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Hereditary spastic paraplegia 16(SPG16)

MedGen UID:
375796
Concept ID:
C1846046
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: Spastic paraplegia 16; SPASTIC PARAPLEGIA 16, X-LINKED
SNOMED CT: X-linked spastic paraplegia type 16 (783697000)
Modes of inheritance:
X-linked recessive inheritance
MedGen UID:
375779
Concept ID:
C1845977
Finding
Source: Orphanet
A mode of inheritance that is observed for recessive traits related to a gene encoded on the X chromosome. In the context of medical genetics, X-linked recessive disorders manifest in males (who have one copy of the X chromosome and are thus hemizygotes), but generally not in female heterozygotes who have one mutant and one normal allele.
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0010287
OMIM®: 300266
Orphanet: ORPHA100997

Definition

Spastic paraplegias (SPGs) are a genetically heterogeneous group of neurologic disorders characterized by progressive weakness and spasticity of the legs. Complicated SPGs are accompanied by additional neurologic symptoms such as cerebellar ataxia, sensory loss, mental retardation, nystagmus, and optic atrophy (summary by Steinmuller et al., 1997). A locus for spastic paraplegia-16 has been mapped to Xq11.2-q23 (Steinmuller et al., 1997). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of X-linked spastic paraplegia, see 303350. [from OMIM]

Clinical features

From HPO
Urinary incontinence
MedGen UID:
22579
Concept ID:
C0042024
Finding
Loss of the ability to control the urinary bladder leading to involuntary urination.
Urinary urgency
MedGen UID:
39315
Concept ID:
C0085606
Finding
Urge incontinence is the strong, sudden need to urinate.
Urinary bladder sphincter dysfunction
MedGen UID:
334804
Concept ID:
C1843663
Finding
Abnormal function of a sphincter of the urinary bladder.
Lower limb muscle weakness
MedGen UID:
324478
Concept ID:
C1836296
Finding
Weakness of the muscles of the legs.
Short distal phalanx of finger
MedGen UID:
326590
Concept ID:
C1839829
Finding
Short distance from the end of the finger to the most distal interphalangeal crease or the distal interphalangeal joint flexion point. That is, hypoplasia of one or more of the distal phalanx of finger.
Tetraplegia
MedGen UID:
19617
Concept ID:
C0034372
Disease or Syndrome
Paralysis of all four limbs, and trunk of the body below the level of an associated injury to the spinal cord. The etiology of quadriplegia is similar to that of paraplegia except that the lesion is in the cervical spinal cord rather than in the thoracic or lumbar segments of the spinal cord.
Babinski sign
MedGen UID:
19708
Concept ID:
C0034935
Finding
Upturning of the big toe (and sometimes fanning of the other toes) in response to stimulation of the sole of the foot. If the Babinski sign is present it can indicate damage to the corticospinal tract.
Spastic paraplegia
MedGen UID:
20882
Concept ID:
C0037772
Disease or Syndrome
Spasticity and weakness of the leg and hip muscles.
Emotional lability
MedGen UID:
39319
Concept ID:
C0085633
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Unstable emotional experiences and frequent mood changes; emotions that are easily aroused, intense, and/or disproportionate to events and circumstances.
Hyperreflexia
MedGen UID:
57738
Concept ID:
C0151889
Finding
Hyperreflexia is the presence of hyperactive stretch reflexes of the muscles.
Shuffling gait
MedGen UID:
68545
Concept ID:
C0231688
Finding
A type of gait (walking) characterized by by dragging one's feet along or without lifting the feet fully from the ground.
Low frustration tolerance
MedGen UID:
108189
Concept ID:
C0548883
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
The feeling of frustration can be defined as an emotional reaction that occurs when a desired goal is not achieved. Frustration intolerance is defined as an age-inappropriate response to frustration, characterized by crying or temper tantrums in children, or aggressive or other undesirable behaviors.
Expressive aphasia
MedGen UID:
214592
Concept ID:
C0917814
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Impairment of expressive language and relative preservation of receptive language abilities. That is, the patient understands language (speech, writing) but cannot express it.
Lower limb spasticity
MedGen UID:
220865
Concept ID:
C1271100
Finding
Spasticity (velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes with increased muscle tone and hyperexcitable tendon reflexes) in the muscles of the lower limbs, hips, and pelvis.
Intellectual disability
MedGen UID:
811461
Concept ID:
C3714756
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Intellectual disability, previously referred to as mental retardation, is characterized by subnormal intellectual functioning that occurs during the developmental period. It is defined by an IQ score below 70.
Restlessness
MedGen UID:
854457
Concept ID:
C3887611
Sign or Symptom
A state of unease is characterized by diffuse motor activity or motion, which is subject to limited control, nonproductive, or disorganized behavior.
Hypoplasia of the maxilla
MedGen UID:
66804
Concept ID:
C0240310
Congenital Abnormality
Abnormally small dimension of the Maxilla. Usually creating a malocclusion or malalignment between the upper and lower teeth or resulting in a deficient amount of projection of the base of the nose and lower midface region.
Facial hypotonia
MedGen UID:
336889
Concept ID:
C1845251
Finding
Reduced muscle tone of a muscle that is innervated by the facial nerve (the seventh cranial nerve).
Lower limb amyotrophy
MedGen UID:
870475
Concept ID:
C4024921
Finding
Muscular atrophy affecting the lower limb.
Strabismus
MedGen UID:
21337
Concept ID:
C0038379
Disease or Syndrome
A misalignment of the eyes so that the visual axes deviate from bifoveal fixation. The classification of strabismus may be based on a number of features including the relative position of the eyes, whether the deviation is latent or manifest, intermittent or constant, concomitant or otherwise and according to the age of onset and the relevance of any associated refractive error.
Visual impairment
MedGen UID:
777085
Concept ID:
C3665347
Finding
Visual impairment (or vision impairment) is vision loss (of a person) to such a degree as to qualify as an additional support need through a significant limitation of visual capability resulting from either disease, trauma, or congenital or degenerative conditions that cannot be corrected by conventional means, such as refractive correction, medication, or surgery.

