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  • The following terms were not found in MedGen: Gsmall, Cyrillic, opopopcapital, Cyrillicop.
1.

Cornelia de Lange syndrome 1

Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) encompasses a spectrum of findings from mild to severe. Severe (classic) CdLS is characterized by distinctive facial features, growth restriction (prenatal onset; <5th centile throughout life), hypertrichosis, and upper-limb reduction defects that range from subtle phalangeal abnormalities to oligodactyly (missing digits). Craniofacial features include synophrys, highly arched and/or thick eyebrows, long eyelashes, short nasal bridge with anteverted nares, small widely spaced teeth, and microcephaly. Individuals with a milder phenotype have less severe growth, cognitive, and limb involvement, but often have facial features consistent with CdLS. Across the CdLS spectrum IQ ranges from below 30 to 102 (mean: 53). Many individuals demonstrate autistic and self-destructive tendencies. Other frequent findings include cardiac septal defects, gastrointestinal dysfunction, hearing loss, myopia, and cryptorchidism or hypoplastic genitalia. [from GeneReviews]

MedGen UID:
1645760
Concept ID:
C4551851
Disease or Syndrome
2.

Cornelia de Lange syndrome 5

Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) encompasses a spectrum of findings from mild to severe. Severe (classic) CdLS is characterized by distinctive facial features, growth restriction (prenatal onset; <5th centile throughout life), hypertrichosis, and upper-limb reduction defects that range from subtle phalangeal abnormalities to oligodactyly (missing digits). Craniofacial features include synophrys, highly arched and/or thick eyebrows, long eyelashes, short nasal bridge with anteverted nares, small widely spaced teeth, and microcephaly. Individuals with a milder phenotype have less severe growth, cognitive, and limb involvement, but often have facial features consistent with CdLS. Across the CdLS spectrum IQ ranges from below 30 to 102 (mean: 53). Many individuals demonstrate autistic and self-destructive tendencies. Other frequent findings include cardiac septal defects, gastrointestinal dysfunction, hearing loss, myopia, and cryptorchidism or hypoplastic genitalia. [from GeneReviews]

MedGen UID:
763817
Concept ID:
C3550903
Disease or Syndrome
3.

Congenital muscular hypertrophy-cerebral syndrome

Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) encompasses a spectrum of findings from mild to severe. Severe (classic) CdLS is characterized by distinctive facial features, growth restriction (prenatal onset; <5th centile throughout life), hypertrichosis, and upper-limb reduction defects that range from subtle phalangeal abnormalities to oligodactyly (missing digits). Craniofacial features include synophrys, highly arched and/or thick eyebrows, long eyelashes, short nasal bridge with anteverted nares, small widely spaced teeth, and microcephaly. Individuals with a milder phenotype have less severe growth, cognitive, and limb involvement, but often have facial features consistent with CdLS. Across the CdLS spectrum IQ ranges from below 30 to 102 (mean: 53). Many individuals demonstrate autistic and self-destructive tendencies. Other frequent findings include cardiac septal defects, gastrointestinal dysfunction, hearing loss, myopia, and cryptorchidism or hypoplastic genitalia. [from GeneReviews]

MedGen UID:
315658
Concept ID:
C1802395
Disease or Syndrome
4.

Cornelia de Lange syndrome 3

Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) encompasses a spectrum of findings from mild to severe. Severe (classic) CdLS is characterized by distinctive facial features, growth restriction (prenatal onset; <5th centile throughout life), hypertrichosis, and upper-limb reduction defects that range from subtle phalangeal abnormalities to oligodactyly (missing digits). Craniofacial features include synophrys, highly arched and/or thick eyebrows, long eyelashes, short nasal bridge with anteverted nares, small widely spaced teeth, and microcephaly. Individuals with a milder phenotype have less severe growth, cognitive, and limb involvement, but often have facial features consistent with CdLS. Across the CdLS spectrum IQ ranges from below 30 to 102 (mean: 53). Many individuals demonstrate autistic and self-destructive tendencies. Other frequent findings include cardiac septal defects, gastrointestinal dysfunction, hearing loss, myopia, and cryptorchidism or hypoplastic genitalia. [from GeneReviews]

MedGen UID:
339902
Concept ID:
C1853099
Disease or Syndrome
5.

