PMC

(A) Picture of Rosa augsta flower, (B) Picture of Rosa rugosa flower, (C) Neighbor joining (bootstrap repeat is 10,000) and maximum likelihood (bootstrap repeat is 1,000) phylogenetic trees of ten Rosa chloroplast genomes and three outgroup species: Rosa angusta (MK947051 in this study), Rosa rugosa (MK986659), Rosa praelucens (NC_037492), Rosa roxburghii (NC_032038), Rosa banksiae (NC_042194), Rosa chinensis var. spontanea (NC_038102), Rosa odorata var. gigantea (KF753637), Rosa multiflora (NC_039989 and MG727863), Rosa maximowicziana (NC_040960), and three outgroup species: Potentilla freyniana (NC_041210), Rubus crataegifolius (NC_039704), and Prunus persica (NC_014697). Phylogenetic tree was drawn based on neighbor joining tree. The numbers above branches indicate bootstrap support values of maximum likelihood and neighbor joining phylogenetic tree, respectively.

Phenol amount evaluation by the Folin–Ciocalteu assay. When extract solutions were considered (a), a significant reduction of phenol amount was observed for the diluted solutions in comparison with pure MG ROSA (p < 0.05, indicated by *); moreover, the phenol amount on MG ROSA W and WASTE ROSA resulted significantly lower than MG ROSA WEG and BUDS ROSA (p < 0.05, indicated by #). Looking at the functionalized glasses (b), it was noticed that the use of glycerol lowered the amount of grafted biomolecules, thus making CEL2 + MG ROSA and CEL2 + MG ROSA WEG the worst specimens (p < 0.05 vs other specimens, indicated by *). The use of water (CEL2 + MG ROSA W) ameliorated the amount of phenol that was anyway significantly lower than CEL2 + BUDS ROSA and CEL2 + WASTE ROSA (p < 0.05, indicated by #).

Phylogenetic analysis of the NBS domain was carried out by the neighbor-joining method using RGA sequences of domesticated and wild Malus species (green), Pyrus spp. (yellow), Prunus spp. (purple), Fragaria spp. (red), Rosa spp. (orange), and Rubus spp. (blue). Proteins present in contiguous positions of the tree are merged (collapsed branches are indicated by the + sign). Phylogentec tree indicates 49, three and one clades specific to Malus spp., Fragaria spp. and Rosa spp., respectively. Clades with RGAs of different genera: three clades of Malus spp. and Prunus spp.; seven clades of Malus spp. and Pyrus spp.; two clades of Malus spp. and Rubus spp.; four clades of Malus spp. and Rosa spp.; two clades of Fragaria spp. and Rosa spp.; two clades of Malus spp., Rosa spp., and Rubus spp.; three clades of Malus spp., Pyrus spp., and Rosa spp.; three clades of Malus spp., Prunus spp., and Rubus spp.; four clades of Malus spp., Prunus spp., Rosa spp., and Rubus spp.; three caldes of Malus spp., Prunus spp., Pyrus spp., Rosa spp., and Rubus spp.; two clades of Malus spp., Fragaria spp., Prunus spp., Rosa spp., and Rubus spp., one clade of Malus spp., Fragaria spp., Pyrus spp., Rosa spp., and Rubus spp.

Mitotic metaphases of polyploid and diploid rose species after fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using the CANR4 satellite repeat (red) and 18S rDNA (green). (A) Rosa canina_DE (5x, subsect. Caninae). Note the strong CANR4 signal on a minor NOR chromosome. (B) Rosa inodora (5x, sect. Caninae subsect. Rubigineae). (C) Rosa dumalis (5x, sect. Caninae). (D) Rosa corymbifera (5x, sect. Caninae). (E) Rosa gallica (4x, sect. Gallicanae). (F) Rosa spinosissima (4x, sect. Pimpinellifoliae). (G) Rosa arvensis (2x, sect. Synstylae). (H) Rosa majalis (2x, sect. Rosa). Arrowheads indicate co-localization of CANR4 signals and 18S signals on the same chromosome. Scale bar: 10 µm.