non-US cities.
Box 161
Joint publication.
Box 162
Multiple places of publication.
Box 163
No place of publication can be found.
Examples for Place of Publication
Publisher for a Wiki (required)
General Rules for Publisher
- Use for publisher the individual or organization issuing the wiki
- Record the name of the publisher as it is found on the title page or opening screens, using whatever capitalization and punctuation appears
- Abbreviate well-known publisher names with caution to avoid confusion. For example, "John Wiley & Sons, Ltd." may become simply "Wiley".
- When a division or other subsidiary part of a publisher appears in the publication, enter the publisher name first. For example: McGraw-Hill, Health Professions Division.
- End publisher information with a period
Specific Rules for Publisher
Box 164
Determining the publisher.
Box 165
Abbreviated words in publisher names.
Box 166
Non-English names for publishers.
Box 167
Government agencies and other national and international bodies as publisher.
Box 168
Joint publication.
Box 169
Multiple publishers.
Box 170
No publisher can be found.
Date of Publication for a Wiki (required)
General Rules for Date of Publication
- Give the beginning date, i.e., the date the wiki was created
- Always give the year
- Convert roman numerals to arabic numbers. For example: MM to 2000.
- Include the month and day, if desired, after the year, such as 2004 May 6
- Use English names for months and abbreviate them using the first three letters, such as Jan
- End date information with a space
Specific Rules for Date of Publication
Box 171
Locating the date of publication.
Box 172
Multiple years of publication.
Box 173
Non-English names for months.
Box 174
Date of publication and date of copyright.
Box 175
No date of publication, but a date of copyright.
Box 176
No date of creation is provided.
Box 177
Wiki is no longer accepting contributions.
Box 178
Options for date of publication.
Date of Update/Revision for a Wiki (required)
General Rules for Date of Update/Revision
- Begin update/revision information with a left square bracket
- Use the word for update or revision provided, such as updated or modified
- Always give the year of update/revision
- Convert roman numerals to arabic numbers. For example: MM to 2000.
- Include the month and day of update/revision, if provided, after the year, such as 2006 May 5
- Use English names for months and abbreviate them using the first three letters, such as Jan
- End update/revision information with a semicolon and a space
Specific Rules for Date of Update/Revision
Box 179
Locating the date of update/revision.
Box 180
Non-English names for months.
Box 181
Both a date of update and a date of revision.
Examples for Date of Update/Revision
Date of Citation for a Wiki (required)
General Rules for Date of Citation
- Always include the date the wiki was seen on the Internet
- Include the year month and day in that order, such as 2006 May 5
- Use English names for months and abbreviate them using the first three letters, such as Jan
- If a date of update/revision is given, place the date of citation after it and follow both dates with a right square bracket
- If no date of update/revision is given, place citation date information in square brackets
- End date information with a period placed outside the closing bracket
Examples for Date of Citation
Availability for a Wiki (required)
General Rules for Availability
- Begin with the phrase "Available from" followed by a colon and a space
- Insert the entire Uniform Resource Locator (URL); do not omit http://, www, or other beginning components
- End with a period only if the URL ends with a slash, otherwise end with no punctuation
Specific Rules for Availability
Box 183
Breaking long URLs.
Box 184
URLs not directly addressable.
Box 185
Multiple URLs.
Examples for Availability
Language for a Wiki (required)
General Rules for Language
- Give the language of publication if not English
- Capitalize the language name
- Follow the language name with a period
Examples for Language
Notes for a Wiki (optional)
General Rules for Notes
- Notes is a collective term for any further information given after the citation itself
- Complete sentences are not required
- Be brief
Specific Rules for Notes
Box 187
System requirements.
Box 188
Other types of material to include in notes.
Examples for Notes
Examples of Citations to Wikis
1. Standard citation to a Wiki
WIKISURGERY [Internet]. London: Surgical Associates Ltd. 2006 Sep - [modified 2007 Jan 30; cited 2007 May 3]. Available from: http://www.wikisurgery.com/.
Wikipedia: the free encyclopedia [Internet]. St. Petersburg (FL): Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 2001 - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/.
with optional content type
OpenWetWare [wiki on the Internet]. Cambridge (MA): Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Biological Engineering Division. 2005 May - [modified 2007 Mar 4; cited 2007 May 4]. Available from: http://openwetware.org/.
2. Wiki title with subtitle
Wikipedia: the free encyclopedia [Internet]. St. Petersburg (FL): Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 2001 - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/.
WikiOmics: open bioinformatics [Internet]. [place unknown]: Wikiomics. 2005 Nov - [cited 2007 May 4]. Available from: http://wikiomics.org/.
