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1.
FIGURE 1

FIGURE 1. From: Maternal Dietary Fat Intake During Pregnancy Is Associated With Infant Temperament.

Visual depiction of the interaction between total dietary fat intake and saturated fat intake. Note: SD =standard deviation. Although saturated fat was treated continuously in all analyses, we selected three values of saturated fat to create this visualization: (1) one standard deviation below the mean of saturated fat; (2) the mean of saturated fat; and (3) one standard deviation above the mean of saturated fat. All independent variables were mean centered before model estimation, however, the values that were plotted are equivalent to 13.50, 23.36, and 33.22 g of saturated fat, respectively.

Hanna C. Gustafsson, et al. Dev Psychobiol. ;58(4):528-535.
2.

Figure 1. Multivariable-Adjusted* Plots of Association between Genotype and Endpoints Stratified on the 90th Percentile of Saturated Fat Intake, The CARDIA Study, 2005–2006. From: Ala54Thr polymorphism of the fatty acid binding protein 2 gene and saturated fat intake in relation to lipid levels and insulin resistance: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study.

*Models are adjusted for race, sex, center, educational attainment, and the following at year 20: age, waist circumference, alcohol intake, smoking status, and daily total caloric intake.
SF refers to daily saturated fat intake.
N=2148 for the lipid models. Among those with saturated fat intake above the 90th percentile, 98 were AA/AG and 121 were GG for FABP2. Among those with low/normal saturated fat intake, 813 were AA/AG and 1116 were GG.
N=2145 for the HOMA-IR model. Among those with saturated fat intake above the 90th percentile, 97 were AA/AG and 121 were GG for FABP2. Among those with low/normal saturated fat intake, 813 were AA/AG and 1114 were GG.

Alanna M. Chamberlain, et al. Metabolism. ;58(9):1222-1228.
3.
FIGURE 1

FIGURE 1. From: Dietary fats, carbohydrate, and progression of coronary atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women.

Mean (±SE) change in minimal coronary artery diameter according to intake of different nutrients, with adjustments as in (see footnote 1), except that total fat was not adjusted for carbohydrate, and carbohydrate and protein were also adjusted for polyunsaturated fat. These models estimate the effect of saturated fat replacing other fats (monounsaturated or polyunsaturated), monounsaturated fat replacing other fats (saturated or polyunsaturated), polyunsaturated fat replacing other fats (saturated or monounsaturated), total fat replacing carbohydrate, carbohydrate replacing saturated or monounsaturated fat, and protein replacing saturated or monounsaturated fat. Median intakes (% of energy) for quartiles 1-4 were as follows: saturated fat (6.1, 7.8, 9.5, and 12.0), monounsaturated fat (6.9, 8.6, 10.7, and 13.0), polyunsaturated fat (3.9, 5.2, 6.1, and 7.5), total fat (17.6, 21.7, 27.0, and 31.9), carbohydrate (47.1, 55.6, 60.5, and 68.9), and protein (12.7, 15.8, 18.0, and 21.2). P for trend = 0.001 (saturated fat), 0.40 (monounsaturated fat), 0.04 (polyunsaturated fat), 0.48 (total fat), 0.20 (protein), and 0.001 (carbohydrate).

Dariush Mozaffarian, et al. Am J Clin Nutr. ;80(5):1175-1184.
4.
Fig. 1

Fig. 1. From: Comparison of the nutrient content of children’s menu items at US restaurant chains, 2010–2014.

Percent of main dishes (a)a and side dishes (b)b exceeding recommendations for percent of calories from fat, percent of calories from saturated fat, and sodium (mg), and for all three recommendationsc at fast-food and sit down restaurant chains, 2010–2014. aSample sizes for main dishes at fast food restaurants: n=66 in 2010 and n=68 in 2014 .Sample sizes for main dishes at sit down restaurants: n=99 for fat and sodium, n=75 for saturated fat in 2010; n=112 for fat and sodium, n=85 for saturated fat in 2014. bSample sizes for side dishes at fast-food restaurants: n=33 in 2010 and n=40 in 2014. Sample sizes for side dishes at sit down restaurants: n=56 for fat and sodium, n=47 for saturated fat in 2010; n=81 for fat and sodium, n=70 for saturated fat in 2014. cThere were no side dishes at fast food restaurant chains that exceeded all three recommendations in 2014. *p<0.05 comparing percent of side dishes exceeding recommendations for sodium content in 2010 and 2014

Andrea L. Deierlein, et al. Nutr J. 2015;14:80.
5.
Figure 2

Figure 2. From: Apolipoprotein A-II polymorphism: relationships to behavioural and hormonal mediators of obesity.

