U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Format

Send to:

Choose Destination

Immunodeficiency 65, susceptibility to viral infections(IMD65)

MedGen UID:
1684865
Concept ID:
C5231441
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: IMD65; IMMUNODEFICIENCY 65, SUSCEPTIBILITY TO VIRAL INFECTIONS
 
Gene (location): IRF9 (14q12)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0032848
OMIM®: 618648

Definition

Immunodeficiency-65 (IMD65) is an autosomal recessive immunologic disorder characterized by onset of recurrent and severe viral infections from early infancy. Affected individuals have impaired ability to fight viral infections, resulting in clinically significant disease, including pneumonia, bronchiectasis, and septic shock. Laboratory studies may show lymphopenia or hypogammaglobulinemia, particularly during infection; more detailed studies show an impaired cellular type I interferon response. Treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is beneficial. Important features of this disorder include the rapid development of septic shock, as well as poor outcomes after vaccination with live attenuated vaccines; such vaccines should never be administered to patients with known impaired interferon responses (summary by Hernandez et al., 2018 and Bravo Garcia-Morato et al., 2019). [from OMIM]

Clinical features

From HPO
Recurrent gastroenteritis
MedGen UID:
815158
Concept ID:
C3808828
Finding
Increased susceptibility to gastroenteritis, an infectious inflammationof the stomach and small intestines manifested by signs and symptoms such as diarheas and abdominal pain, as manifested by recurrent episodes of gastroenteritis.
Bronchiectasis
MedGen UID:
14234
Concept ID:
C0006267
Disease or Syndrome
Persistent abnormal dilatation of the bronchi owing to localized and irreversible destruction and widening of the large airways.
Stomatitis
MedGen UID:
52511
Concept ID:
C0038362
Disease or Syndrome
Stomatitis is an inflammation of the mucous membranes of any of the structures in the mouth.
Recurrent viral infections
MedGen UID:
332357
Concept ID:
C1837066
Finding
Increased susceptibility to viral infections, as manifested by recurrent episodes of viral infection.
Gingivitis
MedGen UID:
4895
Concept ID:
C0017574
Disease or Syndrome
Inflammation of the gingiva.

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Bwire GM, Aiko BG, Mosha IH, Kilapilo MS, Mangara A, Kazonda P, Swai JP, Swalehe O, Jordan MR, Vercauteren J, Sando D, Temba D, Shao A, Mauka W, Decouttere C, Vandaele N, Sangeda RZ, Killewo J, Vandamme AM
Sci Rep 2023 Nov 22;13(1):20493. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-47795-1. PMID: 37993493Free PMC Article
Francisco C, Gonzales E, Yu MG, Salvaña EM, Abad C, Reganit PF, Maningat P, Sison O, Alejandria M
J ASEAN Fed Endocr Soc 2022;37(1):53-61. Epub 2022 Feb 18 doi: 10.15605/jafes.037.01.17. PMID: 35800599Free PMC Article
Nkurunziza J, Karstaedt AS, Louw R, Padanilam X
Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2018 Dec 1;22(12):1469-1474. doi: 10.5588/ijtld.18.0205. PMID: 30606319