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVHereditary spastic paraplegia 16
Follow this link to review classifications for Hereditary spastic paraplegia 16 in Orphanet.

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Vogel AP, Graf LH, Magee M, Schöls L, Rommel N, Synofzik M
Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2022 Aug;9(8):1310-1315. Epub 2022 Jun 21 doi: 10.1002/acn3.51613. PMID: 35726838Free PMC Article
Byrne DJ, Garcia-Pardo ME, Cole NB, Batnasan B, Heneghan S, Sohail A, Blackstone C, O'Sullivan NC
Acta Neuropathol Commun 2022 Mar 28;10(1):40. doi: 10.1186/s40478-022-01343-6. PMID: 35346366Free PMC Article
Fink JK, Hedera P
Semin Neurol 1999;19(3):301-9. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1040846. PMID: 12194386

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Worm C, Schambye MER, Mkrtchyan GV, Veviorskiy A, Shneyderman A, Ozerov IV, Zhavoronkov A, Bakula D, Scheibye-Knudsen M
Aging (Albany NY) 2024 Feb 9;16(3):2026-2046. doi: 10.18632/aging.205537. PMID: 38345566Free PMC Article
Cao Y, Zheng H, Zhu Z, Yao L, Tian W, Cao L
Mov Disord 2024 Apr;39(4):651-662. Epub 2024 Jan 31 doi: 10.1002/mds.29728. PMID: 38291924
Ebrahimi-Fakhari D, Teinert J, Behne R, Wimmer M, D'Amore A, Eberhardt K, Brechmann B, Ziegler M, Jensen DM, Nagabhyrava P, Geisel G, Carmody E, Shamshad U, Dies KA, Yuskaitis CJ, Salussolia CL, Ebrahimi-Fakhari D, Pearson TS, Saffari A, Ziegler A, Kölker S, Volkmann J, Wiesener A, Bearden DR, Lakhani S, Segal D, Udwadia-Hegde A, Martinuzzi A, Hirst J, Perlman S, Takiyama Y, Xiromerisiou G, Vill K, Walker WO, Shukla A, Dubey Gupta R, Dahl N, Aksoy A, Verhelst H, Delgado MR, Kremlikova Pourova R, Sadek AA, Elkhateeb NM, Blumkin L, Brea-Fernández AJ, Dacruz-Álvarez D, Smol T, Ghoumid J, Miguel D, Heine C, Schlump JU, Langen H, Baets J, Bulk S, Darvish H, Bakhtiari S, Kruer MC, Lim-Melia E, Aydinli N, Alanay Y, El-Rashidy O, Nampoothiri S, Patel C, Beetz C, Bauer P, Yoon G, Guillot M, Miller SP, Bourinaris T, Houlden H, Robelin L, Anheim M, Alamri AS, Mahmoud AAH, Inaloo S, Habibzadeh P, Faghihi MA, Jansen AC, Brock S, Roubertie A, Darras BT, Agrawal PB, Santorelli FM, Gleeson J, Zaki MS, Sheikh SI, Bennett JT, Sahin M
Brain 2020 Oct 1;143(10):2929-2944. doi: 10.1093/brain/awz307. PMID: 32979048Free PMC Article
de Souza PVS, de Rezende Pinto WBV, de Rezende Batistella GN, Bortholin T, Oliveira ASB
