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Leukodystrophy, hypomyelinating, 15(HLD15)

MedGen UID:
1633653
Concept ID:
C4693733
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: HLD15; LEUKODYSTROPHY, HYPOMYELINATING, 15
 
Gene (location): EPRS1 (1q41)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0054782
OMIM®: 617951

Definition

Hypomyelinating leukodystrophy-15 (HLD15) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by onset of motor and cognitive impairment in the first or second decade of life. Features include dystonia, ataxia, spasticity, and dysphagia. Most patients develop severe optic atrophy, and some have hearing loss. Brain imaging shows hypomyelinating leukodystrophy with thin corpus callosum. The severity of the disorder is variable (summary by Mendes et al., 2018) For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of HLD, see 312080. [from OMIM]

Clinical features

From HPO
Severe short stature
MedGen UID:
3931
Concept ID:
C0013336
Disease or Syndrome
A severe degree of short stature, more than -4 SD from the mean corrected for age and sex.
Failure to thrive
MedGen UID:
746019
Concept ID:
C2315100
Disease or Syndrome
Failure to thrive (FTT) refers to a child whose physical growth is substantially below the norm.
Dysphagia
MedGen UID:
41440
Concept ID:
C0011168
Disease or Syndrome
Difficulty in swallowing.
Tube feeding
MedGen UID:
8641
Concept ID:
C0014327
Therapeutic or Preventive Procedure
Feeding problem necessitating food and nutrient delivery via a tube.
Feeding difficulties
MedGen UID:
65429
Concept ID:
C0232466
Finding
Impaired ability to eat related to problems gathering food and getting ready to suck, chew, or swallow it.
Sensorineural hearing loss disorder
MedGen UID:
9164
Concept ID:
C0018784
Disease or Syndrome
A type of hearing impairment in one or both ears related to an abnormal functionality of the cochlear nerve.
Athetosis
MedGen UID:
2115
Concept ID:
C0004158
Disease or Syndrome
A slow, continuous, involuntary writhing movement that prevents maintenance of a stable posture. Athetosis involves continuous smooth movements that appear random and are not composed of recognizable sub-movements or movement fragments. In contrast to chorea, in athetosis, the same regions of the body are repeatedly involved. Athetosis may worsen with attempts at movement of posture, but athetosis can also occur at rest.
Cerebellar ataxia
MedGen UID:
849
Concept ID:
C0007758
Disease or Syndrome
Cerebellar ataxia refers to ataxia due to dysfunction of the cerebellum. This causes a variety of elementary neurological deficits including asynergy (lack of coordination between muscles, limbs and joints), dysmetria (lack of ability to judge distances that can lead to under- or overshoot in grasping movements), and dysdiadochokinesia (inability to perform rapid movements requiring antagonizing muscle groups to be switched on and off repeatedly).
Dysarthria
MedGen UID:
8510
Concept ID:
C0013362
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Dysarthric speech is a general description referring to a neurological speech disorder characterized by poor articulation. Depending on the involved neurological structures, dysarthria may be further classified as spastic, flaccid, ataxic, hyperkinetic and hypokinetic, or mixed.
Dystonic disorder
MedGen UID:
3940
Concept ID:
C0013421
Sign or Symptom
An abnormally increased muscular tone that causes fixed abnormal postures. There is a slow, intermittent twisting motion that leads to exaggerated turning and posture of the extremities and trunk.
Leukodystrophy
MedGen UID:
6070
Concept ID:
C0023520
Disease or Syndrome
Leukodystrophy refers to deterioration of white matter of the brain resulting from degeneration of myelin sheaths in the CNS. Their basic defect is directly related to the synthesis and maintenance of myelin membranes. Symmetric white matter involvement at MRI is a typical finding in patients with leukodystrophies.
Spasticity
MedGen UID:
7753
Concept ID:
C0026838
Sign or Symptom
A motor disorder characterized by a velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes with increased muscle tone, exaggerated (hyperexcitable) tendon reflexes.
Seizure
MedGen UID:
20693
Concept ID:
C0036572
Sign or Symptom
A seizure is an intermittent abnormality of nervous system physiology characterized by a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.