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Fu L, Tian T, Wang B, Lu Z, Bian J, Zhang W, Wu X, Li X, Siow RC, Fang EF, He N, Zou H
Lancet Healthy Longev 2024 Jan;5(1):e17-e30. doi: 10.1016/S2666-7568(23)00214-3. PMID: 38183996
Bastard P, Gervais A, Taniguchi M, Saare L, Särekannu K, Le Voyer T, Philippot Q, Rosain J, Bizien L, Asano T, Garcia-Prat M, Parra-Martínez A, Migaud M, Tsumura M, Conti F, Belot A, Rivière JG, Morio T, Tanaka J, Javouhey E, Haerynck F, Duvlis S, Ozcelik T, Keles S, Tandjaoui-Lambiotte Y, Escoda S, Husain M, Pan-Hammarström Q, Hammarström L, Ahlijah G, Abi Haidar A, Soudee C, Arseguel V, Abolhassani H, Sahanic S, Tancevski I, Nukui Y, Hayakawa S, Chrousos GP, Michos A, Tatsi EB, Filippatos F, Rodriguez-Palmero A, Troya J, Tipu I, Meyts I, Roussel L, Ostrowski SR, Schidlowski L, Prando C, Condino-Neto A, Cheikh N, Bousfiha AA, El Bakkouri J; COVID Clinicians; GEN-COVID Study Group; COVID Human Genetic Effort, Peterson P, Pujol A, Lévy R, Quartier P, Vinh DC, Boisson B, Béziat V, Zhang SY, Borghesi A, Pession A, Andreakos E, Marr N, Mentis AA, Mogensen TH, Rodríguez-Gallego C, Soler-Palacin P, Colobran R, Tillmann V, Neven B, Trouillet-Assant S, Brodin P, Abel L, Jouanguy E, Zhang Q, Martinón-Torres F, Salas A, Gómez-Carballa A, Gonzalez-Granado LI, Kisand K, Okada S, Puel A, Cobat A, Casanova JL
J Exp Med 2024 Feb 5;221(2) Epub 2024 Jan 4 doi: 10.1084/jem.20231353. PMID: 38175961Free PMC Article
Cruz R, Diz-de Almeida S, López de Heredia M, Quintela I, Ceballos FC, Pita G, Lorenzo-Salazar JM, González-Montelongo R, Gago-Domínguez M, Sevilla Porras M, Tenorio Castaño JA, Nevado J, Aguado JM, Aguilar C, Aguilera-Albesa S, Almadana V, Almoguera B, Alvarez N, Andreu-Bernabeu Á, Arana-Arri E, Arango C, Arranz MJ, Artiga MJ, Baptista-Rosas RC, Barreda-Sánchez M, Belhassen-Garcia M, Bezerra JF, Bezerra MAC, Boix-Palop L, Brion M, Brugada R, Bustos M, Calderón EJ, Carbonell C, Castano L, Castelao JE, Conde-Vicente R, Cordero-Lorenzana ML, Cortes-Sanchez JL, Corton M, Darnaude MT, De Martino-Rodríguez A, Del Campo-Pérez V, Diaz de Bustamante A, Domínguez-Garrido E, Luchessi AD, Eiros R, Estigarribia Sanabria GM, Carmen Fariñas M, Fernández-Robelo U, Fernández-Rodríguez A, Fernández-Villa T, Gil-Fournier B, Gómez-Arrue J, González Álvarez B, Gonzalez Bernaldo de Quirós F, González-Peñas J, Gutiérrez-Bautista JF, Herrero MJ, Herrero-Gonzalez A, Jimenez-Sousa MA, Lattig MC, Liger Borja A, Lopez-Rodriguez R, Mancebo E, Martín-López C, Martín V, Martinez-Nieto O, Martinez-Lopez I, Martinez-Resendez MF, Martinez-Perez A, Mazzeu JF, Merayo Macías E, Minguez P, Moreno Cuerda V, Silbiger VN, Oliveira SF, Ortega-Paino E, Parellada M, Paz-Artal E, Santos NPC, Pérez-Matute P, Perez P, Pérez-Tomás ME, Perucho T, Pinsach-Abuin ML, Pompa-Mera EN, Porras-Hurtado GL, Pujol A, Ramiro León S, Resino S, Fernandes MR, Rodríguez-Ruiz E, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Rodriguez-Garcia JA, Ruiz Cabello F, Ruiz-Hornillos J, Ryan P, Soria JM, Souto JC, Tamayo E, Tamayo-Velasco A, Taracido-Fernandez JC, Teper A, Torres-Tobar L, Urioste M, Valencia-Ramos J, Yáñez Z, Zarate R, Nakanishi T, Pigazzini S, Degenhardt F, Butler-Laporte G, Maya-Miles D, Bujanda L, Bouysran Y, Palom A, Ellinghaus D, Martínez-Bueno M, Rolker S, Amitrano S, Roade L, Fava F, Spinner CD, Prati D, Bernardo D, Garcia F, Darcis G, Fernández-Cadenas I, Holter JC, Banales JM, Frithiof R, Duga S, Asselta R, Pereira AC, Romero-Gómez M, Nafría-Jiménez B, Hov JR, Migeotte I, Renieri A, Planas AM, Ludwig KU, Buti M, Rahmouni S, Alarcón-Riquelme ME, Schulte EC, Franke A, Karlsen TH, Valenti L, Zeberg H, Richards B, Ganna A, Boada M, de Rojas I, Ruiz A, Sánchez-Juan P, Real LM; SCOURGE Cohort Group; HOSTAGE Cohort Group; GRA@CE Cohort Group, Guillen-Navarro E, Ayuso C, González-Neira A, Riancho JA, Rojas-Martinez A, Flores C, Lapunzina P, Carracedo A
Hum Mol Genet 2022 Nov 10;31(22):3789-3806. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddac132. PMID: 35708486Free PMC Article
Minea B, Nastasa V, Kolecka A, Mares M, Marangoci N, Rosca I, Pinteala M, Hancianu M, Mares M
Pol J Microbiol 2016;65(1):123-9. doi: 10.5604/17331331.1197327. PMID: 27282005
Merino AM, Zhang K, Kaslow RA, Aissani B
Immunogenetics 2013 Jul;65(7):543-52. Epub 2013 Apr 12 doi: 10.1007/s00251-013-0700-2. PMID: 23579626Free PMC Article