Cerebellum 2017 Apr;16(2):525-551. doi: 10.1007/s12311-016-0803-z. PMID: 27271711
Ruano L, Melo C, Silva MC, Coutinho P
Neuroepidemiology 2014;42(3):174-83. Epub 2014 Mar 5 doi: 10.1159/000358801. PMID: 24603320

Diagnosis

Worm C, Schambye MER, Mkrtchyan GV, Veviorskiy A, Shneyderman A, Ozerov IV, Zhavoronkov A, Bakula D, Scheibye-Knudsen M
Aging (Albany NY) 2024 Feb 9;16(3):2026-2046. doi: 10.18632/aging.205537. PMID: 38345566Free PMC Article
Saffari A, Kellner M, Jordan C, Rosengarten H, Mo A, Zhang B, Strelko O, Neuser S, Davis MY, Yoshikura N, Futamura N, Takeuchi T, Nabatame S, Ishiura H, Tsuji S, Aldeen HS, Cali E, Rocca C, Houlden H, Efthymiou S, Assmann B, Yoon G, Trombetta BA, Kivisäkk P, Eichler F, Nan H, Takiyama Y, Tessa A, Santorelli FM, Sahin M, Blackstone C, Yang E, Schüle R, Ebrahimi-Fakhari D
Brain 2023 May 2;146(5):2003-2015. doi: 10.1093/brain/awac391. PMID: 36315648Free PMC Article
Ebrahimi-Fakhari D, Teinert J, Behne R, Wimmer M, D'Amore A, Eberhardt K, Brechmann B, Ziegler M, Jensen DM, Nagabhyrava P, Geisel G, Carmody E, Shamshad U, Dies KA, Yuskaitis CJ, Salussolia CL, Ebrahimi-Fakhari D, Pearson TS, Saffari A, Ziegler A, Kölker S, Volkmann J, Wiesener A, Bearden DR, Lakhani S, Segal D, Udwadia-Hegde A, Martinuzzi A, Hirst J, Perlman S, Takiyama Y, Xiromerisiou G, Vill K, Walker WO, Shukla A, Dubey Gupta R, Dahl N, Aksoy A, Verhelst H, Delgado MR, Kremlikova Pourova R, Sadek AA, Elkhateeb NM, Blumkin L, Brea-Fernández AJ, Dacruz-Álvarez D, Smol T, Ghoumid J, Miguel D, Heine C, Schlump JU, Langen H, Baets J, Bulk S, Darvish H, Bakhtiari S, Kruer MC, Lim-Melia E, Aydinli N, Alanay Y, El-Rashidy O, Nampoothiri S, Patel C, Beetz C, Bauer P, Yoon G, Guillot M, Miller SP, Bourinaris T, Houlden H, Robelin L, Anheim M, Alamri AS, Mahmoud AAH, Inaloo S, Habibzadeh P, Faghihi MA, Jansen AC, Brock S, Roubertie A, Darras BT, Agrawal PB, Santorelli FM, Gleeson J, Zaki MS, Sheikh SI, Bennett JT, Sahin M
Brain 2020 Oct 1;143(10):2929-2944. doi: 10.1093/brain/awz307. PMID: 32979048Free PMC Article
de Souza PVS, de Rezende Pinto WBV, de Rezende Batistella GN, Bortholin T, Oliveira ASB
Cerebellum 2017 Apr;16(2):525-551. doi: 10.1007/s12311-016-0803-z. PMID: 27271711
Ruano L, Melo C, Silva MC, Coutinho P
Neuroepidemiology 2014;42(3):174-83. Epub 2014 Mar 5 doi: 10.1159/000358801. PMID: 24603320