Cornelia de Lange syndrome 4

Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) encompasses a spectrum of findings from mild to severe. Severe (classic) CdLS is characterized by distinctive facial features, growth restriction (prenatal onset; <5th centile throughout life), hypertrichosis, and upper-limb reduction defects that range from subtle phalangeal abnormalities to oligodactyly (missing digits). Craniofacial features include synophrys, highly arched and/or thick eyebrows, long eyelashes, short nasal bridge with anteverted nares, small widely spaced teeth, and microcephaly. Individuals with a milder phenotype have less severe growth, cognitive, and limb involvement, but often have facial features consistent with CdLS. Across the CdLS spectrum IQ ranges from below 30 to 102 (mean: 53). Many individuals demonstrate autistic and self-destructive tendencies. Other frequent findings include cardiac septal defects, gastrointestinal dysfunction, hearing loss, myopia, and cryptorchidism or hypoplastic genitalia. [from GeneReviews]

MedGen UID:
766431
Concept ID:
C3553517
Disease or Syndrome
6.

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is characterized by the association of gastrointestinal (GI) polyposis, mucocutaneous pigmentation, and cancer predisposition. PJS-type hamartomatous polyps are most common in the small intestine (in order of prevalence: jejunum, ileum, and duodenum) but can also occur in the stomach, large bowel, and extraintestinal sites including the renal pelvis, bronchus, gall bladder, nasal passages, urinary bladder, and ureters. GI polyps can result in chronic bleeding, anemia, and recurrent obstruction and intussusception requiring repeated laparotomy and bowel resection. Mucocutaneous hyperpigmentation presents in childhood as dark blue to dark brown macules around the mouth, eyes, and nostrils, in the perianal area, and on the buccal mucosa. Hyperpigmented macules on the fingers are common. The macules may fade in puberty and adulthood. Recognition of the distinctive skin manifestations is important especially in individuals who have PJS as the result of a de novo pathogenic variant as these skin findings often predate GI signs and symptoms. Individuals with PJS are at increased risk for a wide variety of epithelial malignancies (colorectal, gastric, pancreatic, breast, and ovarian cancers). Females are at risk for sex cord tumors with annular tubules (SCTAT), a benign neoplasm of the ovaries, and adenoma malignum of the cervix, a rare aggressive cancer. Males occasionally develop large calcifying Sertoli cell tumors of the testes, which secrete estrogen and can lead to gynecomastia, advanced skeletal age, and ultimately short stature, if untreated. [from GeneReviews]

MedGen UID:
18404
Concept ID:
C0031269
Disease or Syndrome
7.

De Lange syndrome

Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) encompasses a spectrum of findings from mild to severe. Severe (classic) CdLS is characterized by distinctive facial features, growth restriction (prenatal onset; <5th centile throughout life), hypertrichosis, and upper-limb reduction defects that range from subtle phalangeal abnormalities to oligodactyly (missing digits). Craniofacial features include synophrys, highly arched and/or thick eyebrows, long eyelashes, short nasal bridge with anteverted nares, small widely spaced teeth, and microcephaly. Individuals with a milder phenotype have less severe growth, cognitive, and limb involvement, but often have facial features consistent with CdLS. Across the CdLS spectrum IQ ranges from below 30 to 102 (mean: 53). Many individuals demonstrate autistic and self-destructive tendencies. Other frequent findings include cardiac septal defects, gastrointestinal dysfunction, hearing loss, myopia, and cryptorchidism or hypoplastic genitalia. [from GeneReviews]

MedGen UID:
78752
Concept ID:
C0270972
Disease or Syndrome
8.