Abnormal pyramidal sign
MedGen UID:
68582
Concept ID:
C0234132
Sign or Symptom
Functional neurological abnormalities related to dysfunction of the pyramidal tract.
Prosopagnosia
MedGen UID:
65884
Concept ID:
C0234512
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Inability to recognize faces of familiar persons.
Cerebral atrophy
MedGen UID:
116012
Concept ID:
C0235946
Disease or Syndrome
Atrophy (wasting, decrease in size of cells or tissue) affecting the cerebrum.
Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum
MedGen UID:
138005
Concept ID:
C0344482
Congenital Abnormality
Underdevelopment of the corpus callosum.
Global developmental delay
MedGen UID:
107838
Concept ID:
C0557874
Finding
A delay in the achievement of motor or mental milestones in the domains of development of a child, including motor skills, speech and language, cognitive skills, and social and emotional skills. This term should only be used to describe children younger than five years of age.
Cerebellar atrophy
MedGen UID:
196624
Concept ID:
C0740279
Disease or Syndrome
Cerebellar atrophy is defined as a cerebellum with initially normal structures, in a posterior fossa with normal size, which displays enlarged fissures (interfolial spaces) in comparison to the foliae secondary to loss of tissue. Cerebellar atrophy implies irreversible loss of tissue and result from an ongoing progressive disease until a final stage is reached or a single injury, e.g. an intoxication or infectious event.
Developmental regression
MedGen UID:
324613
Concept ID:
C1836830
Disease or Syndrome
Loss of developmental skills, as manifested by loss of developmental milestones.
Loss of ambulation
MedGen UID:
332305
Concept ID:
C1836843
Finding
Inability to walk in a person who previous had the ability to walk.
Motor delay
MedGen UID:
381392
Concept ID:
C1854301
Finding
A type of Developmental delay characterized by a delay in acquiring motor skills.
Motor regression
MedGen UID:
478627
Concept ID:
C3276997
Finding
Loss of previously achieved motor skills, as manifested by loss of developmental motor milestones.
Cognitive regression
MedGen UID:
815091
Concept ID:
C3808761
Finding
Loss of cognitive developmental skills, as manifested by loss of developmental cognitive milestones.
CNS hypomyelination
MedGen UID:
892446
Concept ID:
C4025616
Finding
Reduced amount of myelin in the central nervous system resulting from defective myelinogenesis.
Intention tremor
MedGen UID:
1642960
Concept ID:
C4551520
Sign or Symptom
A type of kinetic tremor that occurs during target directed movement is called intention tremor. That is, an oscillatory cerebellar ataxia that tends to be absent when the limbs are inactive and during the first part of voluntary movement but worsening as the movement continues and greater precision is required (e.g., in touching a target such as the patient's nose or a physician's finger).
Microcephaly
MedGen UID:
1644158
Concept ID:
C4551563
Finding
Head circumference below 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender.
Amblyopia
MedGen UID:
8009
Concept ID:
C0002418
Disease or Syndrome
Reduced visual acuity that is uncorrectable by lenses in the absence of detectable anatomic defects in the eye or visual pathways.
Hypermetropia
MedGen UID:
43780
Concept ID:
C0020490
Disease or Syndrome
An abnormality of refraction characterized by the ability to see objects in the distance clearly, while objects nearby appear blurry.
Nystagmus
MedGen UID:
45166
Concept ID:
C0028738
Disease or Syndrome
Rhythmic, involuntary oscillations of one or both eyes related to abnormality in fixation, conjugate gaze, or vestibular mechanisms.
Optic atrophy
MedGen UID:
18180
Concept ID:
C0029124
Disease or Syndrome
Atrophy of the optic nerve. Optic atrophy results from the death of the retinal ganglion cell axons that comprise the optic nerve and manifesting as a pale optic nerve on fundoscopy.
Progressive visual loss
MedGen UID:
326867
Concept ID:
C1839364
Finding
A reduction of previously attained ability to see.
Visual loss
MedGen UID:
784038
Concept ID:
C3665386
Finding
Loss of visual acuity (implying that vision was better at a certain time point in life). Otherwise the term reduced visual acuity should be used (or a subclass of that).