3. Wiki title with upper/lowercase letters and symbols
OpenWetWare [Internet]. Cambridge (MA): Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Biological Engineering Division. 2005 May - [modified 2007 Mar 4; cited 2007 May 4]. Available from: http://openwetware.org/.
xanthusBase [Internet]. [Syracuse (NY): Syracuse University, Welch Laboratory]. c2006 - [modified 2007 Mar 2; cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://www.xanthusbase.org/.
ganfyd [Internet]. [United Kingdom]: [publisher unknown]. [date unknown] - [modified 2007 May 4; cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://www.ganfyd.org/.
4. Wiki title in a language other than English
PflegeWiki [Internet]. Gelsenkirchen (Germany): Verein zur Forderung Freier Informationen fur die Pflege e.V. 2004 Aug - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://de.nursingwiki.org/. German.
with translation included
PflegeWiki [Nursing Wiki] [Internet]. Gelsenkirchen (Germany): Verein zur Forderung Freier Informationen fur die Pflege e.V. 2004 Aug - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://de.nursingwiki.org/. German.
5. Wiki in multiple languages
Wikipedia: the free encyclopedia [Internet]. St. Petersburg (FL): Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 2001 - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://www.wikipedia.org/. English, French, Japanese, Italian, Spanish, German, Polish, Dutch, Portuguese, Swedish.
6. Wiki with optional content type
OpenWetWare [wiki on the Internet]. Cambridge (MA): Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Biological Engineering Division. 2005 May - [modified 2007 Mar 4; cited 2007 May 4]. Available from: http://openwetware.org/.
ganfyd [wiki on the Internet]. [United Kingdom]: [publisher unknown]. [date unknown] - [modified 2007 May 4; cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://www.ganfyd.org/.
PubDrug [wiki on the Internet]. [place unknown: publisher unknown]. 2006 Nov 8 - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://www.pubdrug.org/.
7. Wiki with editors or curators named
RxWiki [Internet]. Proctor KA, Staffa E, Roberts B, editors. Alexandria (VA): Community MTM Services, Inc. [2007?] - [cited 2007 May 23]. Available from: http://www.rxwiki.com/.
Wikikidney.org [Internet]. Fadem SZ, curator. [Houston (TX)]: Nephron Information Center. [2002?] - [modified 2007 Apr 25; cited 2007 May 4]. Available from: http://wikikidney.org/.
AskDrWiki: a medical Wiki with the goal of creating a collective online memory for physicians, nurses, and medical students [Internet]. Civello K, Jefferson B, Bailey S, McWilliams M, editors. [place unknown]: Open Access Medical Informatics Group. 2006 Nov - [modified 2007 May 3; cited 2007 May 4]. Available from: http://www.askdrwiki.com/.
HLWiki [Internet]. Giustini D, Barsky E, Rowell G, Saunders J, Cho A, Stibravy R, curators. [Vancouver (BC)]: University of British Columbia. [2006 Aug] - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://hlwiki.slais.ubc.ca/.
8. Wiki with well known place of publication
The RHIO Wiki [Internet]. Washington: Center for Health Transformation. 2006 Aug 21 - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://www.socialtext.net/rhiowiki/index.cgi
9. Wiki with geographic qualifier added to place of publication for clarity
OpenWetWare [Internet]. Cambridge (MA): Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Biological Engineering Division. 2005 May - [modified 2007 Mar 4; cited 2007 May 4]. Available from: http://openwetware.org/.
PflegeWiki [Internet]. Gelsenkirchen (Germany): Verein zur Forderung Freier Informationen fur die Pflege e.V. 2004 Aug - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://de.nursingwiki.org/. German.
10. Wiki with place of publication inferred
Clinfowiki [Internet]. [Portland (OR)]: Dean F. Sittig. 2005 Jul 25 - [cited 2007 May 4]. Available from: http://www.informatics-review.com/wiki/index.php/Main_Page
Student Doctor Network Wiki [Internet]. [Granite Bay (CA)]: Coastal Research Group. c1999-2007 - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://studentdoctor.net/wiki//index.php/Main_Page
Flu Wiki [Internet]. [Virginia]: Melanie Mattson. 2005 Jun - [modified 2007 Feb 21; cited 2007 May 4]. Available from: http://www.fluwikie.com/.
ganfyd [wiki on the Internet]. [United Kingdom]: [publisher unknown]. [date unknown] - [modified 2007 May 4; cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://www.ganfyd.org/.
11. Wiki with unknown place of publication
WikiOmics: open bioinformatics [Internet]. [place unknown]: Wikiomics. 2005 Nov - [cited 2007 May 4]. Available from: http://wikiomics.org/.