Congenital long QT syndrome

Congenital long QT syndrome is electrocardiographically characterized by a prolonged QT interval and polymorphic ventricular arrhythmias (torsade de pointes). These cardiac arrhythmias may result in recurrent syncope, seizure, or sudden death (Jongbloed et al., 1999). A form of torsade de pointes in which the first beat has a short coupling interval has been described (613600). Genetic Heterogeneity of Long QT Syndrome Other forms of LQT syndrome (LQTS) are LQT2 (613688), caused by mutation in the KCNH2 gene (152427); LQT3 (603830), caused by mutation in the SCN5A gene (600163); LQT4 (see 600919), caused by mutation in the ANK2 gene (106410); LQT5 (613695), caused by mutation in the KCNE1 gene (176261); LQT6 (613693), caused by mutation in the KCNE2 gene (603796); LQT7 (Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis, 170390), caused by mutation in the KCNJ2 gene (600681); LQT8 (618447), caused by mutation in the CACNA1C gene (114205); LQT9 (611818), caused by mutation in the CAV3 gene (601253); LQT10 (611819), caused by mutation in the SCN4B gene (608256); LQT11 (611820), caused by mutation in the AKAP9 gene (604001); LQT12 (612955), caused by mutation in the SNTA1 gene (601017); LQT13 (613485), caused by mutation in the KCNJ5 gene (600734); LQT14 (616247), caused by mutation in the CALM1 gene (114180), LQT15 (616249), caused by mutation in the CALM2 gene (114182); and LQT16 (618782), caused by mutation in the CALM3 gene (114183). Approximately 10% of LQTS patients in whom a mutation is identified in one ion channel gene carry a second mutation in the same gene or in another ion channel gene (Tester et al., 2005). Reviews Giudicessi and Ackerman (2016) reviewed the role of Ca(2+) cycling in cardiac repolarization and in the pathogenesis of long QT-associated cardiac arrhythmias. [from OMIM]

MedGen UID:
685787
Concept ID:
C1141890
Disease or Syndrome
9.

Short stature, microcephaly, and endocrine dysfunction

In patients with SSMED, short stature and microcephaly are apparent at birth, and there is progressive postnatal growth failure. Endocrine dysfunction, including hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, multinodular goiter, and diabetes mellitus, is present in affected adults. Progressive ataxia has been reported in some patients, with onset ranging from the second to fifth decade of life. In addition, a few patients have developed tumors, suggesting that there may be a predisposition to tumorigenesis. In contrast to syndromes involving defects in other components of the nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) complex (see, e.g., 606593), no clinically overt immunodeficiency has been observed in SSMED, although laboratory analysis has revealed lymphopenia or borderline leukopenia in some patients (Murray et al., 2015; Bee et al., 2015; de Bruin et al., 2015; Guo et al., 2015). [from OMIM]

MedGen UID:
895448
Concept ID:
C4225288
Disease or Syndrome
10.

Osteogenesis imperfecta type I

COL1A1/2 osteogenesis imperfecta (COL1A1/2-OI) is characterized by fractures with minimal or absent trauma, variable dentinogenesis imperfecta (DI), and, in adult years, hearing loss. The clinical features of COL1A1/2-OI represent a continuum ranging from perinatal lethality to individuals with severe skeletal deformities, mobility impairments, and very short stature to nearly asymptomatic individuals with a mild predisposition to fractures, normal dentition, normal stature, and normal life span. Fractures can occur in any bone but are most common in the extremities. DI is characterized by gray or brown teeth that may appear translucent, wear down, and break easily. COL1A1/2-OI has been classified into four types based on clinical presentation and radiographic findings. This classification system can be helpful in providing information about prognosis and management for a given individual. The four more common OI types are now referred to as follows: Classic non-deforming OI with blue sclerae (previously OI type I). Perinatally lethal OI (previously OI type II). Progressively deforming OI (previously OI type III). Common variable OI with normal sclerae (previously OI type IV). [from GeneReviews]

MedGen UID:
9799
Concept ID:
C0023931
Disease or Syndrome
11.