Diagnosis

Korzeniewska-Koseła M, Wesołowski S
Przegl Epidemiol 2022;76(4):528-546. doi: 10.32394/pe.76.48. PMID: 37017237
Taján J, Espasa M, Sala M, Navarro M, Font B, González-Martín J, Segura F
Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013 May;88(5):914-7. Epub 2013 Feb 18 doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.12-0572. PMID: 23419367Free PMC Article
Rhee SY, Fessel WJ, Liu TF, Marlowe NM, Rowland CM, Rode RA, Vandamme AM, Van Laethem K, Brun-Vezinet F, Calvez V, Taylor J, Hurley L, Horberg M, Shafer RW
J Infect Dis 2009 Aug 1;200(3):453-63. doi: 10.1086/600073. PMID: 19552527Free PMC Article
Fillet AM, Dumont B, Caumes E, Visse B, Agut H, Bricaire F, Huraux JM
J Med Virol 1998 Jul;55(3):250-4. PMID: 9624615
Frankel RM, Boname ME
J Am Optom Assoc 1994 Jul;65(7):472-9. PMID: 7930355

Therapy

Batbold U, Butov DO, Kutsyna GA, Damdinpurev N, Grinishina EA, Mijiddorj O, Kovolev ME, Baasanjav K, Butova TS, Sandagdorj M, Batbold O, Tseveendorj A, Chunt E, Zaitzeva SI, Stepanenko HL, Makeeva NI, Mospan IV, Pylypchuk VS, Rowe JL, Nyasulu P, Jirathitikal V, Bain AI, Tarakanovskaya MG, Bourinbaiar AS
Immunotherapy 2017 Jan;9(1):13-24. Epub 2016 Nov 21 doi: 10.2217/imt-2016-0079. PMID: 27868466
Minea B, Nastasa V, Kolecka A, Mares M, Marangoci N, Rosca I, Pinteala M, Hancianu M, Mares M
Pol J Microbiol 2016;65(1):123-9. doi: 10.5604/17331331.1197327. PMID: 27282005
Fahey JV, Bodwell JE, Hickey DK, Ghosh M, Muia MN, Wira CR
Am J Reprod Immunol 2011 Mar;65(3):334-43. Epub 2011 Jan 12 doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00949.x. PMID: 21223421Free PMC Article
Rhee SY, Fessel WJ, Liu TF, Marlowe NM, Rowland CM, Rode RA, Vandamme AM, Van Laethem K, Brun-Vezinet F, Calvez V, Taylor J, Hurley L, Horberg M, Shafer RW
J Infect Dis 2009 Aug 1;200(3):453-63. doi: 10.1086/600073. PMID: 19552527Free PMC Article
Fillet AM, Dumont B, Caumes E, Visse B, Agut H, Bricaire F, Huraux JM
J Med Virol 1998 Jul;55(3):250-4. PMID: 9624615

