U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Format

Send to:

Choose Destination

Functional movement disorder

MedGen UID:
895469
•Concept ID:
C4273557
•
Sign or Symptom
SNOMED CT: Functional movement disorder (718362003)

Definition

The occurrence of abnormal involuntary movements that are incongruent with a known neurologic cause and are significantly improved on neurological exam with distraction or non-physiologic maneuvers. The disorder is defined by its clinical appearance, rather than by any causative speculation. [from SNOMEDCT_US]

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Functional Speech and Voice Disorders: Approaches to Diagnosis and Treatment.
Freeburn JL, Baker J
Neurol Clin 2023 Nov;41(4):635-646. Epub 2023 Apr 20 doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2023.02.005. PMID: 37775195
Inpatient Treatment of Functional Neurological Disorder: A Scoping Review.
Gilmour GS, Jenkins JD
Can J Neurol Sci 2021 Mar;48(2):204-217. Epub 2020 Jul 21 doi: 10.1017/cjn.2020.159. PMID: 32690119
Management of functional neurological disorder.
Gilmour GS, Nielsen G, Teodoro T, Yogarajah M, Coebergh JA, Dilley MD, Martino D, Edwards MJ
J Neurol 2020 Jul;267(7):2164-2172. Epub 2020 Mar 19 doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09772-w. PMID: 32193596Free PMC Article

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Neuropsychiatric phenotypes in functional movement disorder.
Gilmour GS, Langer LK, Lang AE, MacGillivray L, Lidstone SC
CNS Spectr 2023 Dec;28(6):747-755. Epub 2023 Jul 10 doi: 10.1017/S1092852923002353. PMID: 37424291
Moving Beyond Movement: Diagnosing Functional Movement Disorder.
Gilmour GS, Lidstone SC
Semin Neurol 2023 Feb;43(1):106-122. Epub 2023 Mar 9 doi: 10.1055/s-0043-1763505. PMID: 36893796
Functional movement disorder gender, age and phenotype study: a systematic review and individual patient meta-analysis of 4905 cases.
Lidstone SC, Costa-Parke M, Robinson EJ, Ercoli T, Stone J; FMD GAP Study Group
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2022 Jun;93(6):609-616. Epub 2022 Feb 25 doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2021-328462. PMID: 35217516
Functional movement disorder comorbidity in Parkinson's disease: Unraveling the web.
Kurtis MM, Pareés I
Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2021 Jan;82:138-145. Epub 2020 Oct 15 doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.10.022. PMID: 33092981
Gait Disorders.
Baker JM
Am J Med 2018 Jun;131(6):602-607. Epub 2017 Dec 27 doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.11.051. PMID: 29288631

Diagnosis

Peripherally-induced Movement Disorders: An Update.
Lenka A, Jankovic J
Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 2023;13:8. Epub 2023 Mar 28 doi: 10.5334/tohm.758. PMID: 37008994Free PMC Article
Functional tremor.
Schwingenschuh P, Espay AJ
J Neurol Sci 2022 Apr 15;435:120208. Epub 2022 Mar 4 doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120208. PMID: 35306423
Management of functional neurological disorder.
Gilmour GS, Nielsen G, Teodoro T, Yogarajah M, Coebergh JA, Dilley MD, Martino D, Edwards MJ
J Neurol 2020 Jul;267(7):2164-2172. Epub 2020 Mar 19 doi: 10.1007/s00415-020-09772-w. PMID: 32193596Free PMC Article
Gait Disorders.
Baker JM
Am J Med 2018 Jun;131(6):602-607. Epub 2017 Dec 27 doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.11.051. PMID: 29288631
Functional dystonia.
Schmerler DA, Espay AJ
Handb Clin Neurol 2016;139:235-245. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-801772-2.00020-5. PMID: 27719842

Therapy

Physiotherapy for patients with functional movement disorder: a systematic review.
Molero-Mateo P, Molina-Rueda F
Neurologia (Engl Ed) 2024 Jul-Aug;39(6):505-514. Epub 2023 Apr 27 doi: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2022.01.008. PMID: 37116691
Anomalies in the review process and interpretation of the evidence in the NICE guideline for chronic fatigue syndrome and myalgic encephalomyelitis.
White P, Abbey S, Angus B, Ball HA, Buchwald DS, Burness C, Carson AJ, Chalder T, Clauw DJ, Coebergh J, David AS, Dworetzky BA, Edwards MJ, Espay AJ, Etherington J, Fink P, Flottorp S, Garcin B, Garner P, Glasziou P, Hamilton W, Henningsen P, Hoeritzauer I, Husain M, Huys AML, Knoop H, Kroenke K, Lehn A, Levenson JL, Little P, Lloyd A, Madan I, van der Meer JWM, Miller A, Murphy M, Nazareth I, Perez DL, Phillips W, Reuber M, Rief W, Santhouse A, Serranova T, Sharpe M, Stanton B, Stewart DE, Stone J, Tinazzi M, Wade DT, Wessely SC, Wyller V, Zeman A
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2023 Dec;94(12):1056-1063. Epub 2023 Jul 10 doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2022-330463. PMID: 37434321
Functional movement disorder gender, age and phenotype study: a systematic review and individual patient meta-analysis of 4905 cases.
Lidstone SC, Costa-Parke M, Robinson EJ, Ercoli T, Stone J; FMD GAP Study Group
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2022 Jun;93(6):609-616. Epub 2022 Feb 25 doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2021-328462. PMID: 35217516
Outpatient Physical Therapy for Functional Neurological Disorder: A Preliminary Feasibility and Naturalistic Outcome Study in a U.S. Cohort.
Maggio JB, Ospina JP, Callahan J, Hunt AL, Stephen CD, Perez DL
J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2020 Winter;32(1):85-89. Epub 2019 Sep 30 doi: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.19030068. PMID: 31564236
Functional movement disorders: successful treatment with a physical therapy rehabilitation protocol.
Czarnecki K, Thompson JM, Seime R, Geda YE, Duffy JR, Ahlskog JE
Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2012 Mar;18(3):247-51. Epub 2011 Nov 22 doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.10.011. PMID: 22113131