Intellectual disability-severe speech delay-mild dysmorphism syndrome

Intellectual developmental disorder with language impairment and with or without autistic features (IDDLA) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by global developmental delay with moderate to severe speech delay that particularly affects expressive speech. Most patients have articulation defects, but frank verbal dyspraxia is not observed. Common dysmorphic features include broad forehead, downslanting palpebral fissures, short nose with broad tip, relative macrocephaly, frontal hair upsweep, and prominent digit pads. Gross motor skills are also delayed. Some patients have autistic features and/or behavioral problems. All reported cases have occurred de novo (review by Le Fevre et al., 2013). [from OMIM]

MedGen UID:
862201
Concept ID:
C4013764
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
12.

Partial duplication of the short arm of chromosome 3

Chromosome 3p duplication is a chromosome abnormality that occurs when there is an extra copy of genetic material on the short arm (p) of chromosome 3. The severity of the condition and the signs and symptoms depend on the size and location of the duplication and which genes are involved. Features that often occur in people with chromosome 3p duplication include developmental delay, intellectual disability, behavioral problems and distinctive facial features. Chromosome 3p duplication can be de novo or inherited from a parent with a balanced translocation. Treatment is based on the signs and symptoms present in each person. [from MONDO]

MedGen UID:
1826042
Concept ID:
C5679720
Cell or Molecular Dysfunction
13.

Infantile cortical hyperostosis

Caffey disease is characterized by massive subperiosteal new bone formation (usually involving the diaphyses of the long bones as well as the ribs, mandible, scapulae, and clavicles) typically associated with fever, joint swelling, and pain in children, with onset between birth and five months and spontaneous resolution by age two years. Episodes of recurrence of the manifestations of Caffey disease have been reported multiple times in individuals with the classic infantile presentation. Limited follow-up information suggests that adults who had Caffey disease in childhood may manifest joint laxity, skin hyperextensibility, hernias, short stature, and an increased risk for bone fractures and/or deformities. [from GeneReviews]

MedGen UID:
43781
Concept ID:
C0020497
Disease or Syndrome
14.

Guttmacher syndrome

An extremely rare syndrome with characteristics of hypoplastic thumbs and halluces, fifth finger brachydactyly, postaxial polydactyly of the hands, short or uniphalangeal second toes with absent nails and hypospadias. It has been described in a father and his son and daughter. The affected patients have normal mental development. Except for postaxial polydactyly of the hands and uniphalangeal second toes with absent nails, features are in common with hand-foot-genital syndrome caused by mutations in the HOXA13 gene. In all three affected individuals, two different sequence alterations were identified in HOXA13 gene: a de novo missense mutation and a deletion in the promoter region of the gene, inherited from an unaffected parent, which may contribute to the phenotype in the affected individuals. The condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. [from SNOMEDCT_US]

MedGen UID:
401304
Concept ID:
C1867801
Disease or Syndrome
15.

Torsade-de-pointes syndrome with short coupling interval

Torsade de pointes is characterized by an electrocardiographic (ECG) pattern of nonuniform but still-organized electrical activity with progressive changes in morphology, amplitude, and polarity of the QRS complexes, the peaks of which twist around the isoelectric baseline before ending spontaneously. In classic torsade de pointes, the coupling interval of the first beat is long (see LQT1, 192500), whereas in this short-coupled variant, the coupling interval of the first beat is very short (summary by Leenhardt et al., 1994). [from OMIM]

MedGen UID:
462201
Concept ID:
C3150851
Disease or Syndrome
16.

