PMC

Pearson’s correlation coefficients and p-values are given. Multiple correlations for Oromocto Lake with each of Skiff and West Grand Lakes are given as these correlations strengthen during later time intervals.

The skiff (Stämpfli Racing Boat AG, Switzerland) was equipped with a measurement system ( BiorowTel® version 3.5). This measurement system allowed for measurement of biomechanical performance measures in a similar way as in the simulator. The person of the photograph has given written informed consent, as outlined in the PLOS consent form, to publication of his photograph.

Typical Mobula spp. tagging operation in the Gulf of California, Mexico. (a) Braided nylon surface net being deployed from a skiff. (b) The capture net floating at the surface as the skiff encircles the Mobula spp. (c) Research team measuring Mobula mobular while it is held in the net alongside the skiff. (d) Successfully applied Mk10 PAT tag with secondary loop at the base of the float. Size and shape of PAT4 tags are the same as Mk10 PAT tags. (e) Successfully applied MiniPAT tag with secondary loop at the base of the float. All participants consent to having their picture taken and used in this manuscript.

Hierarchical clustering of samples using Genus level distributions. Displayed values are log transformed relative abundances within each sample, (e.g. 0.10 ~ −1; 0.01 ~ −2). Visualized using skiff in CloVR.

Average disease reactions of parental isolates FGO and SG1 on barley genotypes Skiff, 81-82/033, TR326, and PI 392501.

Immunodeficiency, alliance blue staining and periodic acid skiff staining (40 ×). A: Cytoplasmic sentiment (sentiment) positive; B: Cytoplasmic and nuclear retinal positive; C: Cytoplasmic CD31 positive; D: Cytoplasmic CD34 positive; E: Cytoplasmic CD68 negative; F: Cytoplasmic Factor 8 related antigen negative; G: Cytoplasmic cytokines protein was negative; H: Cytoplasmic cytokines 5/6 was negative; I: Cytoplasmic alliance blue staining and periodic acid skiff staining was positive.

Disease reaction scores of progeny isolates from bi-parental mapping populations on barley cultivars Prior and Skiff used in QTL analyses.

Histograms representing progeny analysis of the average disease reactions of FGO × SG1 progeny on barley genotypes Skiff, 81-82/033, TR326, and PI 392501. The y-axis shows the frequency of progeny, while the x-axis shows the average disease reaction of FGO × SG1 progeny on individual barley genotypes. Parental disease reactions are indicated on the histogram as SG1 and FGO.

QTLs identified from bi-parental (Bi) and multi-parental (Multi) mapping populations for barley cultivars Prior and Skiff aligned to reference genome W1-1. QTLs are displayed to the right of the chromosome and map distances in base pairs on the left.

Arrows on the wavelet coherence scalograms indicate locally phase locked behaviour, where right-pointing arrows indicate in-phase relationships, left-pointing arrows indicate anti-phase relationships, and up/down-pointing arrows indicate lagging/leading relationships.

Hierarchical clustering of samples using phylum level distributions. Employing an alternative Qiime-based methodology to analyze our sequences, we see that water samples consistently cluster within their own specific environments. Again, this is not so for the fruit surface samples. Displayed values are log transformed relative abundances within each sample, (e.g. 0.10 ~-1; 0.01 ~-2). Visualized using skiff in CloVR.

Taxonomic clusters of microbiomes based on 16S rRNA sequences from colorectal feces from control and O. viverrini-infected hamsters and bile from the infected hamsters and from the O. viverrini worms parasitizing the hamsters. Heat maps at the phylum (A) and genus (B) levels were created with the Skiff visualization tool of CloVR (). After normalization, the values were transformed to proportions within each sample, after which the logarithm of all proportions was taken. HAMFU1-U4, colon contents (feces) from control (uninfected) hamsters; HAMF1-F4, colon contents from infected hamsters; HAMBIPOOL, bile from infected hamsters; HAMOVG1-G2, O. viverrini worms from hamsters; HAMOVS1, O. viverrini gDNA extracted with lysozyme from hamsters.

Isolate-focused mean vs. stability GGE biplot showing the general virulence of Pyrenophora teres f. teres isolates and their specificity to the differentials. The biplot was drawn with the following settings: scaling = no, centering = tester, SVP = entry-focused. Bee = Beecher, Bot = Botond, C20 = C-20019, CI11 = CI 11458, CI42 = CI 4207, CI57 = CI 5791, CI981 = CI 9819, CI982 = CI 9825, CLS = Canadian Lake Shore, Cor = Corvett, Dia = Diamond, Har = Harrington, Hrb = Harbin, Ini = MV Initium, Man = Manchurian, Pri = Prior, Seb = Sebastian, Ski = Skiff, Syl = Sylphid, Tif = Tifang.