Prognosis

Matuozzo D, Talouarn E, Marchal A, Zhang P, Manry J, Seeleuthner Y, Zhang Y, Bolze A, Chaldebas M, Milisavljevic B, Gervais A, Bastard P, Asano T, Bizien L, Barzaghi F, Abolhassani H, Abou Tayoun A, Aiuti A, Alavi Darazam I, Allende LM, Alonso-Arias R, Arias AA, Aytekin G, Bergman P, Bondesan S, Bryceson YT, Bustos IG, Cabrera-Marante O, Carcel S, Carrera P, Casari G, Chaïbi K, Colobran R, Condino-Neto A, Covill LE, Delmonte OM, El Zein L, Flores C, Gregersen PK, Gut M, Haerynck F, Halwani R, Hancerli S, Hammarström L, Hatipoğlu N, Karbuz A, Keles S, Kyheng C, Leon-Lopez R, Franco JL, Mansouri D, Martinez-Picado J, Metin Akcan O, Migeotte I, Morange PE, Morelle G, Martin-Nalda A, Novelli G, Novelli A, Ozcelik T, Palabiyik F, Pan-Hammarström Q, de Diego RP, Planas-Serra L, Pleguezuelo DE, Prando C, Pujol A, Reyes LF, Rivière JG, Rodriguez-Gallego C, Rojas J, Rovere-Querini P, Schlüter A, Shahrooei M, Sobh A, Soler-Palacin P, Tandjaoui-Lambiotte Y, Tipu I, Tresoldi C, Troya J, van de Beek D, Zatz M, Zawadzki P, Al-Muhsen SZ, Alosaimi MF, Alsohime FM, Baris-Feldman H, Butte MJ, Constantinescu SN, Cooper MA, Dalgard CL, Fellay J, Heath JR, Lau YL, Lifton RP, Maniatis T, Mogensen TH, von Bernuth H, Lermine A, Vidaud M, Boland A, Deleuze JF, Nussbaum R, Kahn-Kirby A, Mentre F, Tubiana S, Gorochov G, Tubach F, Hausfater P; COVID Human Genetic Effort; COVIDeF Study Group; French COVID Cohort Study Group; CoV-Contact Cohort; COVID-STORM Clinicians; COVID Clinicians; Orchestra Working Group; Amsterdam UMC Covid-19 Biobank; NIAID-USUHS COVID Study Group, Meyts I, Zhang SY, Puel A, Notarangelo LD, Boisson-Dupuis S, Su HC, Boisson B, Jouanguy E, Casanova JL, Zhang Q, Abel L, Cobat A
Genome Med 2023 Apr 5;15(1):22. doi: 10.1186/s13073-023-01173-8. PMID: 37020259Free PMC Article
Cruz R, Diz-de Almeida S, López de Heredia M, Quintela I, Ceballos FC, Pita G, Lorenzo-Salazar JM, González-Montelongo R, Gago-Domínguez M, Sevilla Porras M, Tenorio Castaño JA, Nevado J, Aguado JM, Aguilar C, Aguilera-Albesa S, Almadana V, Almoguera B, Alvarez N, Andreu-Bernabeu Á, Arana-Arri E, Arango C, Arranz MJ, Artiga MJ, Baptista-Rosas RC, Barreda-Sánchez M, Belhassen-Garcia M, Bezerra JF, Bezerra MAC, Boix-Palop L, Brion M, Brugada R, Bustos M, Calderón EJ, Carbonell C, Castano L, Castelao JE, Conde-Vicente R, Cordero-Lorenzana ML, Cortes-Sanchez JL, Corton M, Darnaude MT, De Martino-Rodríguez A, Del Campo-Pérez V, Diaz de Bustamante A, Domínguez-Garrido E, Luchessi AD, Eiros R, Estigarribia Sanabria GM, Carmen Fariñas M, Fernández-Robelo U, Fernández-Rodríguez A, Fernández-Villa T, Gil-Fournier B, Gómez-Arrue J, González Álvarez B, Gonzalez Bernaldo de Quirós F, González-Peñas J, Gutiérrez-Bautista JF, Herrero MJ, Herrero-Gonzalez A, Jimenez-Sousa MA, Lattig MC, Liger Borja A, Lopez-Rodriguez R, Mancebo E, Martín-López C, Martín V, Martinez-Nieto O, Martinez-Lopez I, Martinez-Resendez MF, Martinez-Perez A, Mazzeu JF, Merayo Macías E, Minguez P, Moreno Cuerda V, Silbiger VN, Oliveira SF, Ortega-Paino E, Parellada M, Paz-Artal E, Santos NPC, Pérez-Matute P, Perez P, Pérez-Tomás ME, Perucho T, Pinsach-Abuin ML, Pompa-Mera EN, Porras-Hurtado GL, Pujol A, Ramiro León S, Resino S, Fernandes MR, Rodríguez-Ruiz E, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Rodriguez-Garcia JA, Ruiz Cabello F, Ruiz-Hornillos J, Ryan P, Soria JM, Souto JC, Tamayo E, Tamayo-Velasco A, Taracido-Fernandez JC, Teper A, Torres-Tobar L, Urioste M, Valencia-Ramos J, Yáñez Z, Zarate R, Nakanishi T, Pigazzini S, Degenhardt F, Butler-Laporte G, Maya-Miles D, Bujanda L, Bouysran Y, Palom A, Ellinghaus D, Martínez-Bueno M, Rolker S, Amitrano S, Roade L, Fava F, Spinner CD, Prati D, Bernardo D, Garcia F, Darcis G, Fernández-Cadenas I, Holter JC, Banales JM, Frithiof R, Duga S, Asselta R, Pereira AC, Romero-Gómez M, Nafría-Jiménez B, Hov JR, Migeotte I, Renieri A, Planas AM, Ludwig KU, Buti M, Rahmouni S, Alarcón-Riquelme ME, Schulte EC, Franke A, Karlsen TH, Valenti L, Zeberg H, Richards B, Ganna A, Boada M, de Rojas I, Ruiz A, Sánchez-Juan P, Real LM; SCOURGE Cohort Group; HOSTAGE Cohort Group; GRA@CE Cohort Group, Guillen-Navarro E, Ayuso C, González-Neira A, Riancho JA, Rojas-Martinez A, Flores C, Lapunzina P, Carracedo A
Hum Mol Genet 2022 Nov 10;31(22):3789-3806. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddac132. PMID: 35708486Free PMC Article
Rhee SY, Fessel WJ, Liu TF, Marlowe NM, Rowland CM, Rode RA, Vandamme AM, Van Laethem K, Brun-Vezinet F, Calvez V, Taylor J, Hurley L, Horberg M, Shafer RW
J Infect Dis 2009 Aug 1;200(3):453-63. doi: 10.1086/600073. PMID: 19552527Free PMC Article
Frankel RM, Boname ME
J Am Optom Assoc 1994 Jul;65(7):472-9. PMID: 7930355
Cohn SE, Knorr KL, Gilligan PH, Smiley ML, Weber DJ
Am Rev Respir Dis 1993 Feb;147(2):411-3. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/147.2.411. PMID: 8430967

