PMC

(A) Relative expression levels of 8 lncRNAs in 64 gout patients and 6 healthy control subjects. (B) Relative expression levels of 8 lncRNAs in 32 acute gout patients, 32 intercritical gout patients and 32 healthy control subjects. qRT-PCR indicates quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Gout: primary gout, including acute gout and intercritical gout, AG: acute gout flare, IG: intercritical gout, HC: healthy control subjects, P < 0.05, * * P < 0.01, * * * P < 0.001.

Scatter plot for the significant Mendelian randomization (MR) association between diastolic blood pressure and gout, drug-induced gout, idiopathic gout, unspecified gout, and strictly defined gout; systolic blood pressure and gout, drug-induced gout, idiopathic gout, unspecified gout, and strictly defined gout. SNP, single nucleotide polymorphism.

Potential mechanisms linking surviving methylation sites with gouty inflammation. cg22626579 hypomethylation in gout increases PRKCZ, cg10314750 hypomethylation in gout increases CIDEC, cg03795507 hypomethylation in gout increases VDAC1, hypomethylated cg10257063 in gout increases CPT1A, cg16975613 hypermethylation in gout decreases BIRC2, cg16630982 and cg12182452 hypomethylation in gout increases BRCA1, cg17151991 hypomethylation in gout decreases STK11 and hypermethylated cg26375855 in gout increases NLRP12. All these culminate in increased interleukin-1β (IL-1β) production, promoting gouty inflammation.

Expression levels of the four circRNAs in gout patients and healthy control subjects. (A, B, C, D) Relative expression levels of the four circRNAs in 90 gout patients and 60 healthy control (HC) subjects. (E, F, G, H) Relative expression levels of the four circRNAs in 45 acute gout glare (AG) patients, 45 intercritical gout (IG) patients, and 60 HC. Gout: primary gout, including acute gout flare and intercritical gout; AG: patients with acute gout flare; IG: patients with intercritical gout; HC: healthy controls; ***p < 0.001.