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Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II(MOPD2)

MedGen UID:
96587
Concept ID:
C0432246
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type 2; Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism with tooth abnormalities; MOPD 2; MOPD II; MOPD2; Osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type 2; OSTEODYSPLASTIC PRIMORDIAL DWARFISM, TYPE II
SNOMED CT: Majewski osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II (1208348002); Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II (1208348002); MOPD (microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism) type II (1208348002)
Modes of inheritance:
Autosomal recessive inheritance
MedGen UID:
141025
Concept ID:
C0441748
Intellectual Product
Source: Orphanet
A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on one of the autosomes (i.e., the human chromosomes 1-22) in which a trait manifests in individuals with two pathogenic alleles, either homozygotes (two copies of the same mutant allele) or compound heterozygotes (whereby each copy of a gene has a distinct mutant allele).
 
Gene (location): PCNT (21q22.3)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0008872
OMIM®: 210720
Orphanet: ORPHA2637

Disease characteristics

Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II (MOPDII), the most common form of microcephalic primordial dwarfism, is characterized by extreme short stature and microcephaly along with distinctive facial features. Associated features that differentiate it from other forms of primordial dwarfism and that may necessitate treatment include: abnormal dentition, a slender bone skeletal dysplasia with hip deformity and/or scoliosis, insulin resistance / diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, cardiac malformations, and global vascular disease. The latter includes neurovascular disease such as moyamoya vasculopathy and intracranial aneurysms (which can lead to strokes), coronary artery disease (which can lead to premature myocardial infarctions), and renal vascular disease. Hypertension, which is also common, can have multiple underlying causes given the complex comorbidities. [from GeneReviews]
Authors:
Angela Duker  |  Andrew Jackson  |  Michael B Bober   view full author information

Additional descriptions

From OMIM
Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II (MOPD2) is characterized by intrauterine growth retardation, severe proportionate short stature, and microcephaly. It is distinct from Seckel syndrome (see 210600) by more severe growth retardation, radiologic abnormalities, and absent or mild mental retardation (summary by Willems et al., 2010).  http://www.omim.org/entry/210720
From MedlinePlus Genetics
Microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II (MOPDII) is a condition characterized by short stature (dwarfism) with other skeletal abnormalities (osteodysplasia) and an unusually small head size (microcephaly). The growth problems in MOPDII are primordial, meaning they begin before birth, with affected individuals showing slow prenatal growth (intrauterine growth retardation). After birth, affected individuals continue to grow at a very slow rate. The final adult height of people with this condition ranges from 20 inches to 40 inches. Other skeletal abnormalities in MOPDII include abnormal development of the hip joints (hip dysplasia), thinning of the bones in the arms and legs, an abnormal side-to-side curvature of the spine (scoliosis), and shortened wrist bones. In people with MOPDII head growth slows over time; affected individuals have an adult brain size comparable to that of a 3-month-old infant. However, intellectual development is typically normal.

People with this condition have a high-pitched, nasal voice and some have a narrowing of the voicebox (subglottic stenosis). Facial features characteristic of MOPDII include a prominent nose, full cheeks, a long midface, and a small jaw. Other signs and symptoms seen in some people with MOPDII include small teeth (microdontia) and farsightedness. Over time, affected individuals may develop areas of abnormally light or dark skin coloring (pigmentation).

Many individuals with MOPDII have blood vessel abnormalities. For example, some affected individuals develop a bulge in one of the blood vessels at the center of the brain (intracranial aneurysm). These aneurysms are dangerous because they can burst, causing bleeding within the brain. Some affected individuals have Moyamoya disease, in which arteries at the base of the brain are narrowed, leading to restricted blood flow. These vascular abnormalities are often treatable, though they increase the risk of stroke and reduce the life expectancy of affected individuals.  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/microcephalic-osteodysplastic-primordial-dwarfism-type-ii

