PMC

Chemiluminescence intensity vs. time of ethanol extracts from flowers of Centaurea cyanus L. (A), Centaurea scabiosa L. (B), Centaurea jacea L. (C), quercetin (D), and Trolox (E). The numbers beside the curves are the concentrations of Centaurea L. ethanol extract, dihydroquercetin, and Trolox (mg/mL). Time (s) is plotted on the abscissa axis and chemiluminescence intensity (a.u.) is plotted on the ordinate axis.

Schematic view of the various roots studied: small ellipses mark the position of the endodermal resin ducts of the cortex and the ducts of type SD2; a: black points represent the sclereids in conjunction with secretory ducts (grey dots), b: points represent the vessels (b); a: Centaurea jacea; b: Arctium lappa, A. tomentosum; c: Onopordum acanthium, Silybum marianum, Cnicus benedictus; d: Centaurea scabiosa; e: Carlina acaulis; f: Rhaponticum scariosum; g: Carlina vulgaris, Centaurea cyanus;

How pre-planting treatment of seeds with flower extracts (1 mg/mL) affected the biometry of garden cress sprouts compared to the controls.

Method 1: IEX chromatography method; Method 2: HPLC method. The two ellipses gather species according to the analytical method used with solid lines for the IEX chromatography method and dashed lines for the HPLC method. Families are indicated in different colours. Amino acids: Ala, alanine; arg, arginine; asp, aspartic acid; cys, cysteine; glu, glutamine; gly, glycine; his, histidine; ile, isoleucine; leu, leucine; lys, lysine; met, methionine; phe, phenylalanine; pro, proline; ser, serine; thr, threonine; tyr, tyrosine; val, valine. Species: A.pla, Acer platanoides; A.pse, Acer pseudoplatanus; A.car, Aesculus carnea; A.hip, Aesculus hippocastanum; B.off, Borago officinalis; C.jac, Centaurea jacea; C.lae, Crataegus laevigata; C.seg, Cyanus segetum; C.sco, Cytisus scoparius; E.vul, Echium vulgare; F.ulm, Filipendula ulmaria; F.ves, Fragaria vesca; L.alb, Lamium album; L.gal, Lamium galeobdolon; L.cor, Lotus corniculatus; M.mos, Malva moschata; M.dom, Malus domestica; P.avi, Prunus avium; P.cer, Prunus cerasus; P.com, Pyrus communis; R.pse, Robinia pseudoacacia; R.agg, Rubus aggr.; S.auc, Sorbus aucuparia; S.off, Symphytum officinale; T.cor, Tilia cordata; T.pla, Tilia platyphyllos; T.tom, Tilia tomentosa; T.xeu, Tilia x euchlora; T.xvu, Tilia x vulgaris; T.pra, Trifolium pratense; T.rep, Trifolium repens.