Therapy

Diella E, D'Angelo MG, Stefan C, Girardi G, Morganti R, Martinuzzi A, Biffi E
PLoS One 2024;19(4):e0301452. Epub 2024 Apr 1 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301452. PMID: 38557877Free PMC Article
Saffari A, Kellner M, Jordan C, Rosengarten H, Mo A, Zhang B, Strelko O, Neuser S, Davis MY, Yoshikura N, Futamura N, Takeuchi T, Nabatame S, Ishiura H, Tsuji S, Aldeen HS, Cali E, Rocca C, Houlden H, Efthymiou S, Assmann B, Yoon G, Trombetta BA, Kivisäkk P, Eichler F, Nan H, Takiyama Y, Tessa A, Santorelli FM, Sahin M, Blackstone C, Yang E, Schüle R, Ebrahimi-Fakhari D
Brain 2023 May 2;146(5):2003-2015. doi: 10.1093/brain/awac391. PMID: 36315648Free PMC Article
Lin Q, Liu Y, Ye Z, Hu J, Cai W, Weng Q, Chen WJ, Wang N, Cao D, Lin Y, Fu Y
Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021 Sep 19;16(1):391. doi: 10.1186/s13023-021-02014-w. PMID: 34538260Free PMC Article
Zeigelboim BS, José MR, Santos GJBD, Severiano MIR, Teive HAG, Stechman-Neto J, Santos RS, de Araújo CM, Cavalcante-Leão BL
PLoS One 2021;16(4):e0249095. Epub 2021 Apr 1 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249095. PMID: 33793609Free PMC Article
van de Venis L, van de Warrenburg BPC, Weerdesteyn V, van Lith BJH, Geurts ACH, Nonnekes J
Trials 2021 Jan 7;22(1):32. doi: 10.1186/s13063-020-04932-9. PMID: 33413555Free PMC Article

