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Immunodeficiency-centromeric instability-facial anomalies syndrome 2(ICF2)

MedGen UID:
481378
Concept ID:
C3279748
Disease or Syndrome
Synonym: ICF2
 
Gene (location): ZBTB24 (6q21)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0013553
OMIM®: 614069

Definition

Immunodeficiency, centromeric instability, and facial dysmorphism (ICF) syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by facial dysmorphism, immunoglobulin deficiency resulting in recurrent infections, and mental retardation. Laboratory studies of patient cells show hypomethylation of satellite regions of chromosomes 1, 9, and 16, as well as pericentromeric chromosomal instability in response to phytohemagglutinin stimulation (summary by de Greef et al., 2011). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of immunodeficiency-centromeric instability-facial anomalies syndrome, see ICF1 (242860). [from OMIM]

Clinical features

From HPO
Growth delay
MedGen UID:
99124
Concept ID:
C0456070
Pathologic Function
A deficiency or slowing down of growth pre- and postnatally.
Diarrhea
MedGen UID:
8360
Concept ID:
C0011991
Sign or Symptom
Abnormally increased frequency (usually defined as three or more) loose or watery bowel movements a day.
Low-set ears
MedGen UID:
65980
Concept ID:
C0239234
Congenital Abnormality
Upper insertion of the ear to the scalp below an imaginary horizontal line drawn between the inner canthi of the eye and extending posteriorly to the ear.
Global developmental delay
MedGen UID:
107838
Concept ID:
C0557874
Finding
A delay in the achievement of motor or mental milestones in the domains of development of a child, including motor skills, speech and language, cognitive skills, and social and emotional skills. This term should only be used to describe children younger than five years of age.
Motor delay
MedGen UID:
381392
Concept ID:
C1854301
Finding
A type of Developmental delay characterized by a delay in acquiring motor skills.
Intellectual disability
MedGen UID:
811461
Concept ID:
C3714756
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Intellectual disability, previously referred to as mental retardation, is characterized by subnormal intellectual functioning that occurs during the developmental period. It is defined by an IQ score below 70.
Retrognathia
MedGen UID:
19766
Concept ID:
C0035353
Congenital Abnormality
An abnormality in which the mandible is mislocalised posteriorly.
Chronic bronchitis
MedGen UID:
3084
Concept ID:
C0008677
Disease or Syndrome
Chronic inflammation of the bronchi.
Recurrent upper respiratory tract infections
MedGen UID:
154380
Concept ID:
C0581381
Disease or Syndrome
An increased susceptibility to upper respiratory tract infections as manifested by a history of recurrent upper respiratory tract infections (running ears - otitis, sinusitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis).
Immunodeficiency
MedGen UID:
7034
Concept ID:
C0021051
Disease or Syndrome
Failure of the immune system to protect the body adequately from infection, due to the absence or insufficiency of some component process or substance.
Pneumonia
MedGen UID:
10813
Concept ID:
C0032285
Disease or Syndrome
Inflammation of any part of the lung parenchyma.
Decreased circulating IgA concentration
MedGen UID:
57934
Concept ID:
C0162538
Disease or Syndrome
Decreased levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA).
Decreased circulating total IgM
MedGen UID:
116095
Concept ID:
C0239989
Finding
An abnormally decreased level of immunoglobulin M (IgM) in blood.
Recurrent infections
MedGen UID:
65998
Concept ID:
C0239998
Finding
Increased susceptibility to infections.
Pneumocystosis
MedGen UID:
777048
Concept ID:
C1535939
Disease or Syndrome
An opportunistic disease caused by invasion of unicellular fungus Pneumocystis jirovecii. Transmission of P. jirovecii cysts takes place through the airborne route, and usually, its presence in lungs is asymptomatic. However, people with impaired immunity, especially those with CD4+ T cell count below 200/microliter, are still at risk of the development of Pneumocystis pneumonia due to P. jirovecii invasion. Symptoms induced by this disease are not specific
B lymphocytopenia
MedGen UID:
340780
Concept ID:
C1855067
Finding
An abnormal decrease from the normal count of B cells.
Recurrent candida infections
MedGen UID:
348028
Concept ID:
C1860128
Finding
An increased susceptibility to candida infections, as manifested by a history of recurrent episodes of candida infections.
Decreased circulating antibody concentration
MedGen UID:
892481
Concept ID:
C4048270
Finding
An abnormally decreased level of immunoglobulin in blood.
Decreased circulating IgG concentration
MedGen UID:
1720114
Concept ID:
C5234937
Finding
An abnormally decreased level of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in blood.
Round face
MedGen UID:
116087
Concept ID:
C0239479
Finding
The facial appearance is more circular than usual as viewed from the front.
High palate
MedGen UID:
66814
Concept ID:
C0240635
Congenital Abnormality
Height of the palate more than 2 SD above the mean (objective) or palatal height at the level of the first permanent molar more than twice the height of the teeth (subjective).
Epicanthus
MedGen UID:
151862
Concept ID:
C0678230
Congenital Abnormality
Epicanthus is a condition in which a fold of skin stretches from the upper to the lower eyelid, partially covering the inner canthus. Usher (1935) noted that epicanthus is a normal finding in the fetus of all races. Epicanthus also occurs in association with hereditary ptosis (110100).
Depressed nasal bridge
MedGen UID:
373112
Concept ID:
C1836542
Finding
Posterior positioning of the nasal root in relation to the overall facial profile for age.
Anteverted nares
MedGen UID:
326648
Concept ID:
C1840077
Finding
Anteriorly-facing nostrils viewed with the head in the Frankfurt horizontal and the eyes of the observer level with the eyes of the subject. This gives the appearance of an upturned nose (upturned nasal tip).
Short nose
MedGen UID:
343052
Concept ID:
C1854114
Finding
Distance from nasion to subnasale more than two standard deviations below the mean, or alternatively, an apparently decreased length from the nasal root to the nasal tip.
Short chin
MedGen UID:
784514
Concept ID:
C3697248
Finding
Decreased vertical distance from the vermilion border of the lower lip to the inferior-most point of the chin.
Hypertelorism
MedGen UID:
9373
Concept ID:
C0020534
Finding
Although hypertelorism means an excessive distance between any paired organs (e.g., the nipples), the use of the word has come to be confined to ocular hypertelorism. Hypertelorism occurs as an isolated feature and is also a feature of many syndromes, e.g., Opitz G syndrome (see 300000), Greig cephalopolysyndactyly (175700), and Noonan syndrome (163950) (summary by Cohen et al., 1995).