Clinical prediction guides

Matuozzo D, Talouarn E, Marchal A, Zhang P, Manry J, Seeleuthner Y, Zhang Y, Bolze A, Chaldebas M, Milisavljevic B, Gervais A, Bastard P, Asano T, Bizien L, Barzaghi F, Abolhassani H, Abou Tayoun A, Aiuti A, Alavi Darazam I, Allende LM, Alonso-Arias R, Arias AA, Aytekin G, Bergman P, Bondesan S, Bryceson YT, Bustos IG, Cabrera-Marante O, Carcel S, Carrera P, Casari G, Chaïbi K, Colobran R, Condino-Neto A, Covill LE, Delmonte OM, El Zein L, Flores C, Gregersen PK, Gut M, Haerynck F, Halwani R, Hancerli S, Hammarström L, Hatipoğlu N, Karbuz A, Keles S, Kyheng C, Leon-Lopez R, Franco JL, Mansouri D, Martinez-Picado J, Metin Akcan O, Migeotte I, Morange PE, Morelle G, Martin-Nalda A, Novelli G, Novelli A, Ozcelik T, Palabiyik F, Pan-Hammarström Q, de Diego RP, Planas-Serra L, Pleguezuelo DE, Prando C, Pujol A, Reyes LF, Rivière JG, Rodriguez-Gallego C, Rojas J, Rovere-Querini P, Schlüter A, Shahrooei M, Sobh A, Soler-Palacin P, Tandjaoui-Lambiotte Y, Tipu I, Tresoldi C, Troya J, van de Beek D, Zatz M, Zawadzki P, Al-Muhsen SZ, Alosaimi MF, Alsohime FM, Baris-Feldman H, Butte MJ, Constantinescu SN, Cooper MA, Dalgard CL, Fellay J, Heath JR, Lau YL, Lifton RP, Maniatis T, Mogensen TH, von Bernuth H, Lermine A, Vidaud M, Boland A, Deleuze JF, Nussbaum R, Kahn-Kirby A, Mentre F, Tubiana S, Gorochov G, Tubach F, Hausfater P; COVID Human Genetic Effort; COVIDeF Study Group; French COVID Cohort Study Group; CoV-Contact Cohort; COVID-STORM Clinicians; COVID Clinicians; Orchestra Working Group; Amsterdam UMC Covid-19 Biobank; NIAID-USUHS COVID Study Group, Meyts I, Zhang SY, Puel A, Notarangelo LD, Boisson-Dupuis S, Su HC, Boisson B, Jouanguy E, Casanova JL, Zhang Q, Abel L, Cobat A
Genome Med 2023 Apr 5;15(1):22. doi: 10.1186/s13073-023-01173-8. PMID: 37020259Free PMC Article
Korzeniewska-Koseła M, Wesołowski S
Przegl Epidemiol 2022;76(4):528-546. doi: 10.32394/pe.76.48. PMID: 37017237
Cruz R, Diz-de Almeida S, López de Heredia M, Quintela I, Ceballos FC, Pita G, Lorenzo-Salazar JM, González-Montelongo R, Gago-Domínguez M, Sevilla Porras M, Tenorio Castaño JA, Nevado J, Aguado JM, Aguilar C, Aguilera-Albesa S, Almadana V, Almoguera B, Alvarez N, Andreu-Bernabeu Á, Arana-Arri E, Arango C, Arranz MJ, Artiga MJ, Baptista-Rosas RC, Barreda-Sánchez M, Belhassen-Garcia M, Bezerra JF, Bezerra MAC, Boix-Palop L, Brion M, Brugada R, Bustos M, Calderón