Prognosis

Diarra S, Coulibaly T, Dembélé K, Ngouth N, Cissé L, Diallo SH, Ouologuem M, Diallo S, Coulibaly O, Bagayoko K, Coulibaly D, Simaga A, Sango HA, Traoré M, Jacobson S, Fischbeck KH, Landouré G, Guinto CO; H3Africa consortium
Acta Neurol Belg 2023 Dec;123(6):2155-2165. Epub 2022 Nov 17 doi: 10.1007/s13760-022-02113-w. PMID: 36396882
Yu W, Jin H, Deng J, Nan D, Huang Y
BMC Med Genet 2020 Jun 3;21(1):123. doi: 10.1186/s12881-020-01053-7. PMID: 32493220Free PMC Article
Wakil SM, Alhissi S, Al Dossari H, Alqahtani A, Shibin S, Melaiki BT, Finsterer J, Al-Hashem A, Bohlega S, Alazami AM
BMC Med Genet 2019 Jul 4;20(1):119. doi: 10.1186/s12881-019-0851-6. PMID: 31272422Free PMC Article
Yahalom G, Anikster Y, Huna-Baron R, Hoffmann C, Blumkin L, Lev D, Tsabari R, Nitsan Z, Lerman SF, Ben-Zeev B, Pode-Shakked B, Sofer S, Schweiger A, Lerman-Sagie T, Hassin-Baer S
J Neurol 2014 Dec;261(12):2275-82. Epub 2014 Sep 9 doi: 10.1007/s00415-014-7481-x. PMID: 25201222
Pearce DA
Hum Genet 1999 Jun;104(6):443-8. doi: 10.1007/s004390050985. PMID: 10453730

Clinical prediction guides

Yao L, Cao Y, Zhang C, Huang X, Tian W, Cao L
Clin Genet 2024 Jul;106(1):56-65. Epub 2024 Feb 25 doi: 10.1111/cge.14510. PMID: 38403837
Cao Y, Zheng H, Zhu Z, Yao L, Tian W, Cao L
Mov Disord 2024 Apr;39(4):651-662. Epub 2024 Jan 31 doi: 10.1002/mds.29728. PMID: 38291924
Chen YJ, Wang MW, Qiu YS, Yuan RY, Wang N, Lin X, Chen WJ
Mov Disord 2023 Sep;38(9):1750-1755. Epub 2023 Jul 2 doi: 10.1002/mds.29522. PMID: 37394769
Diarra S, Coulibaly T, Dembélé K, Ngouth N, Cissé L, Diallo SH, Ouologuem M, Diallo S, Coulibaly O, Bagayoko K, Coulibaly D, Simaga A, Sango HA, Traoré M, Jacobson S, Fischbeck KH, Landouré G, Guinto CO; H3Africa consortium
Acta Neurol Belg 2023 Dec;123(6):2155-2165. Epub 2022 Nov 17 doi: 10.1007/s13760-022-02113-w. PMID: 36396882
Saffari A, Kellner M, Jordan C, Rosengarten H, Mo A, Zhang B, Strelko O, Neuser S, Davis MY, Yoshikura N, Futamura N, Takeuchi T, Nabatame S, Ishiura H, Tsuji S, Aldeen HS, Cali E, Rocca C, Houlden H, Efthymiou S, Assmann B, Yoon G, Trombetta BA, Kivisäkk P, Eichler F, Nan H, Takiyama Y, Tessa A, Santorelli FM, Sahin M, Blackstone C, Yang E, Schüle R, Ebrahimi-Fakhari D
Brain 2023 May 2;146(5):2003-2015. doi: 10.1093/brain/awac391. PMID: 36315648Free PMC Article

Recent systematic reviews

Fereshtehnejad SM, Saleh PA, Oliveira LM, Patel N, Bhowmick S, Saranza G, Kalia LV
Neurol Sci 2023 Mar;44(3):947-959. Epub 2022 Nov 28 doi: 10.1007/s10072-022-06516-8. PMID: 36441344Free PMC Article
Lohkamp LN, Coulter I, Ibrahim GM
Childs Nerv Syst 2020 Jul;36(7):1357-1365. Epub 2020 Apr 16 doi: 10.1007/s00381-020-04601-x. PMID: 32300873
Ruano L, Melo C, Silva MC, Coutinho P
Neuroepidemiology 2014;42(3):174-83. Epub 2014 Mar 5 doi: 10.1159/000358801. PMID: 24603320

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