PMC

Maximum-likelihood (ML) phylogenetic tree constructed from complete chloroplast genome sequences of 11 Taraxacum species and Ixeris repens as an outgroup. Bootstrap values, based on 1000 iterations, are shown at each node to indicate confidence levels. The species in this study is highlighted in red. The chloroplast genome sequences analyzed, with their respective GenBank accession numbers, include: Ixeris repens MW092111 (Lee, Yang, Kim, et al. 2021), Taraxacum ussuriense Komarov 1932 MN689808 (Lee, Kim, Woo, et al. ), Taraxacum hallaisanense Nakai 1915 MW067130 (Lee, Kim, Kim, et al. 2021), Taraxacum mongolicum KU736961 (Kim, Park, Lee, Woo, et al. ), Taraxacum brevicorniculatum Korol. 1940 KX198559 (Zhang et al. ), Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rodin 1933 KX198560 (Zhang et al. ), Taraxacum platycarpum Dahlst. 1907 KU736960 (Kim, Park, Lee, Woo, et al. ), Taraxacum officinale F.H.Wigg. 1780 KU361241 (Kim, Park, Lee, Lee, et al. ), Taraxacum amplum KX499525 (Salih et al. ), Taraxacum obtusifrons KX499523 (Salih et al. ), and Taraxacum erythrospermum Andrz. ex Besser 1822 MN689810 (Lee, Kim, Woo, et al. ).

Effect of Taraxacum officinale essential oil on antioxidant enzymes and MDA levels against acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice. Values are expressed as means ± SD (n = 5), * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001; **** p < 0.0001 vs. the normal control group and # p < 0.05; ## p < 0.01; ### p < 0.001; #### p < 0.0001 vs. the toxic control group. (A) Effect of Taraxacum officinale EO on SOD level in liver and kidney of APAP-treated mice; (B) effect of Taraxacum officinale EO on GSH level in liver and kidney of APAP-treated mice; (C) effect of Taraxacum officinale EO on CAT level in liver and kidney of APAP-treated mice; (D) effect of Taraxacum officinale EO on MDA level in liver and kidney of APAP-treated mice. SOD: superoxide dismutase; GSH: reduced glutathione; CAT: catalase; MDA: malondialdehyde; AA: ascorbic acid; CMC: sodium carboxymethylcellulose; APAP: acetaminophen; TO 1: Taraxacum officinale essential oil 600 mg/kg body weight; TO 2: Taraxacum officinale essential oil 1200 mg/kg body weight.

Morphologies of Taraxacum kok-saghyz at different growth stages. (a) Morphologies of Taraxacum kok-saghyz at young leaves stage. Bar = 1 cm. (b) Morphologies of Taraxacum kok-saghyz at mature leaves stage. Bar = 5 cm.

Mitotic metaphase chromosomes of studied triploid species (2n=3x=24) of Taraxacum sect. Taraxacum. AT.jugiferumBT.laticordatumCT.lojoenseDT.lucidifronsET.obtusifronsFT.ochrochlorumGT.ohlseniiHT.perdubiumIT.praestabileJT.sepulcrilobumKT.sertatumLT.subhuelphersianumMT.valens. Scale Bar: 5µm.