Prognosis

Functional neurological disorder and functional somatic syndromes among sexual and gender minority people: A scoping review.
Lerario MP, Fusunyan M, Stave CD, Roldán V, Keuroghlian AS, Turban J, Perez DL, Maschi T, Rosendale N
J Psychosom Res 2023 Nov;174:111491. Epub 2023 Sep 20 doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111491. PMID: 37802674
Peripherally-induced Movement Disorders: An Update.
Lenka A, Jankovic J
Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) 2023;13:8. Epub 2023 Mar 28 doi: 10.5334/tohm.758. PMID: 37008994Free PMC Article
Impaired Metacognition of Voluntary Movement in Functional Movement Disorder.
Verrel J, Chwolka F, Filevich E, Moyé J, Paulus T, Zittel S, Bäumer T, Münchau A, Weissbach A
Mov Disord 2023 Mar;38(3):435-443. Epub 2023 Jan 6 doi: 10.1002/mds.29303. PMID: 36606550
Functional dystonia.
Schmerler DA, Espay AJ
Handb Clin Neurol 2016;139:235-245. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-801772-2.00020-5. PMID: 27719842
Functional tremor.
Schwingenschuh P, Deuschl G
Handb Clin Neurol 2016;139:229-233. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-801772-2.00019-9. PMID: 27719841

Clinical prediction guides

Physiotherapy for patients with functional movement disorder: a systematic review.
Molero-Mateo P, Molina-Rueda F
Neurologia (Engl Ed) 2024 Jul-Aug;39(6):505-514. Epub 2023 Apr 27 doi: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2022.01.008. PMID: 37116691
Functional neurological disorder and functional somatic syndromes among sexual and gender minority people: A scoping review.
Lerario MP, Fusunyan M, Stave CD, Roldán V, Keuroghlian AS, Turban J, Perez DL, Maschi T, Rosendale N
J Psychosom Res 2023 Nov;174:111491. Epub 2023 Sep 20 doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111491. PMID: 37802674
Impaired Metacognition of Voluntary Movement in Functional Movement Disorder.
Verrel J, Chwolka F, Filevich E, Moyé J, Paulus T, Zittel S, Bäumer T, Münchau A, Weissbach A
Mov Disord 2023 Mar;38(3):435-443. Epub 2023 Jan 6 doi: 10.1002/mds.29303. PMID: 36606550
Bridging structural and functional biomarkers in functional movement disorder using network mapping.
Sojka P, Slovák M, Věchetová G, Jech R, Perez DL, Serranová T
Brain Behav 2022 May;12(5):e2576. Epub 2022 Apr 16 doi: 10.1002/brb3.2576. PMID: 35429407Free PMC Article
Functional dystonia: A case-control study and risk prediction algorithm.
Stephen CD, Perez DL, Chibnik LB, Sharma N
Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2021 Apr;8(4):732-748. Epub 2021 Mar 16 doi: 10.1002/acn3.51307. PMID: 33724724Free PMC Article

Recent systematic reviews

Physiotherapy for patients with functional movement disorder: a systematic review.
Molero-Mateo P, Molina-Rueda F
Neurologia (Engl Ed) 2024 Jul-Aug;39(6):505-514. Epub 2023 Apr 27 doi: 10.1016/j.nrleng.2022.01.008. PMID: 37116691
Genetics of Functional Seizures; A Scoping Systematic Review.
Asadi-Pooya AA, Hallett M, Mirzaei Damabi N, Fazelian Dehkordi K
Genes (Basel) 2023 Jul 27;14(8) doi: 10.3390/genes14081537. PMID: 37628589Free PMC Article
Functional movement disorder gender, age and phenotype study: a systematic review and individual patient meta-analysis of 4905 cases.
Lidstone SC, Costa-Parke M, Robinson EJ, Ercoli T, Stone J; FMD GAP Study Group
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2022 Jun;93(6):609-616. Epub 2022 Feb 25 doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2021-328462. PMID: 35217516
Consistency of inclusion criteria for functional movement disorder clinical research studies: A systematic review.
Kirkwood B, Mark VW
NeuroRehabilitation 2022;50(2):169-178. doi: 10.3233/NRE-228002. PMID: 35213329
Childhood onset of stiff-man syndrome.
Clardy SL, Lennon VA, Dalmau J, Pittock SJ, Jones HR Jr, Renaud DL, Harper CM Jr, Matsumoto JY, McKeon A
JAMA Neurol 2013 Dec;70(12):1531-6. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.4442. PMID: 24100349Free PMC Article

Supplemental Content

Table of contents

    Practice guidelines

    • PubMed
      See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.
    • Bookshelf
      See practice and clinical guidelines in NCBI Bookshelf. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.

    Related information

    • PMC Articles
      Related information in PubMed Central Links
    • PubMed
      Related literature resources in PubMed

    Recent activity

    Clear Turn Off Turn On

    Your browsing activity is empty.

    Activity recording is turned off.

    Turn recording back on

    See more...