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Female athlete triad

MedGen UID:
319049
Concept ID:
C1721053
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: Female Athlete Triad; Female Athlete Triad Syndrome
SNOMED CT: Female athlete triad (710072005); Female athlete syndrome (710072005)

Definition

The presence of the following interrelated signs observed in active women and girls: low energy availability with or without disordered eating; menstrual dysfunction; low bone mineral density. [from SNOMEDCT_US]

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVFemale athlete triad

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Grabia M, Perkowski J, Socha K, Markiewicz-Żukowska R
Nutrients 2024 Jan 25;16(3) doi: 10.3390/nu16030359. PMID: 38337644Free PMC Article
Mountjoy M, Sundgot-Borgen J, Burke L, Ackerman KE, Blauwet C, Constantini N, Lebrun C, Lundy B, Melin A, Meyer N, Sherman R, Tenforde AS, Torstveit MK, Budgett R
Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2018 Jul 1;28(4):316-331. Epub 2018 May 17 doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0136. PMID: 29771168
Mountjoy M, Sundgot-Borgen J, Burke L, Carter S, Constantini N, Lebrun C, Meyer N, Sherman R, Steffen K, Budgett R, Ljungqvist A
Br J Sports Med 2014 Apr;48(7):491-7. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093502. PMID: 24620037

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Maya J, Misra M
Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2022 Feb 1;29(1):44-51. doi: 10.1097/MED.0000000000000690. PMID: 34812202Free PMC Article
Solomon ML, Briskin SM, Sabatina N, Steinhoff JE
Curr Sports Med Rep 2017 Nov/Dec;16(6):428-434. doi: 10.1249/JSR.0000000000000428. PMID: 29135641
Tan JO, Calitri R, Bloodworth A, McNamee MJ
Clin Sports Med 2016 Apr;35(2):275-92. doi: 10.1016/j.csm.2015.10.002. PMID: 26832977
Reider B
Am J Sports Med 2015 Jan;43(1):23-5. doi: 10.1177/0363546514564935. PMID: 25552673
Mountjoy M, Sundgot-Borgen J, Burke L, Carter S, Constantini N, Lebrun C, Meyer N, Sherman R, Steffen K, Budgett R, Ljungqvist A
Br J Sports Med 2014 Apr;48(7):491-7. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093502. PMID: 24620037

Diagnosis

Ranalli DN, Studen-Pavlovich D
Dent Clin North Am 2021 Oct;65(4):689-703. Epub 2021 Aug 2 doi: 10.1016/j.cden.2021.06.009. PMID: 34503661
Coelho AR, Cardoso G, Brito ME, Gomes IN, Cascais MJ
Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet 2021 May;43(5):395-402. Epub 2021 Jun 2 doi: 10.1055/s-0041-1730289. PMID: 34077990Free PMC Article
Lehman PJ, Carl RL
Pediatr Ann 2017 Mar 1;46(3):e85-e92. doi: 10.3928/19382359-20170222-01. PMID: 28287681
Tan JO, Calitri R, Bloodworth A, McNamee MJ
Clin Sports Med 2016 Apr;35(2):275-92. doi: 10.1016/j.csm.2015.10.002. PMID: 26832977
Reider B
Am J Sports Med 2015 Jan;43(1):23-5. doi: 10.1177/0363546514564935. PMID: 25552673

Therapy

Grabia M, Perkowski J, Socha K, Markiewicz-Żukowska R
Nutrients 2024 Jan 25;16(3) doi: 10.3390/nu16030359. PMID: 38337644Free PMC Article
De Souza MJ, Mallinson RJ, Strock NCA, Koltun KJ, Olmsted MP, Ricker EA, Scheid JL, Allaway HC, Mallinson DJ, Kuruppumullage Don P, Williams NI
Hum Reprod 2021 Jul 19;36(8):2285-2297. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deab149. PMID: 34164675Free PMC Article
Loveless MB
Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2017 Oct;29(5):301-305. doi: 10.1097/GCO.0000000000000396. PMID: 28737524
Kim BY, Nattiv A
Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2016 Feb;27(1):151-78. Epub 2015 Oct 23 doi: 10.1016/j.pmr.2015.08.011. PMID: 26616182
Mountjoy M, Sundgot-Borgen J, Burke L, Carter S, Constantini N, Lebrun C, Meyer N, Sherman R, Steffen K, Budgett R, Ljungqvist A
Br J Sports Med 2014 Apr;48(7):491-7. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093502. PMID: 24620037

Prognosis

Gallagher KA, Sonneville KR, Hazzard VM, Carson TL, Needham BL
Eat Disord 2021 Jan-Feb;29(1):29-41. Epub 2019 May 11 doi: 10.1080/10640266.2019.1613846. PMID: 31079562
Statuta SM, Wood CL, Rollins LK
Prim Care 2020 Mar;47(1):65-85. Epub 2019 Nov 9 doi: 10.1016/j.pop.2019.11.002. PMID: 32014137
Chamberlain R
Am Fam Physician 2018 Apr 15;97(8):499-502. PMID: 29671493
Edwards S, Molina PE, McDonough KH, Mercante DE, Gunaldo TP
J Physician Assist Educ 2017 Sep;28(3):146-148. doi: 10.1097/JPA.0000000000000132. PMID: 28742717Free PMC Article
Gamboa S, Gaskie S, Atlas M, VanZant R
J Fam Pract 2008 Nov;57(11):749-50. PMID: 19006626

Clinical prediction guides

Grabia M, Perkowski J, Socha K, Markiewicz-Żukowska R
Nutrients 2024 Jan 25;16(3) doi: 10.3390/nu16030359. PMID: 38337644Free PMC Article
Elliott-Sale KJ, Tenforde AS, Parziale AL, Holtzman B, Ackerman KE
Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2018 Jul 1;28(4):335-349. Epub 2018 Jul 14 doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0127. PMID: 30008240
Fagerberg P
Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2018 Jul 1;28(4):385-402. Epub 2018 May 3 doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2016-0332. PMID: 28530498
Melin A, Tornberg AB, Skouby S, Faber J, Ritz C, Sjödin A, Sundgot-Borgen J
Br J Sports Med 2014 Apr;48(7):540-5. Epub 2014 Feb 21 doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-093240. PMID: 24563388
De Souza MJ, Nattiv A, Joy E, Misra M, Williams NI, Mallinson RJ, Gibbs JC, Olmsted M, Goolsby M, Matheson G; Expert Panel
Br J Sports Med 2014 Feb;48(4):289. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2013-093218. PMID: 24463911

Recent systematic reviews

Skarakis NS, Mastorakos G, Georgopoulos N, Goulis DG
Hormones (Athens) 2021 Sep;20(3):439-448. Epub 2021 Apr 22 doi: 10.1007/s42000-021-00288-0. PMID: 33884586
Amorim T, Wyon M, Maia J, Machado JC, Marques F, Metsios GS, Flouris AD, Koutedakis Y
Sports Med 2015 Feb;45(2):257-68. doi: 10.1007/s40279-014-0268-5. PMID: 25281333
Hincapié CA, Cassidy JD
Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2010 Nov;91(11):1777-1789.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2010.07.230. PMID: 21044726
Coelho GM, Soares Ede A, Ribeiro BG
Appetite 2010 Dec;55(3):379-87. Epub 2010 Aug 13 doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2010.08.003. PMID: 20709126

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