Clinical features

From HPO
Hypospadias
MedGen UID:
163083
Concept ID:
C0848558
Congenital Abnormality
Abnormal position of urethral meatus on the ventral penile shaft (underside) characterized by displacement of the urethral meatus from the tip of the glans penis to the ventral surface of the penis, scrotum, or perineum.
Brachydactyly
MedGen UID:
67454
Concept ID:
C0221357
Congenital Abnormality
Digits that appear disproportionately short compared to the hand/foot. The word brachydactyly is used here to describe a series distinct patterns of shortened digits (brachydactyly types A-E). This is the sense used here.
Tibial bowing
MedGen UID:
332360
Concept ID:
C1837081
Finding
A bending or abnormal curvature of the tibia.
Short distal phalanx of finger
MedGen UID:
326590
Concept ID:
C1839829
Finding
Short distance from the end of the finger to the most distal interphalangeal crease or the distal interphalangeal joint flexion point. That is, hypoplasia of one or more of the distal phalanx of finger.
Short middle phalanx of finger
MedGen UID:
337690
Concept ID:
C1846950
Finding
Short (hypoplastic) middle phalanx of finger, affecting one or more fingers.
Short 1st metacarpal
MedGen UID:
376561
Concept ID:
C1849311
Finding
A developmental defect characterized by reduced length of the first metacarpal (long bone) of the hand.
Clinodactyly of the 5th finger
MedGen UID:
340456
Concept ID:
C1850049
Congenital Abnormality
Clinodactyly refers to a bending or curvature of the fifth finger in the radial direction (i.e., towards the 4th finger).
Radial bowing
MedGen UID:
347136
Concept ID:
C1859399
Anatomical Abnormality
A bending or abnormal curvature of the radius.
Metacarpal pseudoepiphysis
MedGen UID:
349766
Concept ID:
C1860253
Finding
A pseudoepiphysis is a secondary ossification center distinct from the normal epiphysis. The normal metacarpal epiphyses are located at the distal ends of the metacarpal bones. Accessory epiphyses (which are also known as pseudoepiphyses) can also occasionally be observed at the proximal ends of the metacarpals, usually involving the 2nd metacarpal bone.
Ulnar bowing
MedGen UID:
356099
Concept ID:
C1865847
Finding
Bending of the diaphysis (shaft) of the ulna.
Limited elbow extension
MedGen UID:
401158
Concept ID:
C1867103
Finding
Limited ability to straighten the arm at the elbow joint.
Coxa vara
MedGen UID:
1790477
Concept ID:
C5551440
Anatomical Abnormality
Coxa vara includes all forms of decrease of the femoral neck shaft angle (the angle between the neck and the shaft of the femur) to less than 120 degrees.
Moyamoya phenomenon
MedGen UID:
868764
Concept ID:
C4023169
Disease or Syndrome
A noninflammatory, progressive occlusion of the intracranial carotid arteries owing to the formation of netlike collateral arteries arising from the circle of Willis.
Dilatation of the cerebral artery
MedGen UID:
1386760
Concept ID:
C4476540
Anatomical Abnormality
The presence of a localized dilatation or ballooning of a cerebral artery.
Fetal growth restriction
MedGen UID:
4693
Concept ID:
C0015934
Pathologic Function
An abnormal restriction of fetal growth with fetal weight below the tenth percentile for gestational age.
Disproportionate short stature
MedGen UID:
168053
Concept ID:
C0878659
Finding
A kind of short stature in which different regions of the body are shortened to differing extents.
Postnatal growth retardation
MedGen UID:
395343
Concept ID:
C1859778
Finding
Slow or limited growth after birth.
Truncal obesity
MedGen UID:
1637490
Concept ID:
C4551560
Finding
Obesity located preferentially in the trunk of the body as opposed to the extremities.
Microtia
MedGen UID:
57535
Concept ID:
C0152423
Congenital Abnormality
Underdevelopment of the external ear.
Abnormally high-pitched voice
MedGen UID:
66836
Concept ID:
C0241703
Finding
A persistent (minutes to hours) abnormal increase in the pitch (frequency) of the voice for the context or social situation or significantly different from baseline of the individual.
Global developmental delay
MedGen UID:
107838
Concept ID:
C0557874
Finding
A delay in the achievement of motor or mental milestones in the domains of development of a child, including motor skills, speech and language, cognitive skills, and social and emotional skills. This term should only be used to describe children younger than five years of age.
Intellectual disability
MedGen UID:
811461
Concept ID:
C3714756
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Intellectual disability, previously referred to as mental retardation, is characterized by subnormal intellectual functioning that occurs during the developmental period. It is defined by an IQ score below 70.
Retrognathia
MedGen UID:
19766
Concept ID:
C0035353
Congenital Abnormality
An abnormality in which the mandible is mislocalised posteriorly.
Proximal femoral epiphysiolysis
MedGen UID:
57704
Concept ID:
C0149887
