PMC

In situ identification and imaging of forchlorfenuron in oriental melon after forchlorfenuron application, as shown by iMScope. (A) Optical image of oriental melon sections acquired by microscope via 1.25× magnification. (B) Representative ion images of forchlorfenuron in oriental melon at treatment group (2 h–4 d after application of forchlorfenuron).

CmHY5 in the oriental melon scion regulates the expression of CmoHY5 in the squash rootstock. Values are means ± SD, n = 3 (biological replicates). Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences (*** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, * p < 0.05, Student’s t-test). (A). TaqMan analysis of CmoHY5-1 expression in the squash rootstock stems of grafted oriental melon plants with transient silenced CmHY5 in the oriental melon scions. (B). TaqMan analysis of CmoHY5-2 expression in the squash rootstock stems of grafted melon plants with transient silenced CmHY5 in the oriental melon scions. (C). TaqMan analysis of CmoHY5-1 expression in the squash rootstock roots of grafted oriental melon plants with transient silenced CmHY5 in the oriental melon scions. (D). TaqMan analysis of CmoHY5-2 expression in the squash rootstock roots of grafted plants with transient silenced CmHY5 in the oriental melon scions. (E). Analysis of the promoter cis-acting elements of CmoHY5-1 and CmoHY5-2. (F). Yeast one-hybrid assay to detect CmHY5 binding to the promoters of CmoHY5-1 and CmoHY5-2, respectively. (G). EMSA assay to detect promoter binding of CmHY5 to CmoHY5-1. (H). EMSA assay to detect promoter binding of CmHY5 to CmoHY5-2. (I,J). GUS staining and GUS activity assay in N. benthamiana leaves after transient co-expression of 35S::CmHY5 with proCmoHY5-1::GUS and co-expression with pBI101:GUS as a control. (K,L). GUS staining and GUS activity assay in N. benthamiana leaves after transient co-expression of 35S::CmHY5 with proCmoHY5-2::GUS and co-expression with pBI101:GUS as a control.

Levels of 2-hexynol and 2-hexenal in oriental melon treatment and control leaves after MeJA treatment
(a) 2-Hexynol release from oriental melon leaves after treatment at 6, 72, and 168 h. (b) 2-Hexenal release from oriental melon leaves after treatment at 6, 72, and 168 h. Data are presented as mean±standard error from three replicates with three biological repeats. ^** P<0.01, compared to the respective control at each point

Scanning electron microscope images from normal oriental melon fruit suture surface (A) and brown surface of fruit suture (B).

Distribution of forchlorfenuron in oriental melon, as shown by iMScope, in (A) control group (2 d after chasmogamy) and (B) treatment group (2 d after application of forchlorfenuron). (a–d) Product ion mass imaging MS of m/z 129.02, 155.00. (e,f) Optical image of oriental melon slides.

Slime mold symptoms on oriental melon plants observed in the field and morphological features of the causal organism, Fuligo gyrosa. A, oriental melon plants infected with F. gyrosa; B and C, fruiting bodies of the organism on the plants; D and E, capillitium with lime nodes and spores of the organism. Each scale bar represents 20 µm.

Level of JA in oriental melon leaves after inoculation with Podosphaera xanthii
Data are presented as mean±standard error from three replicates with three biological repeats. ^* P<0.05, ^** P<0.01, compared to the healthy leaves (0)

Volatile flavor compounds in fresh oriental melon after pollination or forchlorfenuron application: (A) a three-dimensional spectrum of the HS-GC-IMS response data; (B) a two-dimensional spectrum of the HS-GC-IMS response data.

Score plots of the PCA model (A) and OPLS-DA mode (B) of volatile flavor compounds of fresh oriental melon after pollination or forchlorfenuron application.

Observation of acid fuchsin absorption during the graft healing process of oriental melon scion grafted onto squash rootstock (MT, melatonin. DAG, days after grafting. Scale bars, 1 mm).

High root-zone CO₂ affects the activities of carbon assimilation-related enzymes in oriental melon. Standard errors (SEs) of the means are represented by error bars. Different letters in the same row indicate significance at the 0.05 level among treatments.

Proposed model of CmNAC34 function in CmLCYB regulating β-carotene accumulation during the oriental melon fruit ripening. The CmNAC34 was involved in carotenoid metabolism by directly binding to the promoter of CmLCYB and activating its transcription.

Differences of volatile flavor compounds of fresh oriental melon after pollination or forchlorfenuron application: (A) two-dimensional spectrum of the HS-GC-IMS response data; (B,C) gallery plot of the HS-GC-IMS response data.

Comparison of epicuticular wax on oriental melon peel and sutures. Data are presented as mean ± SD of three replicates. Asterisks (**) indicate significant difference of total epicuticular wax between peel and suture by Student’s t-test with p < 0.01.

High root-zone CO₂ affects the expressions of carbon assimilation-related enzyme genes in oriental melon. Standard errors (SEs) of the means are represented by error bars. Different letters in the same row indicate significance at the 0.05 level among treatments.

High root-zone ¹³CO₂ affects the accumulation of biomass in roots and shoots of oriental melon. Standard errors (SEs) of the means are represented by error bars. Different letters in the same row indicate significance at the 0.05 level among treatments.

High root-zone ¹³CO₂ affects the ¹³C abundance in roots, stems and leaves of oriental melon. Standard errors (SEs) of the means are represented by error bars. Different letters in the same row indicate significance at the 0.05 level among treatments.

Chromatograms of picoxystrobin (A) blank sample of oriental melon, (B) standard (2.0 mg/L), (C) blank sample spiked with picoxystrobin (0.1 mg/kg), and (D) field-incurred sample collected on day zero

High root-zone ¹³CO₂ affects carbon accumulation in roots, stems and leaves of oriental melon. Standard errors (SEs) of the means are represented by error bars. Different letters in the same row indicate significance at the 0.05 level among treatments.

GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of DEGs in the oriental melon leaves under normal nitrogen and low nitrogen treatments: (A), GO enrichment analysis of DEGs between RNHBHB and LNHBHB. (B), GO enrichment analysis of DEGs between LNHBHB and LNHBZY65. (C), KEGG enrichment analysis of DEGs between RNHBHB and LNHBHB. (D), KEGG enrichment analysis of DEGs between LNHBHB and LNHBZY65).