EJ, Carbonell C, Castano L, Castelao JE, Conde-Vicente R, Cordero-Lorenzana ML, Cortes-Sanchez JL, Corton M, Darnaude MT, De Martino-Rodríguez A, Del Campo-Pérez V, Diaz de Bustamante A, Domínguez-Garrido E, Luchessi AD, Eiros R, Estigarribia Sanabria GM, Carmen Fariñas M, Fernández-Robelo U, Fernández-Rodríguez A, Fernández-Villa T, Gil-Fournier B, Gómez-Arrue J, González Álvarez B, Gonzalez Bernaldo de Quirós F, González-Peñas J, Gutiérrez-Bautista JF, Herrero MJ, Herrero-Gonzalez A, Jimenez-Sousa MA, Lattig MC, Liger Borja A, Lopez-Rodriguez R, Mancebo E, Martín-López C, Martín V, Martinez-Nieto O, Martinez-Lopez I, Martinez-Resendez MF, Martinez-Perez A, Mazzeu JF, Merayo Macías E, Minguez P, Moreno Cuerda V, Silbiger VN, Oliveira SF, Ortega-Paino E, Parellada M, Paz-Artal E, Santos NPC, Pérez-Matute P, Perez P, Pérez-Tomás ME, Perucho T, Pinsach-Abuin ML, Pompa-Mera EN, Porras-Hurtado GL, Pujol A, Ramiro León S, Resino S, Fernandes MR, Rodríguez-Ruiz E, Rodriguez-Artalejo F, Rodriguez-Garcia JA, Ruiz Cabello F, Ruiz-Hornillos J, Ryan P, Soria JM, Souto JC, Tamayo E, Tamayo-Velasco A, Taracido-Fernandez JC, Teper A, Torres-Tobar L, Urioste M, Valencia-Ramos J, Yáñez Z, Zarate R, Nakanishi T, Pigazzini S, Degenhardt F, Butler-Laporte G, Maya-Miles D, Bujanda L, Bouysran Y, Palom A, Ellinghaus D, Martínez-Bueno M, Rolker S, Amitrano S, Roade L, Fava F, Spinner CD, Prati D, Bernardo D, Garcia F, Darcis G, Fernández-Cadenas I, Holter JC, Banales JM, Frithiof R, Duga S, Asselta R, Pereira AC, Romero-Gómez M, Nafría-Jiménez B, Hov JR, Migeotte I, Renieri A, Planas AM, Ludwig KU, Buti M, Rahmouni S, Alarcón-Riquelme ME, Schulte EC, Franke A, Karlsen TH, Valenti L, Zeberg H, Richards B, Ganna A, Boada M, de Rojas I, Ruiz A, Sánchez-Juan P, Real LM; SCOURGE Cohort Group; HOSTAGE Cohort Group; GRA@CE Cohort Group, Guillen-Navarro E, Ayuso C, González-Neira A, Riancho JA, Rojas-Martinez A, Flores C, Lapunzina P, Carracedo A
Hum Mol Genet 2022 Nov 10;31(22):3789-3806. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddac132. PMID: 35708486Free PMC Article
Rhee SY, Fessel WJ, Liu TF, Marlowe NM, Rowland CM, Rode RA, Vandamme AM, Van Laethem K, Brun-Vezinet F, Calvez V, Taylor J, Hurley L, Horberg M, Shafer RW
J Infect Dis 2009 Aug 1;200(3):453-63. doi: 10.1086/600073. PMID: 19552527Free PMC Article
Maninder J, Usha A
J Commun Dis 2008 Sep;40(3):177-81. PMID: 19245155