Disease or Syndrome
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis is defined as a posterior and inferior slippage of the proximal epiphysis of the femur onto the metaphysis (femoral neck), occurring through the physeal plate during the early adolescent growth spurt.
Narrow chest
MedGen UID:
96528
Concept ID:
C0426790
Finding
Reduced width of the chest from side to side, associated with a reduced distance from the sternal notch to the tip of the shoulder.
Long clavicles
MedGen UID:
96530
Concept ID:
C0426808
Finding
Increased length of the clavicles.
Delayed skeletal maturation
MedGen UID:
108148
Concept ID:
C0541764
Finding
A decreased rate of skeletal maturation. Delayed skeletal maturation can be diagnosed on the basis of an estimation of the bone age from radiographs of specific bones in the human body.
Thin clavicles
MedGen UID:
659167
Concept ID:
C0575535
Finding
Abnormally reduced diameter (cross section) of the clavicles.
Slender long bone
MedGen UID:
331446
Concept ID:
C1833144
Finding
Reduced diameter of a long bone.
Large sella turcica
MedGen UID:
334811
Concept ID:
C1843677
Finding
An abnormal enlargement of the sella turcica.
Hypoplastic scapulae
MedGen UID:
337579
Concept ID:
C1846434
Finding
Underdeveloped scapula.
Narrow pelvis bone
MedGen UID:
336266
Concept ID:
C1848103
Finding
Reduced side to side width of the pelvis.
Flared metaphysis
MedGen UID:
337976
Concept ID:
C1850135
Finding
The presence of a splayed (i.e.,flared) metaphyseal segment of one or more long bones.
Ivory epiphyses
MedGen UID:
347330
Concept ID:
C1856911
Finding
Sclerosis of the epiphyses, leading to an increased degree of radiopacity (white or ivory appearance) in X-rays.
Distal symphalangism
MedGen UID:
350018
Concept ID:
C1861401
Congenital Abnormality
Distal symphalangism is ankylosis or rigidity of the distal interphalangeal joints of the hands and/or the feet (summary by Poush, 1991).
Hypoplastic iliac wing
MedGen UID:
351279
Concept ID:
C1865027
Anatomical Abnormality
Underdevelopment of the ilium ala.
Cone-shaped epiphysis
MedGen UID:
351282
Concept ID:
C1865037
Finding
Cone-shaped epiphyses (also known as coned epiphyses) are epiphyses that invaginate into cupped metaphyses. That is, the epiphysis has a cone-shaped distal extension resulting from increased growth of the central portion of the epiphysis relative to its periphery.
Straight clavicles
MedGen UID:
870568
Concept ID:
C4025016
Anatomical Abnormality
An abnormally straight configuration of the clavicle, a tubular bone which normally is doubly curved .
Microcephaly
MedGen UID:
1644158
Concept ID:
C4551563
Finding
Head circumference below 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
MedGen UID:
41523
Concept ID:
C0011860
Disease or Syndrome
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is distinct from maturity-onset diabetes of the young (see 606391) in that it is polygenic, characterized by gene-gene and gene-environment interactions with onset in adulthood, usually at age 40 to 60 but occasionally in adolescence if a person is obese. The pedigrees are rarely multigenerational. The penetrance is variable, possibly 10 to 40% (Fajans et al., 2001). Persons with type 2 diabetes usually have an obese body habitus and manifestations of the so-called metabolic syndrome (see 605552), which is characterized by diabetes, insulin resistance, hypertension, and hypertriglyceridemia. Genetic Heterogeneity of Susceptibility to Type 2 Diabetes Susceptibility to T2D1 (601283) is conferred by variation in the calpain-10 gene (CAPN10; 605286) on chromosome 2q37. The T2D2 locus (601407) on chromosome 12q was found in a Finnish population. The T2D3 locus (603694) maps to chromosome 20. The T2D4 locus (608036) maps to chromosome 5q34-q35. Susceptibility to T2D5 (616087) is conferred by variation in the TBC1D4 gene (612465) on chromosome 13q22. A mutation has been observed in hepatocyte nuclear factor-4-alpha (HNF4A; 600281.0004) in a French family with NIDDM of late onset. Mutations in the NEUROD1 gene (601724) on chromosome 2q32 were found to cause type 2 diabetes mellitus in 2 families. Mutation in the GLUT2 glucose transporter was associated with NIDDM in 1 patient (138160.0001). Mutation in the MAPK8IP1 gene, which encodes the islet-brain-1 protein, was found in a family with type 2 diabetes in individuals in 4 successive generations (604641.0001). Polymorphism in the KCNJ11 gene (600937.0014) confers susceptibility. In French white families, Vionnet et al. (2000) found evidence for a susceptibility locus for type 2 diabetes on 3q27-qter. They confirmed the diabetes susceptibility locus on 1q21-q24 reported by Elbein et al. (1999) in whites and by Hanson et al. (1998) in Pima Indians. A mutation in the GPD2 gene (138430.0001) on chromosome 2q24.1, encoding mitochondrial glycerophosphate dehydrogenase, was found in a patient with type 2 diabetes