U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Format

Send to:

Choose Destination

Phobia

MedGen UID:
83881
•Concept ID:
C0349231
•
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Synonym: Phobic disorder
SNOMED CT: Phobia (386808001); Phobic disorder (386810004); Abnormal fear (386808001); Phobic anxiety disorder (386810004)
 
HPO: HP:5200232
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0003699

Definition

Extreme, irrational, and persistent fears of certain objects, situations, activities, or persons can impede functioning in day-to-day life. [from HPO]

Professional guidelines

PubMed

The management of fever in children.
Bakalli I, Klironomi D, Kola E, Celaj E
Minerva Pediatr (Torino) 2022 Oct;74(5):568-578. Epub 2022 Jul 13 doi: 10.23736/S2724-5276.22.06680-0. PMID: 35822579
The Diagnosis and Treatment of Anxiety Disorders.
Ströhle A, Gensichen J, Domschke K
Dtsch Arztebl Int 2018 Sep 14;155(37):611-620. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2018.0611. PMID: 30282583Free PMC Article
Canadian clinical practice guidelines for the management of anxiety, posttraumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorders.
Katzman MA, Bleau P, Blier P, Chokka P, Kjernisted K, Van Ameringen M; Canadian Anxiety Guidelines Initiative Group on behalf of the Anxiety Disorders Association of Canada/Association Canadienne des troubles anxieux and McGill University, Antony MM, Bouchard S, Brunet A, Flament M, Grigoriadis S, Mendlowitz S, O'Connor K, Rabheru K, Richter PM, Robichaud M, Walker JR
BMC Psychiatry 2014;14 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S1. Epub 2014 Jul 2 doi: 10.1186/1471-244X-14-S1-S1. PMID: 25081580Free PMC Article

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Sleep quality and treatment of social anxiety disorder.
Horenstein A, Morrison AS, Goldin P, Ten Brink M, Gross JJ, Heimberg RG
Anxiety Stress Coping 2019 Jul;32(4):387-398. Epub 2019 May 13 doi: 10.1080/10615806.2019.1617854. PMID: 31082285Free PMC Article
Needle Phobia.
Cook LS
J Infus Nurs 2016 Sep-Oct;39(5):273-9. doi: 10.1097/NAN.0000000000000184. PMID: 27598066
Developmental risk factors in generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder.
Newman MG, Shin KE, Zuellig AR
J Affect Disord 2016 Dec;206:94-102. Epub 2016 Jul 5 doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.07.008. PMID: 27466747Free PMC Article
A comprehensive meta-analysis of cognitive-behavioral interventions for social anxiety disorder in children and adolescents.
Scaini S, Belotti R, Ogliari A, Battaglia M
J Anxiety Disord 2016 Aug;42:105-12. Epub 2016 Jun 25 doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.05.008. PMID: 27399932
Psychometric properties of the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN). New self-rating scale.
Connor KM, Davidson JR, Churchill LE, Sherwood A, Foa E, Weisler RH
Br J Psychiatry 2000 Apr;176:379-86. doi: 10.1192/bjp.176.4.379. PMID: 10827888

Diagnosis

Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Revisited.
Showraki M, Showraki T, Brown K
Psychiatr Q 2020 Sep;91(3):905-914. doi: 10.1007/s11126-020-09747-0. PMID: 32383134
Social Anxiety Disorder.
Leichsenring F, Leweke F
N Engl J Med 2017 Jun 8;376(23):2255-2264. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp1614701. PMID: 28591542
Gender differences in social anxiety disorder: A review.
Asher M, Asnaani A, Aderka IM
Clin Psychol Rev 2017 Aug;56:1-12. Epub 2017 May 30 doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.05.004. PMID: 28578248
Psychometric properties of the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN). New self-rating scale.
Connor KM, Davidson JR, Churchill LE, Sherwood A, Foa E, Weisler RH
Br J Psychiatry 2000 Apr;176:379-86. doi: 10.1192/bjp.176.4.379. PMID: 10827888
Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety.
Mattick RP, Clarke JC
Behav Res Ther 1998 Apr;36(4):455-70. doi: 10.1016/s0005-7967(97)10031-6. PMID: 9670605

Therapy

Use of cannabidiol in anxiety and anxiety-related disorders.
Skelley JW, Deas CM, Curren Z, Ennis J
J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2020 Jan-Feb;60(1):253-261. Epub 2019 Dec 19 doi: 10.1016/j.japh.2019.11.008. PMID: 31866386
Long-term Outcomes of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety-Related Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
van Dis EAM, van Veen SC, Hagenaars MA, Batelaan NM, Bockting CLH, van den Heuvel RM, Cuijpers P, Engelhard IM
JAMA Psychiatry 2020 Mar 1;77(3):265-273. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.3986. PMID: 31758858Free PMC Article
Virtual reality exposure therapy for anxiety and related disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Carl E, Stein AT, Levihn-Coon A, Pogue JR, Rothbaum B, Emmelkamp P, Asmundson GJG, Carlbring P, Powers MB
J Anxiety Disord 2019 Jan;61:27-36. Epub 2018 Aug 10 doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.08.003. PMID: 30287083
Stuttering: Clinical and research update.
Perez HR, Stoeckle JH
Can Fam Physician 2016 Jun;62(6):479-84. PMID: 27303004Free PMC Article
Propranolol for the treatment of anxiety disorders: Systematic review and meta-analysis.
Steenen SA, van Wijk AJ, van der Heijden GJ, van Westrhenen R, de Lange J, de Jongh A
J Psychopharmacol 2016 Feb;30(2):128-39. Epub 2015 Oct 20 doi: 10.1177/0269881115612236. PMID: 26487439Free PMC Article

