PMC

Effect of the hydrogels containing free or nanoencapsulated sesamol topically applied (15 mg/ear) on the polymorphonuclear cell infiltration in the croton-oil-induced ear edema model in Swiss mice. The image presents the histological changes (A–G; hematoxylin–eosin 20× objectives) of the ear tissue of mice at 6 h after the croton oil application or croton oil plus treatments. (A) naive; (B) croton oil (1 mg/ear) (no treatment); (C) croton oil (1 mg/ear) + Hydrogel vehicle; (D) croton oil (1 mg/ear) + Hydrogel NC placebo; (E) croton oil (1 mg/ear) + Hydrogel free SES; (F) croton oil (1 mg/ear) + Hydrogel NC SES; (G) croton oil (1 mg/ear) + 0.5% dexamethasone acetate. The arrows indicate the presence of inflammatory cells in the ear tissue. Scale bar = 50 µm.

GM-1111 (1%) was applied topically in the croton oil model. A. Normal control right ear (top) and croton oil painted left ear (bottom). B. H&E section of control normal ear. C. H&E-stained cross-sectional view of a croton oil painted ear with vehicle treatment. D. H&E-stained cross-sectional view of croton oil painted ear with SAGE treatment. E. MPO activity measurement in ears. F. Ear thickness differences between left (croton oil) and right (normal) ears. G. Redness difference between right and left ears. *P<0.05 vs croton oil with vehicle emollient alone (negative control).

Activation of caspase-3/− 7 after 24 h of treatment with acetone leaf extracts of Croton sylvaticus (a), Croton pseudopulchellus (b) and Croton gratissimus (c) on cancerous A549, Caco-2, HeLa and MCF-7 cells. The caspase-3/− 7 activity is expressed as percentage or fold change to the untreated cells (control). Data are presented as mean ± standard error of three independent experiments. *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 indicate the significant difference compared to the control. CSA, CPA and CGA represent respectively acetone leaf extracts of Croton sylvaticus, Croton pseudopulchellus and Croton gratissimus. Ctrl: control group (0.5% DMSO)

Upper gastrointestinal transit in mice with diarrhoea induced by croton oil (0.01 ml mouse⁻¹, orally): effect of WIN 55,212-2 (14 nmol mouse⁻¹, i.p.) and cannabinol (805 nmol mouse⁻¹, i.p.) alone or in mice treated with SR141716A (16 nmol mouse⁻¹, i.p.) or SR144528 (52 nmol mouse⁻¹, i.p.) or hexamethonium (69 nmol mouse⁻¹, i.p.). Results are mean±s.e.mean of 8–11 animals for each experimental group. @P<0.05 vs control, ^**P<0.01 and ^***P<0.001 vs croton oil and #P<0.01 vs croton oil+WIN 55,212-2 (or croton oil+cannabinol).