PMC

Main river basins and the Patagonian Ice Sheets, with extent of contemporary glaciers shown in blue. The black star indicates the type locality of Petromyzon macrostomus Burmeister from de la Plata River, orange circles indicate bibliographic records of G. australis, and black circles indicate our collection sites. References: 1, de la Plata River (Argentina, [–, ]); 2, Isla de Flores (Uruguay, [, ]); 3, Mar del Plata (Argentina, [, ]); 4, Nahuel Huapi Lake (Argentina, []); 5, Nuevo Lake (Argentina, [, ]); 6, 32, Argentino Lake (Argentina, [, , ]); 7, Gallegos River (Argentina, []); 8, Rubens River (Argentina, []); 9, Turbio River (Argentina, [, ]); 10, Santa Cruz River (Argentina, []); 11, Malvinas (Falkland) Islands (Argentina, []); 12, Paraná River (Argentina, []); 13, Santiago (Chile, []); 14, Canal del Molino (Chile, []); 15, Bahía Concepción (Chile, []); 16, Angol (Chile, []); 17, Puren River (Chile, []); 18, Valdivia River (Chile, []); 19, Osorno (Chile, []); 20, Lake Llanquihue (Chile, []); 21, Maullín River (Chile, []); 22, San Juan River (Chile, []); 23 Plottier, Negro River Argentina, []); 24, Choele Choel Island (Argentina, []); 25, Trelew City, Chubut River (Argentina, []); 26, Grande River (Argentina, []); 27, Fuego River (Argentina, []); 28, Negro River (Argentina, this study); 29, Chubut River (Argentina, this study); 30, Chico River (Argentina, this study); 31, Piedra Buena City (Argentina, this study); 33, La Leona River (Argentina, []).

Three groups are visible: ‘Argentina 1’, ‘Argentina 2’ and ‘Brazil’. The main group, ‘Argentina 1’, includes sequences from Argentina and all invaded countries in Europe. The group ‘Argentina 2’ includes sequences from Argentina and a few from Spain, but no other country. The group ‘Brazil’ includes only specimens from Brazil, none from Europe. Within the group ‘Argentina 1’, three main haplotypes and seven minor haplotypes are visible; two of the main haplotypes include both specimens from Argentina and most invaded European countries.

Clustering analysis of APOE allele frequencies in different Native American populations []: Arg_Mbya (Argentina – Mbyá–Guarani); Bra_Kain (Brazil – Kaingang); Arg_Toba_F (Argentina – Toba Formosa); Arg_Toba_C (Argentina – Toba Chaco); Arg_Wich_C (Argentina – Wichí Chaco); Arg_Pila (Argentina – Pilagá); Arg_Wich_F (Argentina – Wichí Formosa); Par_Ache (Paraguay – Aché, Paraguay); Bra_Kaio (Brazil – Kaiowá/Ñandeva–Guarani); Arg_Wich_S (Argentina – Wichí Salta); Bra_Xava (Brazil – Xavante); Bra_Suru (Brazil – Suruí); Bra_Zoro (Brazil – Zoró); Bra_Gavi (Brazil – Gavião); Bra_Kaya (Brazil – Kayapo); Bra_Arar (Brazil – Arara); Bra_Waya_A (Brazil – Wayana–Apalai); Bra_Wayam (Brazil – Wayampi); Bra_Wai_W (Brazil – Wai Wai); Ecu_Caya (Ecuador – Cayapa); Bra_Bani (Brazil – Baniwa); Col_Core (Colombia – Coreguaje); Col_Embe (Colombia – Embera); Col_Nuka (Colombia – Nukak); Col_Tule (Colombia – Tule); Bra_Yano1 (Brazil – Yanomami 1); Bra_Yano2 (Brazil – Yanomami 2); Bra_Yano3 (Brazil – Yanomami 3); Bra_Wapis (Brazil – Wapishana); Col_Waun (Colombia – Waunana); Bra_Macu (Brazil – Macushi); Col_Guah (Colombia – Guahibo); Ven_Maki (Venezuela – Makiritare); Ven_Yuco (Venezuela – Yuco); Ven_Buta (Venezuela – Butaregua); Col_Ijka (Colombia – Ijka); Col_Kogi (Colombia – Kogui); Mex_Maza (Mexico – Mazatecan); Mex_Maya (Mexico – Maya); Mex_Pima (Mexico – Pima/Maricopa/Papago); Que_Rea (Quechua [28]); Ayma_Gaya (Aymara [12]); Quec_Gaya (Quechua [12]); Boli_Gaya (Bolivia [12]); Peru_Ayac (Ayacucho [29]); Peru_Juni (Peru (Junin [29]). This_study (Argentina – This study). Current American populations []: Col_Colo (Colombians from Medellin, Colombia); Mex_Mexi (Mexican Ancestry from L.A. USA); Peru_Lim (Peruvians from Lima, Peru); Puer_Ric (Puerto Ricans from Puerto Rico).

Adults of subgenus Nothonepha. A Bembidion tetrapholeon (black form), Argentina: Neuquén: Arroyo Queñi at Lago Queñi, DRM voucher V100781 B Bembidion tetrapholeon (orange form), Argentina: Chubut: Rio Azul at Lago Puelo, DRM voucher V100780 C Bembidion germainianum, Argentina: Neuquén: Rio Salado at route 40, DRM voucher V100782 D Bembidion lonae, Argentina: Mendoza: Salinas del Diamante, DRM voucher V100786 E Bembidion eburneonigrum, Argentina: Neuquén: Rio Neuquén at Chos Malal, DRM voucher V100785 F Bembidion tucumanum, Argentina: Mendoza: Salinas del Diamante, DRM voucher V100783 G Bembidion engelhardti engelhardti, Argentina: Neuquén: Rio Salado at route 40, DRM voucher V100784. Scale bar 1 mm.