Prognosis

Therapist-Guided Internet-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy vs Internet-Delivered Supportive Therapy for Children and Adolescents With Social Anxiety Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
Nordh M, Wahlund T, Jolstedt M, Sahlin H, Bjureberg J, Ahlen J, Lalouni M, Salomonsson S, Vigerland S, Lavner M, Öst LG, Lenhard F, Hesser H, Mataix-Cols D, Högström J, Serlachius E
JAMA Psychiatry 2021 Jul 1;78(7):705-713. doi: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2021.0469. PMID: 33978699Free PMC Article
Cognitive functional therapy in patients with non-specific chronic low back pain-a randomized controlled trial 3-year follow-up.
Vibe Fersum K, Smith A, Kvåle A, Skouen JS, O'Sullivan P
Eur J Pain 2019 Sep;23(8):1416-1424. Epub 2019 May 14 doi: 10.1002/ejp.1399. PMID: 30974479
The fear of needles: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
McLenon J, Rogers MAM
J Adv Nurs 2019 Jan;75(1):30-42. Epub 2018 Sep 11 doi: 10.1111/jan.13818. PMID: 30109720
Less Is More: A Minimalist Approach to Endoscopy.
Shaheen NJ, Fennerty MB, Bergman JJ
Gastroenterology 2018 May;154(7):1993-2003. Epub 2018 Feb 15 doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.12.044. PMID: 29454789
Long-term effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy for youth with anxiety disorders.
Kodal A, Fjermestad K, Bjelland I, Gjestad R, Öst LG, Bjaastad JF, Haugland BSM, Havik OE, Heiervang E, Wergeland GJ
J Anxiety Disord 2018 Jan;53:58-67. Epub 2017 Nov 26 doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.11.003. PMID: 29195188

Clinical prediction guides

Injection fears and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy.
Freeman D, Lambe S, Yu LM, Freeman J, Chadwick A, Vaccari C, Waite F, Rosebrock L, Petit A, Vanderslott S, Lewandowsky S, Larkin M, Innocenti S, McShane H, Pollard AJ, Loe BS
Psychol Med 2023 Mar;53(4):1185-1195. Epub 2021 Jun 11 doi: 10.1017/S0033291721002609. PMID: 34112276Free PMC Article
Systematic review and meta-analysis: Dose-response curve of SSRIs and SNRIs in anxiety disorders.
Jakubovski E, Johnson JA, Nasir M, Müller-Vahl K, Bloch MH
Depress Anxiety 2019 Mar;36(3):198-212. Epub 2018 Nov 26 doi: 10.1002/da.22854. PMID: 30479005
Fever phobia: The impact of time and mortality--a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Purssell E, Collin J
Int J Nurs Stud 2016 Apr;56:81-9. Epub 2015 Nov 17 doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2015.11.001. PMID: 26643444
Psychometric properties of the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN). New self-rating scale.
Connor KM, Davidson JR, Churchill LE, Sherwood A, Foa E, Weisler RH
Br J Psychiatry 2000 Apr;176:379-86. doi: 10.1192/bjp.176.4.379. PMID: 10827888
Psychometric properties of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED): a replication study.
Birmaher B, Brent DA, Chiappetta L, Bridge J, Monga S, Baugher M
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1999 Oct;38(10):1230-6. doi: 10.1097/00004583-199910000-00011. PMID: 10517055

Recent systematic reviews

Risk and protective factors of drug abuse among adolescents: a systematic review.
Nawi AM, Ismail R, Ibrahim F, Hassan MR, Manaf MRA, Amit N, Ibrahim N, Shafurdin NS
BMC Public Health 2021 Nov 13;21(1):2088. doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-11906-2. PMID: 34774013Free PMC Article
Weight bias among health care professionals: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Lawrence BJ, Kerr D, Pollard CM, Theophilus M, Alexander E, Haywood D, O'Connor M
Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021 Nov;29(11):1802-1812. Epub 2021 Sep 6 doi: 10.1002/oby.23266. PMID: 34490738
Association between anxiety and hypertension in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Lim LF, Solmi M, Cortese S
Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021 Dec;131:96-119. Epub 2021 Sep 2 doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.031. PMID: 34481847
The fear of needles: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
McLenon J, Rogers MAM
J Adv Nurs 2019 Jan;75(1):30-42. Epub 2018 Sep 11 doi: 10.1111/jan.13818. PMID: 30109720
The oral health of people with anxiety and depressive disorders - a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Kisely S, Sawyer E, Siskind D, Lalloo R
J Affect Disord 2016 Aug;200:119-32. Epub 2016 Apr 21 doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2016.04.040. PMID: 27130961

Supplemental Content

Table of contents

    Clinical resources

    Practice guidelines

    • PubMed
      See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.
    • Bookshelf
      See practice and clinical guidelines in NCBI Bookshelf. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.

    Consumer resources

    Reviews

    Related information

    • MeSH
      Related Medical Subject Headings
    • PMC Articles
      Related information in PubMed Central Links
    • PubMed
      Related literature resources in PubMed

    Recent activity

    Clear Turn Off Turn On

    Your browsing activity is empty.

    Activity recording is turned off.

    Turn recording back on

    See more...