Recent systematic reviews

Keyvanfar A, Najafiarab H, Talebian N, Tafti MF, Adeli G, Ghasemi Z, Tehrani S
BMC Infect Dis 2024 May 31;24(1):546. doi: 10.1186/s12879-024-09442-6. PMID: 38822256Free PMC Article
Moawad MHED, Mohamed Shalaby MM, Hamouda E, Mahfouz A, Mouffokes A, Hamouda H, Abbas A, Abdelgawad HAH
J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2024 Apr 15;95(5):399-410. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000003382. PMID: 38489489
Sulaiman SK, Musa MS, Tsiga-Ahmed FI, Sulaiman AK, Bako AT
Nat Hum Behav 2024 Jan;8(1):100-114. Epub 2023 Oct 30 doi: 10.1038/s41562-023-01733-3. PMID: 37904021Free PMC Article
Newman PA, Logie C
AIDS 2010 Jul 17;24(11):1749-56. doi: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32833adbe8. PMID: 20597165
Lin D, Rieder MJ
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007 Apr 18;(2):CD005645. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD005645.pub2. PMID: 17443607

Supplemental Content

Table of contents

    Clinical resources

    Practice guidelines

    • PubMed
      See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.

    Consumer resources

    Recent activity

    Your browsing activity is empty.

    Activity recording is turned off.

    Turn recording back on

    See more...