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Sagie S, Edni O, Weinberg J, Toubiana S, Kozlovski T, Frostig T, Katzin N, Bar-Am I, Selig S
Hum Mol Genet 2017 Nov 1;26(21):4244-4256. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddx313. PMID: 28973513
Nitta H, Unoki M, Ichiyanagi K, Kosho T, Shigemura T, Takahashi H, Velasco G, Francastel C, Picard C, Kubota T, Sasaki H
J Hum Genet 2013 Jul;58(7):455-60. Epub 2013 Jun 6 doi: 10.1038/jhg.2013.56. PMID: 23739126
De Bonis ML, Cerase A, Matarazzo MR, Ferraro M, Strazzullo M, Hansen RS, Chiurazzi P, Neri G, D'Esposito M
Hum Mol Genet 2006 Apr 1;15(7):1123-32. Epub 2006 Feb 24 doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddl027. PMID: 16500999

Diagnosis

Bilgic Eltan S, Nain E, Catak MC, Ezen E, Sefer AP, Karimi N, Kiykim A, Kolukisa B, Baser D, Bulutoglu A, Kasap N, Yorgun Altunbas M, Yalcin Gungoren E, Kendir Demirkol Y, Kutlug S, Hancioglu G, Dilek F, Yildiran A, Ozen A, Karakoc-Aydiner E, Erman B, Baris S
J Clin Immunol 2023 Dec 22;44(1):26. doi: 10.1007/s10875-023-01620-6. PMID: 38129713
Kiaee F, Zaki-Dizaji M, Hafezi N, Almasi-Hashiani A, Hamedifar H, Sabzevari A, Shirkani A, Zian Z, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Aghamahdi F, Goudarzvand M, Yazdani R, Abolhassani H, Aghamohammadi A, Azizi G
Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2021;21(4):664-672. doi: 10.2174/1871530320666200613204426. PMID: 32533820
Unoki M, Funabiki H, Velasco G, Francastel C, Sasaki H
J Clin Invest 2019 Jan 2;129(1):78-92. Epub 2018 Nov 19 doi: 10.1172/JCI99751. PMID: 30307408Free PMC Article
Kamae C, Imai K, Kato T, Okano T, Honma K, Nakagawa N, Yeh TW, Noguchi E, Ohara A, Shigemura T, Takahashi H, Takakura S, Hayashi M, Honma A, Watanabe S, Shigemori T, Ohara O, Sasaki H, Kubota T, Morio T, Kanegane H, Nonoyama S
J Clin Immunol 2018 Nov;38(8):927-937. Epub 2018 Oct 23 doi: 10.1007/s10875-018-0559-y. PMID: 30353301
Ausió J, Levin DB, De Amorim GV, Bakker S, Macleod PM
Clin Genet 2003 Aug;64(2):83-95. doi: 10.1034/j.1399-0004.2003.00124.x. PMID: 12859401

