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2.

Hereditary xanthinuria type 1

Xanthinuria, which was first described by Dent and Philpot (1954), is characterized by excretion of large amounts of xanthine in the urine and a tendency to form xanthine stones. Uric acid is strikingly diminished in serum and urine. Two clinically similar but distinct forms of xanthinuria are recognized. In type I (XAN1) there is an isolated deficiency of xanthine dehydrogenase, and in type II (XAN2; 603592) there is a dual deficiency of xanthine dehydrogenase and aldehyde oxidase (603592). Type I patients can metabolize allopurinol, whereas type II patients cannot (Simmonds et al., 1995). Xanthinuria also occurs in molybdenum cofactor deficiency (252150). Type II xanthinuria is caused by mutation in the MOCOS gene (613274), which encodes the enzyme that sulfurates the molybdenum cofactor for XDH and AOX1 (602841). [from OMIM]

MedGen UID:
82771
Concept ID:
C0268118
Disease or Syndrome
3.

Turner syndrome

Turner syndrome is a chromosomal condition that affects development in people who are assigned female at birth. Females typically have two X chromosomes, but in individuals with Turner syndrome, one copy of the X chromosome is missing or altered.

The most common feature of Turner syndrome is short stature, which becomes evident by about age 5. Reduced functioning of the ovaries, the female reproductive organs that produce egg cells (oocytes) and female sex hormones, is also very common. The ovaries develop normally at first, but egg cells usually die prematurely and most ovarian tissue breaks down before birth. 

Many affected individuals do not undergo puberty unless they receive hormone therapy, and most are unable to become pregnant naturally. A small percentage of people with Turner syndrome retain normal ovarian function through young adulthood.

About 30 percent of individuals with Turner syndrome have extra folds of skin on the neck (webbed neck), a low hairline at the back of the neck, puffiness or swelling (lymphedema) of the hands and feet, skeletal abnormalities, or kidney problems. One-third to one-half of individuals with Turner syndrome are born with a heart defect, such as a narrowing of the large artery that leaves the heart (coarctation of the aorta) or abnormalities of the valve that connects the aorta to the heart (the aortic valve). Complications associated with these heart defects can be life-threatening.

Most people with Turner syndrome have normal intelligence. Developmental delays, nonverbal learning disabilities, and behavioral problems are possible, although these characteristics vary among affected individuals. [from MedlinePlus Genetics]

MedGen UID:
21734
Concept ID:
C0041408
Disease or Syndrome
4.

Monosomy X

MedGen UID:
116607
Concept ID:
C0242526
Disease or Syndrome
5.

Mosaic Turner syndrome

MedGen UID:
873772
Concept ID:
C4040907
Disease or Syndrome
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