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Sartorelli J, Travaglini L, Macchiaiolo M, Garone G, Gonfiantini MV, Vecchio D, Sinibaldi L, Frascarelli F, Ceccatelli V, Petrillo S, Piemonte F, Piccolo G, Novelli A, Longo D, Pro S, D'Amico A, Bertini ES, Nicita F
Genes (Basel) 2024 Apr 18;15(4) doi: 10.3390/genes15040508. PMID: 38674442Free PMC Article
Sager G, Türkyilmaz A, Günbey HP, Taş İ, Ozhelvaci F, Akin Y
Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2023 May;44:51-56. Epub 2023 Apr 28 doi: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2023.04.002. PMID: 37141741
Yoon Han J, Gon Cho Y, Park J, Jang W
Clin Chim Acta 2022 Aug 1;533:15-21. Epub 2022 Jun 9 doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.06.007. PMID: 35691411
Yan H, Ji H, Kubisiak T, Wu Y, Xiao J, Gu Q, Yang Y, Xie H, Ji T, Gao K, Li D, Xiong H, Shi Z, Li M, Zhang Y, Duan R, Bao X, Jiang Y, Burmeister M, Wang J
J Hum Genet 2021 Aug;66(8):761-768. Epub 2021 Feb 18 doi: 10.1038/s10038-020-00896-5. PMID: 33597727Free PMC Article
Arai-Ichinoi N, Uematsu M, Sato R, Suzuki T, Kudo H, Kikuchi A, Hino-Fukuyo N, Matsumoto M, Igarashi K, Haginoya K, Kure S
Hum Genet 2016 Jan;135(1):89-98. Epub 2015 Nov 23 doi: 10.1007/s00439-015-1617-7. PMID: 26597493

Diagnosis

Sartorelli J, Travaglini L, Macchiaiolo M, Garone G, Gonfiantini MV, Vecchio D, Sinibaldi L, Frascarelli F, Ceccatelli V, Petrillo S, Piemonte F, Piccolo G, Novelli A, Longo D, Pro S, D'Amico A, Bertini ES, Nicita F
Genes (Basel) 2024 Apr 18;15(4) doi: 10.3390/genes15040508. PMID: 38674442Free PMC Article
Ashrafi M, Kameli R, Hosseinpour S, Razmara E, Zamani Z, Rezaei Z, Mashayekhi R, Pak N, Barzegar M, Azizimalamiri R, Kashani MR, Khosroshahi N, Rasulinezhad M, Heidari M, Amanat M, Abdi A, Mohammadi B, Mohammadi M, Zamani GR, Badv RS, Omrani A, Nikbakht S, Bereshneh AH, Movahedinia M, Moghaddam HF, Ardakani HS, Akbari MG, Tousi MB, Shahi MV, Hosseini F, Amouzadeh MH, Hosseini SA, Nikkhah A, Khajeh A, Alizadeh H, Yarali B, Rohani M, Karimi P, Elahi HML, Hosseiny SMM, Sadeghzadeh MS, Mohebbi H, Moghadam MH, Aryan H, Vahidnezhad H, Soveizi M, Rabbani B, Rabbani A, Mahdieh N, Garshasbi M, Tavasoli AR
Neurogenetics 2023 Oct;24(4):279-289. Epub 2023 Aug 19 doi: 10.1007/s10048-023-00730-y. PMID: 37597066
Yan H, Ji H, Kubisiak T, Wu Y, Xiao J, Gu Q, Yang Y, Xie H, Ji T, Gao K, Li D, Xiong H, Shi Z, Li M, Zhang Y, Duan R, Bao X, Jiang Y, Burmeister M, Wang J
J Hum Genet 2021 Aug;66(8):761-768. Epub 2021 Feb 18 doi: 10.1038/s10038-020-00896-5. PMID: 33597727Free PMC Article
Baldi C, Bertoli-Avella AM, Al-Sannaa N, Alfadhel M, Al-Thihli K, Alameer S, Elmonairy AA, Al Shamsi AM, Abdelrahman HA, Al-Gazali L, Shawli A, Al-Hakami F, Yavuz H, Kandaswamy KK, Rolfs A, Brandau O, Bauer P
Clin Genet 2018 May;93(5):1087-1092. doi: 10.1111/cge.13221. PMID: 29388673
Arai-Ichinoi N, Uematsu M, Sato R, Suzuki T, Kudo H, Kikuchi A, Hino-Fukuyo N, Matsumoto M, Igarashi K, Haginoya K, Kure S
Hum Genet 2016 Jan;135(1):89-98. Epub 2015 Nov 23 doi: 10.1007/s00439-015-1617-7. PMID: 26597493