Therapy

Sagie S, Edni O, Weinberg J, Toubiana S, Kozlovski T, Frostig T, Katzin N, Bar-Am I, Selig S
Hum Mol Genet 2017 Nov 1;26(21):4244-4256. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddx313. PMID: 28973513

Prognosis

Kamae C, Imai K, Kato T, Okano T, Honma K, Nakagawa N, Yeh TW, Noguchi E, Ohara A, Shigemura T, Takahashi H, Takakura S, Hayashi M, Honma A, Watanabe S, Shigemori T, Ohara O, Sasaki H, Kubota T, Morio T, Kanegane H, Nonoyama S
J Clin Immunol 2018 Nov;38(8):927-937. Epub 2018 Oct 23 doi: 10.1007/s10875-018-0559-y. PMID: 30353301
von Bernuth H, Ravindran E, Du H, Fröhler S, Strehl K, Krämer N, Issa-Jahns L, Amulic B, Ninnemann O, Xiao MS, Eirich K, Kölsch U, Hauptmann K, John R, Schindler D, Wahn V, Chen W, Kaindl AM
Orphanet J Rare Dis 2014 Oct 21;9:116. doi: 10.1186/s13023-014-0116-6. PMID: 25330735Free PMC Article
de Greef JC, Wang J, Balog J, den Dunnen JT, Frants RR, Straasheijm KR, Aytekin C, van der Burg M, Duprez L, Ferster A, Gennery AR, Gimelli G, Reisli I, Schuetz C, Schulz A, Smeets DFCM, Sznajer Y, Wijmenga C, van Eggermond MC, van Ostaijen-Ten Dam MM, Lankester AC, van Tol MJD, van den Elsen PJ, Weemaes CM, van der Maarel SM
Am J Hum Genet 2011 Jun 10;88(6):796-804. Epub 2011 May 19 doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.04.018. PMID: 21596365Free PMC Article

Clinical prediction guides

Shinkai A, Hashimoto H, Shimura C, Fujimoto H, Fukuda K, Horikoshi N, Okano M, Niwa H, Debler EW, Kurumizaka H, Shinkai Y
Nucleic Acids Res 2024 Sep 23;52(17):10194-10219. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkae677. PMID: 39142653Free PMC Article
Bilgic Eltan S, Nain E, Catak MC, Ezen E, Sefer AP, Karimi N, Kiykim A, Kolukisa B, Baser D, Bulutoglu A, Kasap N, Yorgun Altunbas M, Yalcin Gungoren E, Kendir Demirkol Y, Kutlug S, Hancioglu G, Dilek F, Yildiran A, Ozen A, Karakoc-Aydiner E, Erman B, Baris S
J Clin Immunol 2023 Dec 22;44(1):26. doi: 10.1007/s10875-023-01620-6. PMID: 38129713
Weemaes CM, van Tol MJ, Wang J, van Ostaijen-ten Dam MM, van Eggermond MC, Thijssen PE, Aytekin C, Brunetti-Pierri N, van der Burg M, Graham Davies E, Ferster A, Furthner D, Gimelli G, Gennery A, Kloeckener-Gruissem B, Meyn S, Powell C, Reisli I, Schuetz C, Schulz A, Shugar A, van den Elsen PJ, van der Maarel SM
Eur J Hum Genet 2013 Nov;21(11):1219-25. Epub 2013 Mar 13 doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2013.40. PMID: 23486536Free PMC Article
Dupont C, Guimiot F, Perrin L, Marey I, Smiljkovski D, Le Tessier D, Lebugle C, Baumann C, Bourdoncle P, Tabet AC, Aboura A, Benzacken B, Dupont JM
Clin Genet 2012 Aug;82(2):187-92. Epub 2011 Jun 3 doi: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2011.01697.x. PMID: 21554265
de Greef JC, Wang J, Balog J, den Dunnen JT, Frants RR, Straasheijm KR, Aytekin C, van der Burg M, Duprez L, Ferster A, Gennery AR, Gimelli G, Reisli I, Schuetz C, Schulz A, Smeets DFCM, Sznajer Y, Wijmenga C, van Eggermond MC, van Ostaijen-Ten Dam MM, Lankester AC, van Tol MJD, van den Elsen PJ, Weemaes CM, van der Maarel SM
Am J Hum Genet 2011 Jun 10;88(6):796-804. Epub 2011 May 19 doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.04.018. PMID: 21596365Free PMC Article

Recent systematic reviews

Kiaee F, Zaki-Dizaji M, Hafezi N, Almasi-Hashiani A, Hamedifar H, Sabzevari A, Shirkani A, Zian Z, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Aghamahdi F, Goudarzvand M, Yazdani R, Abolhassani H, Aghamohammadi A, Azizi G
Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2021;21(4):664-672. doi: 10.2174/1871530320666200613204426. PMID: 32533820

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