mellitus and in his glucose-intolerant half sister. Mutations in the PAX4 gene (167413) have been identified in patients with type 2 diabetes. Triggs-Raine et al. (2002) stated that in the Oji-Cree, a gly319-to-ser change in HNF1-alpha (142410.0008) behaves as a susceptibility allele for type 2 diabetes. Mutation in the HNF1B gene (189907.0007) was found in 2 Japanese patients with typical late-onset type 2 diabetes. Mutations in the IRS1 gene (147545) have been found in patients with type 2 diabetes. A missense mutation in the AKT2 gene (164731.0001) caused autosomal dominant type 2 diabetes in 1 family. A (single-nucleotide polymorphism) SNP in the 3-prime untranslated region of the resistin gene (605565.0001) was associated with susceptibility to diabetes and to insulin resistance-related hypertension in Chinese subjects. Susceptibility to insulin resistance has been associated with polymorphism in the TCF1 (142410.0011), PPP1R3A (600917.0001), PTPN1 (176885.0001), ENPP1 (173335.0006), IRS1 (147545.0002), and EPHX2 (132811.0001) genes. The K121Q polymorphism of ENPP1 (173335.0006) is associated with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes; a haplotype defined by 3 SNPs of this gene, including K121Q, is associated with obesity, glucose intolerance, and type 2 diabetes. A SNP in the promoter region of the hepatic lipase gene (151670.0004) predicts conversion from impaired glucose tolerance to type 2 diabetes. Variants of transcription factor 7-like-2 (TCF7L2; 602228.0001), located on 10q, have also been found to confer risk of type 2 diabetes. A common sequence variant, rs10811661, on chromosome 9p21 near the CDKN2A (600160) and CDKN2B (600431) genes has been associated with risk of type 2 diabetes. Variation in the PPARG gene (601487) has been associated with risk of type 2 diabetes. A promoter polymorphism in the IL6 gene (147620) is associated with susceptibility to NIDDM. Variation in the KCNJ15 gene (602106) has been associated with T2DM in lean Asians. Variation in the SLC30A8 gene (611145) has been associated with susceptibility to T2D. Variation in the HMGA1 gene (600701.0001) is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Mutation in the MTNR1B gene (600804) is associated with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes. Protection Against Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Protein-truncating variants in the SLC30A8 (611145) have been associated with a reduced risk for T2D.
Enamel hypoplasia
MedGen UID:
3730
Concept ID:
C0011351
Disease or Syndrome
Developmental hypoplasia of the dental enamel.
Microdontia
MedGen UID:
66008
Concept ID:
C0240340
Congenital Abnormality
Decreased size of the teeth, which can be defined as a mesiodistal tooth diameter (width) more than 2 SD below mean. Alternatively, an apparently decreased maximum width of tooth.
Upslanted palpebral fissure
MedGen UID:
98390
Concept ID:
C0423109
Finding
The palpebral fissure inclination is more than two standard deviations above the mean for age (objective); or, the inclination of the palpebral fissure is greater than typical for age.
Prominent nose
MedGen UID:
98423
Concept ID:
C0426415
Finding
Distance between subnasale and pronasale more than two standard deviations above the mean, or alternatively, an apparently increased anterior protrusion of the nasal tip.
Prominent nasal bridge
MedGen UID:
343051
Concept ID:
C1854113
Finding
Anterior positioning of the nasal root in comparison to the usual positioning for age.
Sparse scalp hair
MedGen UID:
346499
Concept ID:
C1857042
Finding
Decreased number of hairs per unit area of skin of the scalp.
Sloping forehead
MedGen UID:
346640
Concept ID:
C1857679
Finding
Inclination of the anterior surface of the forehead from the vertical more than two standard deviations above the mean (objective); or apparently excessive posterior sloping of the forehead in a lateral view.
Cafe-au-lait spot
MedGen UID:
113157
Concept ID:
C0221263
Finding
Cafe-au-lait spots are hyperpigmented lesions that can vary in color from light brown to dark brown with smooth borders and having a size of 1.5 cm or more in adults and 0.5 cm or more in children.
Areas of hypopigmentation and hyperpigmentation that do not follow Blaschko lines
MedGen UID:
870440
Concept ID:
C4024886
Finding
Precocious puberty
MedGen UID:
18752
Concept ID:
C0034013
Disease or Syndrome
The onset of secondary sexual characteristics before a normal age. Although it is difficult to define normal age ranges because of the marked variation with which puberty begins in normal children, precocious puberty can be defined as the onset of puberty before the age of 8 years in girls or 9 years in boys.
Hypermetropia
MedGen UID:
43780
Concept ID:
C0020490
Disease or Syndrome
An abnormality of refraction characterized by the ability to see objects in the distance clearly, while objects nearby appear blurry.