Therapy

Brunetti S, Malerba L, Giordano L, Parrini E, Guerrini R, Palumbo G, Parazzini C, Bestetti I, Accorsi P
Am J Med Genet A 2021 Aug;185(8):2526-2531. Epub 2021 May 19 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62345. PMID: 34008900

Prognosis

Siori D, Vlachakis D, Makrythanasis P, Traeger-Synodinos J, Veltra D, Kampouraki A, Chrousos GP
Genes (Basel) 2024 Apr 23;15(5) doi: 10.3390/genes15050525. PMID: 38790154Free PMC Article
Khan D, Ramachandiran I, Vasu K, China A, Khan K, Cumbo F, Halawani D, Terenzi F, Zin I, Long B, Costain G, Blaser S, Carnevale A, Gogonea V, Dutta R, Blankenberg D, Yoon G, Fox PL
Nat Commun 2024 May 20;15(1):4284. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-48549-x. PMID: 38769304Free PMC Article
Chapleau A, Mirchi A, Tran LT, Poulin C, Bernard G
Pediatr Neurol 2023 Nov;148:133-137. Epub 2023 Aug 19 doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2023.08.013. PMID: 37713976
Battini R, Bertelloni S, Astrea G, Casarano M, Travaglini L, Baroncelli G, Pasquariello R, Bertini E, Cioni G
BMC Med Genet 2015 Jul 25;16:53. doi: 10.1186/s12881-015-0203-0. PMID: 26204956Free PMC Article
Numata Y, Gotoh L, Iwaki A, Kurosawa K, Takanashi J, Deguchi K, Yamamoto T, Osaka H, Inoue K
J Neurol 2014 Apr;261(4):752-8. Epub 2014 Feb 16 doi: 10.1007/s00415-014-7263-5. PMID: 24532200

Clinical prediction guides

Khan D, Ramachandiran I, Vasu K, China A, Khan K, Cumbo F, Halawani D, Terenzi F, Zin I, Long B, Costain G, Blaser S, Carnevale A, Gogonea V, Dutta R, Blankenberg D, Yoon G, Fox PL
Nat Commun 2024 May 20;15(1):4284. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-48549-x. PMID: 38769304Free PMC Article
Sartorelli J, Travaglini L, Macchiaiolo M, Garone G, Gonfiantini MV, Vecchio D, Sinibaldi L, Frascarelli F, Ceccatelli V, Petrillo S, Piemonte F, Piccolo G, Novelli A, Longo D, Pro S, D'Amico A, Bertini ES, Nicita F
Genes (Basel) 2024 Apr 18;15(4) doi: 10.3390/genes15040508. PMID: 38674442Free PMC Article
Chapleau A, Mirchi A, Tran LT, Poulin C, Bernard G
Pediatr Neurol 2023 Nov;148:133-137. Epub 2023 Aug 19 doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2023.08.013. PMID: 37713976
Baldi C, Bertoli-Avella AM, Al-Sannaa N, Alfadhel M, Al-Thihli K, Alameer S, Elmonairy AA, Al Shamsi AM, Abdelrahman HA, Al-Gazali L, Shawli A, Al-Hakami F, Yavuz H, Kandaswamy KK, Rolfs A, Brandau O, Bauer P
Clin Genet 2018 May;93(5):1087-1092. doi: 10.1111/cge.13221. PMID: 29388673
Numata Y, Gotoh L, Iwaki A, Kurosawa K, Takanashi J, Deguchi K, Yamamoto T, Osaka H, Inoue K
J Neurol 2014 Apr;261(4):752-8. Epub 2014 Feb 16 doi: 10.1007/s00415-014-7263-5. PMID: 24532200

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