AskDrWiki: a medical Wiki with the goal of creating a collective online memory for physicians, nurses, and medical students [Internet]. Civello K, Jefferson B, Bailey S, McWilliams M, editors. [place unknown]: Open Access Medical Informatics Group. 2006 Nov - [modified 2007 May 3; cited 2007 May 4]. Available from: http://www.askdrwiki.com/.
AIDS Wiki [Internet]. [place unknown: publisher unknown]. 2006 Jan - [modified 2007 Apr 26; cited 2007 May 4]. Available from: http://www.reviewingaids.org/awiki/.
12. Wiki with publisher having subsidiary division
OpenWetWare [Internet]. Cambridge (MA): Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Biological Engineering Division. 2005 May - [modified 2007 Mar 4; cited 2007 May 4]. Available from: http://openwetware.org/.
COLAB: an open Collaborative Work Environment (CWE) to support networking among Communities of Practice [Internet]. Washington: General Services Administration (US), Intergovernmental Solutions Division. [date unknown] - [edited 2007 May 1; cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://colab.cim3.net/cgi-bin/wiki.pl?WikiHomePage#nid35OA
13. Wiki with government agency or other national body as publisher
COLAB: an open Collaborative Work Environment (CWE) to support networking among Communities of Practice [Internet]. Washington: General Services Administration (US), Intergovernmental Solutions Division. [date unknown] - [edited 2007 May 1; cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://colab.cim3.net/cgi-bin/wiki.pl?WikiHomePage#nid35OA
14. Wiki with individual as publisher
Flu Wiki [Internet]. [Virginia]: Melanie Mattson. 2005 Jun - [modified 2007 Feb 21; cited 2007 May 4]. Available from: http://www.fluwikie.com/.
Clinfowiki [Internet]. [Portland (OR)]: Dean F. Sittig. 2005 Jul 25 - [cited 2007 May 4]. Available from: http://www.informatics-review.com/wiki/index.php/Main_Page
15. Wiki with joint publishers
The RHIO Wiki [Internet]. Washington: Center for Health Transformation. 2006 Aug 21 - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://www.socialtext.net/rhiowiki/index.cgi Jointly published by eHealth Initiative and CHIME.
16. Wiki with publisher inferred
xanthusBase [wiki on the Internet]. [Syracuse (NY): Syracuse University, Welch Laboratory]. c2006 - [modified 2007 Mar 2; cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://www.xanthusbase.org/.
17. Wiki with unknown publisher
ganfyd [wiki on the Internet]. [United Kingdom]: [publisher unknown]. [date unknown] - [modified 2007 May 4; cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://www.ganfyd.org/.
AIDS Wiki [Internet]. [place unknown: publisher unknown]. 2006 Jan - [modified 2007 Apr 26; cited 2007 May 4]. Available from: http://www.reviewingaids.org/awiki/.
18. Wiki with month/day included in date of publication
AskDrWiki: a medical Wiki with the goal of creating a collective online memory for physicians, nurses, and medical students [Internet]. Civello K, Jefferson B, Bailey S, McWilliams M, editors. [place unknown]: Open Access Medical Informatics Group. 2006 Nov - [modified 2007 May 3; cited 2007 May 4]. Available from: http://www.askdrwiki.com/.
Clinfowiki [Internet]. [Portland (OR)]: Dean F. Sittig. 2005 Jul 25 - [cited 2007 May 4]. Available from: http://www.informatics-review.com/wiki/index.php/Main_Page
19. Wiki with date of copyright instead of date of publication
xanthusBase [wiki on the Internet]. [Syracuse (NY): Syracuse University, Welch Laboratory]. c2006 - [modified 2007 Mar 2; cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://www.xanthusbase.org/.
Student Doctor Network Wiki [Internet]. [Granite Bay (CA)]: Coastal Research Group. c1999-2007 - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://studentdoctor.net/wiki//index.php/Main_Page
20. Wiki with date obtained from earliest additions
WikiMD [Internet]. Philadephia: Prab R. Tumpati. [2004] - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://69.60.110.99/wikimd/index.php?title=Main_Page
HLWiki [Internet]. Giustini D, Barsky E, Rowell G, Saunders J, Cho A, Stibravy R, curators. [Vancouver (BC)]: University of British Columbia. [2006 Aug] - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://hlwiki.slais.ubc.ca/.
21. Wiki with date estimated
Wikikidney.org [Internet]. Fadem SZ, curator. [Houston (TX)]: Nephron Information Center. [2002?] - [modified 2007 Apr 25; cited 2007 May 4]. Available from: http://wikikidney.org/.