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVMicrocephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Marzano F, Chiara M, Consiglio A, D'Amato G, Gentile M, Mirabelli V, Piane M, Savio C, Fabiani M, D'Elia D, Sbisà E, Scarano G, Lonardo F, Tullo A, Pesole G, Faienza MF
Int J Mol Sci 2023 Jul 31;24(15) doi: 10.3390/ijms241512291. PMID: 37569667Free PMC Article
Abdel-Salam GMH, Sayed ISM, Afifi HH, Abdel-Ghafar SF, Abouzaid MR, Ismail SI, Aglan MS, Issa MY, El-Bassyouni HT, El-Kamah G, Effat LK, Eid M, Zaki MS, Temtamy SA, Abdel-Hamid MS
Am J Med Genet A 2020 Jun;182(6):1407-1420. Epub 2020 Apr 8 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61585. PMID: 32267100

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Marzano F, Chiara M, Consiglio A, D'Amato G, Gentile M, Mirabelli V, Piane M, Savio C, Fabiani M, D'Elia D, Sbisà E, Scarano G, Lonardo F, Tullo A, Pesole G, Faienza MF
Int J Mol Sci 2023 Jul 31;24(15) doi: 10.3390/ijms241512291. PMID: 37569667Free PMC Article
Duker AL, Kinderman D, Jordan C, Niiler T, Baker-Smith CM, Thompson L, Parry DA, Carroll RS, Bober MB
Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021 May 20;16(1):231. doi: 10.1186/s13023-021-01852-y. PMID: 34016138Free PMC Article
Rossi-Espagnet MC, Dentici ML, Pasquini L, Carducci C, Lucignani M, Longo D, Agolini E, Novelli A, Gonfiantini MV, Digilio MC, Napolitano A, Bartuli A
Am J Med Genet A 2020 Oct;182(10):2372-2376. Epub 2020 Aug 3 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61771. PMID: 32744776
Bober MB, Jackson AP
Curr Osteoporos Rep 2017 Apr;15(2):61-69. doi: 10.1007/s11914-017-0348-1. PMID: 28409412Free PMC Article
Karatas AF, Bober MB, Rogers K, Duker AL, Ditro CP, Mackenzie WG
J Pediatr Orthop 2014 Sep;34(6):585-90. doi: 10.1097/BPO.0000000000000183. PMID: 24705347

Diagnosis

Su T, Zhu Y, Wang X, Zhu Q, Duan X
Oral Dis 2023 Sep;29(6):2376-2393. Epub 2023 Apr 24 doi: 10.1111/odi.14589. PMID: 37094075
Duker AL, Kinderman D, Jordan C, Niiler T, Baker-Smith CM, Thompson L, Parry DA, Carroll RS, Bober MB
Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021 May 20;16(1):231. doi: 10.1186/s13023-021-01852-y. PMID: 34016138Free PMC Article
Bober MB, Jackson AP
Curr Osteoporos Rep 2017 Apr;15(2):61-69. doi: 10.1007/s11914-017-0348-1. PMID: 28409412Free PMC Article
Karatas AF, Bober MB, Rogers K, Duker AL, Ditro CP, Mackenzie WG
J Pediatr Orthop 2014 Sep;34(6):585-90. doi: 10.1097/BPO.0000000000000183. PMID: 24705347
Perry LD, Robertson F, Ganesan V
Pediatr Neurol 2013 Apr;48(4):294-8. doi: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2012.12.010. PMID: 23498563