Mean plasma ghrelin (pg ml−1) by APOA2 m265 genotype and tertiles of saturated fat intake (n=425). Lowest saturated fat, <8.1 (percentage of total energy); middle saturated fat, ≥8.1 (percentage of total energy) and <13.1 (percentage of total energy); highest saturated fat, ≥13.1 (percentage of total energy). Means were adjusted for age, gender and centre. P-values were obtained through comparisons of means for genotype according to saturated fat intake. P for interaction was obtained for the interaction between genotype and saturated fat intake. Means marked with different letters differ, P<0.05.

CE Smith, et al. Int J Obes (Lond). ;36(1):130-136.
6.
Figure 1.

Figure 1. From: Maternal Dietary Fat Intake and the Risk of Congenital Heart Defects in Offspring.

Forest plot demonstrating odds ratios of tetralogy of Fallot by lower and upper quartiles of maternal dietary fat nutrient intake relative to those in the interquartile range (25–75%). Lower unadjusted total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol intake were associated with increased odds ratios of tetralogy of Fallot. However, when fat nutrient takes were adjusted for total maternal energy intake, there were no increased odds ratios of tetralogy of Fallot. Similar to the lower quartile, higher unadjusted total fat, saturated fat, and monounsaturated fat intake were associated with increased odds ratios of tetralogy of Fallot. However, comparable to the lowest quartile, when fat nutrient takes were adjusted for total maternal energy intake, there were no increased odds ratios of tetralogy of Fallot. Abbreviations: Sat fat indicates saturated fat; mono fat, monounsaturated fat; poly fat, polyunsaturated fat; *, intake of selected fat nutrient adjusted for total maternal energy intake.

R. Thomas Collins, et al. Pediatr Res. ;88(5):804-809.
7.
Figure 3

Figure 3. From: Dietary saturated fat and docosahexaenoic acid differentially effect cardiac mitochondrial phospholipid fatty acyl composition and Ca2+ uptake, without altering permeability transition or left ventricular function.

Ca2+ uptake in SSM and IFM. Data are presented as ± SEM. *P < 0.05 high saturated fat versus standard low fat, P < 0.05 high saturated fat versus DHA low-fat diet. The sample size was 8, 8, and 10 for SSM and 7, 9, and 9 for IFM for standard low fat, DHA, and high saturated fat, respectively.

Kelly A O'Connell, et al. Physiol Rep. 2013 Jun;1(1):e00009.
8.
FIGURE 1

FIGURE 1. From: Effects of dietary saturated fat on LDL subclasses and apolipoprotein CIII in men.

Spearman’s correlation between saturated fat-induced changes in total LDL apoCIII (mg/dL) and LDL IV apoCIII (mg/dL) in men. Δ, low saturated fat – high saturated fat. N = 14, ρ = 0.66, P = 0.01.

Nastaran Faghihnia, et al. Eur J Clin Nutr. ;66(11):1229-1233.
9.
Fig. 1

Fig. 1. From: Sources of excessive saturated fat, trans fat and sugar consumption in Brazil: an analysis of the first Brazilian nationwide individual dietary survey.

Contribution (%) of top SoFAS food groups (, meats; , beverages; , sweets and desserts; , fats and oils; , all other SoFAS foods) to total intake of energy and to energy provided by saturated fat, trans fat, added sugar and total sugar; Brazil, 2008–2009 (SoFAS, high in saturated fat, trans fat and added sugar)

Rosangela A Pereira, et al. Public Health Nutr. 2014 Jan;17(1):113-121.
10.
Fig. 2

Fig. 2. CONSORT diagram.. From: Egg and saturated fat containing breakfasts have no acute effect on acute glycemic control in healthy adults: a randomized partial crossover trial.

EB Egg breakfast, SB Saturated fat breakfast, ES Egg and saturated fat breakfast, CB Control breakfast.

Chathurika S. Dhanasekara, et al. Nutr Diabetes. 2021;11:34.
11.
Fig 3

Fig 3. The relationship between saturated fat intake and risk of Pca.. From: Fat Intake Is Not Linked to Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis.

(A) The non-linear dose-response meta-analysis on saturated fat intake and risk of Pca. The P value for non-linear test was 0.25. The points assigned to 15.25 g (reference dose), 25.2 g, 34.5 g, 44.16 g, and 54.95 g, respectively. (B) The linearity dose-response meta-analysis of saturated fat intake and risk of Pca (every 28.35 g increment a day).

Chang Xu, et al. PLoS One. 2015;10(7):e0131747.
19.
Fig. 1

Fig. 1. Study flow diagram.. From: Egg and saturated fat containing breakfasts have no acute effect on acute glycemic control in healthy adults: a randomized partial crossover trial.

EB Egg breakfast, SB Saturated fat breakfast, ES Egg and saturated fat breakfast, CB Control breakfast.

Chathurika S. Dhanasekara, et al. Nutr Diabetes. 2021;11:34.
20.
6

6. From: Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease.

Exploration of saturated fat cut‐offs

Lee Hooper, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;2020(5):CD011737.

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