RxWiki [Internet]. Proctor KA, Staffa E, Roberts B, editors. Alexandria (VA): Community MTM Services, Inc. [2007?] - [cited 2007 May 23]. Available from: http://www.rxwiki.com/.
22. Wiki with unknown beginning date of publication
ganfyd [wiki on the Internet]. [United Kingdom]: [publisher unknown]. [date unknown] - [modified 2007 May 4; cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://www.ganfyd.org/.
COLAB: an open Collaborative Work Environment (CWE) to support networking among Communities of Practice [Internet]. Washington: General Services Administration (US), Intergovernmental Solutions Division. [date unknown] - [edited 2007 May 1; cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://colab.cim3.net/cgi-bin/wiki.pl?WikiHomePage#nid35OA
HealthGrid [Internet]. [place unknown]: HealthGrid.org. [date unknown] - [updated 2007 May 4; cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://wiki.healthgrid.org/.
23. Wiki with update/revision date
OpenWetWare [Internet]. Cambridge (MA): Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Biological Engineering Division. 2005 May - [modified 2007 Mar 4; cited 2007 May 4]. Available from: http://openwetware.org/.
HealthGrid [Internet]. [place unknown]: HealthGrid.org. [date unknown] - [updated 2007 May 4; cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://wiki.healthgrid.org/.
24. Wiki with supplemental note included
The RHIO Wiki [Internet]. Washington: Center for Health Transformation. 2006 Aug 21 - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://www.socialtext.net/rhiowiki/index.cgi RHIO = Regional Health Information Organizations.
ganfyd [wiki on the Internet]. [United Kingdom]: [publisher unknown]. [date unknown] - [modified 2007 May 4; cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://www.ganfyd.org/. GANFYD stands for Get A Note From Your Doctor.
WikiOmics: open bioinformatics [Internet]. [place unknown]: Wikiomics. 2005 Nov - [cited 2007 May 4]. Available from: http://wikiomics.org/. Funded by the Godzik lab at the Burnham Institute for Medical Research in San Diego, CA.
OpenWetWare [wiki on the Internet]. Cambridge (MA): Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Biological Engineering Division. 2005 May - [modified 2007 Mar 4; cited 2007 May 4]. Available from: http://openwetware.org/. Current support from the National Science Foundation Biological Databases & Informatics Program and MIT's Cell Decision Process Center.
RxWiki [Internet]. Proctor KA, Staffa E, Roberts B, editors. Alexandria (VA): Community MTM Services, Inc. [2007?] - [cited 2007 May 23]. Available from: http://www.rxwiki.com/. Content accepted only from licensed pharmacists.
Radiopaedia.org [Internet]. [place unknown: publisher unknown]. 2005 Dec 6 - [cited 2007 May 5]. Available from: http://www.radiopaedia.org/. Formerly called Wikiradiology.
25. A contribution to a wiki with authorship given
McEvoy D. The symptoms of IBS. c2006 [cited 2007 May 14]. In: WIKISURGERY [Internet]. London: Surgical Associates Ltd. 2006 - . [5 paragraphs]. Available from: http://www.wikisurgery.com/index.php?title=The_symptoms_of_IBS
with author affiliation
Gardner PP (Molecular Evolution Group, Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark). RNA phylogenetics. 2006 Sep 11 [modified 2006 Oct 4; cited 2007 May 14]. In: WikiOmics: open bioinformatics [Internet]. [place unknown]: Wikiomics. 2005 Nov - . [about 2 screens]. Available from: http://wikiomics.org/wiki/RNA_phylogenetics
26. A contribution to a wiki without authorship given
RxWiki [Internet]. Proctor KA, Staffa E, Roberts B, editors. Alexandria (VA): Community MTM Services, Inc. [2007?] - . Celecoxib; [modified 2007 May 9; cited 2007 May 23]; [about 5 p.]. Available from: http://www.rxwiki.com/~medicati/index.php?title=Celebrex
- A. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Electronic Mail
- Citation Rules with Examples for Electronic Mail
- Examples of Citations to Electronic Mail
- B. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing LISTSERVs and Similar Discussion Lists
- Citation Rules with Examples for LISTSERVs and Similar Discussion Lists
- Examples of Citations to LISTSERVs and Similar Discussion Lists
- C. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Blogs
- Citation Rules with Examples for Blogs
- Examples of Citations to Blogs
- D. Sample Citation and Introduction to Citing Wikis
- Citation Rules with Examples for Wikis
- Examples of Citations to Wikis
- Electronic Mail and Discussion Forums - Citing MedicineElectronic Mail and Discussion Forums - Citing Medicine
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