Therapy

Faienza MF, Acquafredda A, D'Aniello M, Soldano L, Marzano F, Ventura A, Cavallo L
J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2013;26(7-8):771-4. doi: 10.1515/jpem-2012-0397. PMID: 23612698
Bober MB, Niiler T, Duker AL, Murray JE, Ketterer T, Harley ME, Alvi S, Flora C, Rustad C, Bongers EM, Bicknell LS, Wise C, Jackson AP
Am J Med Genet A 2012 Nov;158A(11):2719-25. Epub 2012 Jul 20 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35447. PMID: 22821869
Kılıç E, Utine E, Unal S, Haliloğlu G, Oğuz KK, Cetin M, Boduroğlu K, Alanay Y
Eur J Pediatr 2012 Oct;171(10):1567-71. Epub 2012 Apr 17 doi: 10.1007/s00431-012-1732-6. PMID: 22527565

Prognosis

Bina M
BMC Genomics 2020 May 31;21(1):378. doi: 10.1186/s12864-020-6688-8. PMID: 32475352Free PMC Article
Chen WJ, Huang FC, Shih MH
BMC Pediatr 2019 Sep 11;19(1):329. doi: 10.1186/s12887-019-1685-2. PMID: 31510961Free PMC Article
Teo M, Johnson JN, Bell-Stephens TE, Marks MP, Do HM, Dodd RL, Bober MB, Steinberg GK
J Neurosurg Pediatr 2016 Dec;25(6):717-723. Epub 2016 Sep 9 doi: 10.3171/2016.6.PEDS16243. PMID: 27611897
Dieks JK, Baumer A, Wilichowski E, Rauch A, Sigler M
Eur J Pediatr 2014 Sep;173(9):1253-6. Epub 2014 Jun 29 doi: 10.1007/s00431-014-2368-5. PMID: 24973050
Willems M, Geneviève D, Borck G, Baumann C, Baujat G, Bieth E, Edery P, Farra C, Gerard M, Héron D, Leheup B, Le Merrer M, Lyonnet S, Martin-Coignard D, Mathieu M, Thauvin-Robinet C, Verloes A, Colleaux L, Munnich A, Cormier-Daire V
J Med Genet 2010 Dec;47(12):797-802. Epub 2009 Jul 29 doi: 10.1136/jmg.2009.067298. PMID: 19643772

Clinical prediction guides

Akalın A, Ayaz E, Soğukpınar M, Avcı-Durmuşalioğlu E, Ürel-Demir G, Yıldız AE, Atik T, Elcioglu NH, Eda Utine G, Şimşek-Kiper PÖ
Am J Med Genet A 2024 Oct;194(10):e63785. Epub 2024 Jun 11 doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63785. PMID: 38860472
Lorentz KO, Branca NM, Lemmers SAM
Int J Paleopathol 2021 Jun;33:158-169. Epub 2021 May 3 doi: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2021.04.001. PMID: 33957552
Bina M
BMC Genomics 2020 May 31;21(1):378. doi: 10.1186/s12864-020-6688-8. PMID: 32475352Free PMC Article
Faienza MF, Acquafredda A, D'Aniello M, Soldano L, Marzano F, Ventura A, Cavallo L
J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2013;26(7-8):771-4. doi: 10.1515/jpem-2012-0397. PMID: 23612698
Willems M, Geneviève D, Borck G, Baumann C, Baujat G, Bieth E, Edery P, Farra C, Gerard M, Héron D, Leheup B, Le Merrer M, Lyonnet S, Martin-Coignard D, Mathieu M, Thauvin-Robinet C, Verloes A, Colleaux L, Munnich A, Cormier-Daire V
J Med Genet 2010 Dec;47(12):797-802. Epub 2009 Jul 29 doi: 10.1136/jmg.2009.067298. PMID: 19643772

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