Deletion of short arm of chromosome 18

The main clinical manifestations of chromosome 18p deletion syndrome are mental retardation, growth retardation, craniofacial dysmorphism including round face, dysplastic ears, wide mouth and dental anomalies, and abnormalities of the limbs, genitalia, brain, eyes, and heart. The round face characteristic in the neonatal period and childhood may change to a long face with linear growth of the height of the face (summary by Tsukahara et al., 2001). [from OMIM]

MedGen UID:
96604
Concept ID:
C0432442
Disease or Syndrome
17.

Trisomy 17p

A rare chromosomal abnormality resulting from the duplication of the short arm of chromosome 17 with characteristics of pre and post-natal growth retardation, developmental delay, hypotonia, digital abnormalities, congenital heart defects, and distinctive facial features. It has been described in fewer than 15 patients. Facial dysmorphism includes microcephaly, receding forehead, down-slanting palpebral fissures, ptosis, hypertelorism, low-set malformed ears, smooth philtrum, micrognathia, high-arched palate and a short broad neck. Digital abnormalities include absent fourth and fifth digits, brachydactyly and fifth finger clinodactyly. Genital hypoplasia in males and hypertrichosis are often observed. Intellectual deficit is severe to profound and the prognosis is poor. Trisomy 17p has been reported to be pure, as the result of a de novo 17p duplication or an extra chromosome derived from the 17p arm. [from SNOMEDCT_US]

MedGen UID:
167078
Concept ID:
C0795865
Disease or Syndrome
18.

8p inverted duplication/deletion syndrome

A rare chromosomal anomaly with clinical manifestations of mild to severe intellectual deficit, severe developmental delay, hypotonia with tendency to develop progressive hypertonia over time, minor facial anomalies and agenesis of the corpus callosum. Thirty to fifty percent of individuals have autism. An inverted duplication with a terminal deletion of the short arm of chromosome 8 mostly occurs as either an inverted duplication from centromere to D8S552 with a pter deletion from D8S349 or as an inverted duplication from 8p11.2 or 8p21 to D8S552, with a telomeric deletion from D8349. The input of the 8p deletion to the clinical picture appears less significant than the 8p inversion duplication rearrangement. To date, all invdupdel(8p) have occurred de novo. [from SNOMEDCT_US]

MedGen UID:
906101
Concept ID:
C4273676
Disease or Syndrome
19.

Distal trisomy 6p

Distal trisomy of the short arm of chromosome 6 has characteristics of pre and postnatal growth retardation, a pattern of specific facial features (mostly of the eyes), microcephaly, and developmental delay. The duplicated region almost always includes 6pter, with proximal breakpoints ranging from 6p21 to 6p25. Interstitial duplications of 6p have also been reported with different phenotypes depending on their size and location. Most cases of distal trisomy 6p result from missegregation of a familial balanced translocation, or pericentric inversion, and are accompanied by another chromosomal imbalance. Intrachromosomal duplications or de novo translocations are also observed. [from SNOMEDCT_US]

MedGen UID:
928220
Concept ID:
C4302551
Disease or Syndrome
20.

Partial chromosome Y deletion

A severe deficiency of spermatogenesis. Chromosome Y deletions are a frequent genetic cause of male infertility. The mode of transmission follows a Y-linked pattern, with incomplete penetrance, but as deletions are often associated with infertility, they generally occur de novo. Molecular diagnosis is made by PCR amplification of STS type sequences (sequence-tagged sites) from the AZFa, b, and c regions. All chromosome Y deletions do not necessarily lead to infertility: firstly, some deletions (especially some partial deletions) do not result in spermatogenesis defects; secondly, among men with severe oligospermia, some can father children without infertility treatment. Finally, when mature spermatozoa are found in the sperm or in the testicles, the infertility problem can be solved with medically assisted procreation techniques. However, there is a risk of transmitting the microdeletion to every male infant. [from SNOMEDCT_US]

MedGen UID:
267211
Concept ID:
C1507149
Cell or Molecular Dysfunction
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