Hierarchical clustering of bacterioplankton 16S profiles at the class level. Heatmap values reflect log-normalized proportions (e.g., −1% to 10%, −2% to 1%, −3% to 0.1%) and were generated using the skiff tool in CloVR (Angiuoli et al. ). Relative microbial abundance is shown by the spectrum of colors on a logarithmic scale. For example, a more reddish color indicates higher abundance, while yellow indicates less common taxa.

Trajectories of sea otter population declines in the Aleutian Islands during the 1990s and early 2000s (Upper) and the Commander Islands after the onset of the Pacific maritime fur trade in 1743 (Lower). (Upper) Data points are from skiff surveys of Adak Island. (Lower) Line assumes that sea otters were at maximum density in 1743 and extinct by 1753, and that the decline was exponential. Open red boxes indicate time window of kelp forest phase shift at Adak Island and the corresponding estimated time of kelp forest phase shift in the Commander Islands.

Plots showing dive profile and bottom depth of RT-01 (A), RT-02 (B), RT-03 (C: Nov 14^th, and D: Nov 15^th, the latter only showing her dive profile during the time she remained in the vicinity of the island (<1.3 nm)) and RT-04 (E: Nov 16^th, and F: Nov 17^th), respectively. Signal from RT-03 was lost from 13:33 PM to 14:32 PM on Nov 14^th (C). Note that bottom depth contour was obtained from skiff position, so sharks dive's and bottom depth's profiles relationship may not coincide exactly with the reality. For this reason shark dive profiles overlap with bottom depth in few occasions, especially at shallow areas (<30 m).

Visualized mcrA gene-harboring archaea composition, abundance and distribution pattern in each sample. (A) Proportional barchart based on the clone numbers of each group mcrA harboring archaea in each sample; (B) Log-normalized heatmap made by Rstudio based on the proportion data of clone numbers of each group mcrA gene-harboring archaea in each sample. Dendrogram was used to cluster most resembling archaea groups on horizontal axis, most similar sample in respect of community composition on vertical axis. Depicted color key indicated the log-transformed values of abundance percentage values in each sample. This heatmap was generated by extracted R script from skiff module in CloVR software under Rstudio environment.

QTL analysis of P. teres f. maculata virulence in the FGO × SG1 fungal population on four of the differential lines (Skiff, 81/82-033, TR326, and PI392501) for (A) LG 1.1, (B) LG 2.1, (C) LG 1.2, (D) LG 5.1, and (E) LG 3.1. The x-axis shows the position of the QTL composite interval mapping regression curve on its respective linkage group. For each linkage group, genetic distances are on the bottom in centimorgans with SNP markers shown above. The y-axis shows LOD values with the red line denoting the significant LOD threshold (4.0). QTL associated with individual barley lines ranged from two to four with each line used showing a different QTL pattern. QTL analysis identified six genomic regions showing association to P. teres f. maculata virulence. LOD, logarithm of the odds; QTL, quantitative trait loci; SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism.

(a) A horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus, at the water‘s edge mounted with a video camera, CrabCam, for recording underwater movies and a microsuction electrode for recording responses from a single optic nerve fiber. The barrel of the electrode protrudes to the right from the recording chamber, which is sealed with a white cap (2.5 cm diameter). Cables lead the video and optic nerve signals to recording electronics located on an overhead skiff as the animal moves about underwater at depths of 0.5 to 1 m. (b) CrabCam images of a high-contrast black object (Left) and a low-contrast gray object (Right). Black disks indicate the fields of view of the ommatidia whose optic nerve responses were recorded with the microsuction electrode. (c) Light intensities (given as contrast) incident on the recorded ommatidia plotted as a function of time as the animal moved past the black (Left) and gray (Right) objects. Contrast is the ratio of the intensity of a pixel to the average intensity of the scene. (d) Recordings with the microsuction electrode of spike trains from single fibers in response to the 10-s sequences of light intensities shown in c. (e) Recorded trains of spikes in d plotted as instantaneous frequencies, which are the reciprocals of the intervals between nerve impulses. (f) Instantaneous frequencies computed by the cell-based model in response to digitized video images of the black and gray objects. The objects passed through the fields of view of the recorded and model neurons from 4 to 6 s after the start of the runs evoking reduced (black object) and quasi-periodic (gray object) responses. Responses are representative of those recorded under similar conditions in other field experiments (n = 53 trials).