Co‐phylogenetic patterns between (a) Ficus and pollinating wasps, (b) Ficus and galling wasps, and (c) pollinating and galling wasps. For Ficus, red and black labelling distinguishes dioecious and monoecious species, respectively. Subfamilies Epichrysomallinae, Otitesellinae, Sycophaginae, and Sycoecinae are shown in orange, green, purple, and brown in (b) and (c). Solid lines connecting species in the left‐ and right‐hand phylogenetic trees indicate observed associations. Line thickness varies positively with the contribution of a particular association to overall phylogenetic congruence. The ‘ex’ labels identify the host fig species of individual wasp species. Abbreviations in (a), (b) and (c) for figs: F., Ficus. Abbreviations in (a) and (b) for fig pollinating wasps: B., Blastophaga; C., Ceratosolen; D., Deliagaon; E., Eupristina; H., Hederagaon; K., Kradibia; P., Platyscapa; U., Umagaon; W., Waterstoniella. Abbreviations in (b) and (c) for galling wasps: Ac., Acophila; Cam., Camarothorax; Dia., Diaziella; Lip., Lipothymus; Mi., Micranisa; Neo., Neosycophila; Od., Odontofroggatia; Sb., Sycobia; Syg., Sycophaga; Sym., Sycophilomorpha; Wa., Walkerella.