PMC

(A) The specific expression patterns of genes in neo-tetraploid rice or autotetraploid rice. Upper lane: specific expressed genes in neo-tetraploid rice, a, c, e, g, i, k, m, o and q indicated the genes only expressed in autotetraploid parents, b, d, f, h, j. l, n, p, and r indicated the genes only expressed in neo-tetraploid rice lines. Middle lane: specific expressed genes in neo-tetraploid rice, a, c, e, g, i, k, m, o and q indicated the genes only expressed in neo-tetraploid rice lines, b, d, f, h, j. l, n, p, and r indicated the genes only expressed in autotetraploid parents. The lower lane indicated the expression of reference gene in neo-tetraploid rice lines and autotetraploid parents. (B) and (C) represent differentially expressed ncRNA in neo-tetraploid rice compared to autotetraploid rice, (B): the differentially expressed ncRNA in neo-tetraploid rice lines compared to T44, (C): the differentially expressed ncRNA in neo-tetraploid rice lines compared to T45. (D) and (E) represent the differentially expressed genes in neo-tetraploid rice lines compared to autotetraploid rice. (D): the differentially expressed genes in neo-tetraploid rice lines compared to T44, (E): the differentially expressed genes in neo-tetraploid rice lines compared to T45.

A Rice self-sufficiency ratio calculated as the ratio between rice production and rice consumption. B Rice import requirement, calculated as the difference between rice consumption and rice production. Intensification range goes from 52% (current) to 100% closure of the exploitable yield gap while three scenarios of rice area expansion are shown: current, faster, and slower (0.4, 0.6, and 0.2 M ha per year, respectively). Horizontal dashed line represents current rice self-sufficiency ratio (A) and current rice import (B) in Africa (2018-2020 average), whereas the solid line represents full rice self-sufficiency. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.

^aError bars indicate the back-transformed confidence intervals.
^bP < .001 for pairwise comparisons of infants who consumed rice with infants who consumed no rice or rice products in general linear models that also included specific gravity.
^cP < .05 for pairwise comparisons of infants who consumed rice with infants who consumed no rice or rice products in general linear models that also included specific gravity.
^dP < .01 for pairwise comparisons of infants who consumed rice with infants who consumed no rice or rice products in general linear models that also included specific gravity.

Four major distinct groups are: wild rice with ‘sathi’ (blue), wild rice with Aus rice cultivars (green), wild rice with Indica rice cultivars (red) and Japonica rice cultivars (cyan).