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Tetraamelia syndrome 1(TETAMS1)

MedGen UID:
860705
Concept ID:
C4012268
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: Tetra-Amelia Syndrome; Tetraamelia, autosomal recessive
 
Gene (location): WNT3 (17q21.31-21.32)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0060764
OMIM®: 273395

Definition

Tetraamelia syndrome-1 (TETAMS1) is characterized by complete limb agenesis without defects of scapulae or clavicles. Other features include bilateral cleft lip/palate, diaphragmatic defect with bilobar right lung, renal and adrenal agenesis, pelvic hypoplasia, and urogenital defects (Niemann et al., 2004). Genetic Heterogeneity of tetraamelia syndrome Tetraamelia syndrome-2 (TETAMS2; 618021) is caused by mutation in the RSPO2 gene (610575) on chromosome 8q23. [from OMIM]

Additional description

From MedlinePlus Genetics
Tetra-amelia syndrome (sometimes known as TETAMS) is a very rare disorder characterized by the absence of all four limbs. ("Tetra" is the Greek word for "four," and "amelia" refers to the failure of an arm or leg to develop before birth.)  

This syndrome can also cause severe malformations of other parts of the body, including the nervous system, face, head, heart, skeleton, gastrointestinal system, urinary tract, and genitalia. The lungs are underdeveloped in many cases, which makes breathing difficult or impossible. Because children with tetra-amelia syndrome have such serious medical problems, most are stillborn or die shortly after birth. 

There are two forms of tetra-amelia syndrome that have been described, and while the features overlap, they are distinguished by their signs and symptoms and genetic cause. 

Tetra-amelia syndrome type 1 is typically characterized by severe gastrointestinal problems. These problems include an opening in the abdomen through which various abdominal organs can protrude(abdominal wall defect), abnormalities in the muscle (diaphragm) that separates the organs in the abdomen from those in the chest, and lack of an anal opening (imperforate anus). People with type 1 also tend to have frequent urinary tract problems, such as a lack of kidney development (renal agenesis). 



Tetra-amelia syndrome type 2 is usually characterized by complete absence of both lungs. Affected individuals often have heart abnormalities, such as defects in the walls between the chambers of the heart (septal defects) or absence of the mitral valve, which connects the two left chambers of the heart. People with type 2 can also have facial abnormalities that include partial or complete fusion of the upper and lower eyelids, the bottom of the tongue attached to the floor of the mouth, or a small lower jaw (micrognathia).  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/tetra-amelia-syndrome

Clinical features

From HPO
Atresia of urethra
MedGen UID:
576882
Concept ID:
C0345345
Congenital Abnormality
Congenital anomaly characterized by closure or failure to develop an opening in the urethra.
Renal agenesis
MedGen UID:
154237
Concept ID:
C0542519
Congenital Abnormality
Agenesis, that is, failure of the kidney to develop during embryogenesis and development.
Vaginal atresia
MedGen UID:
232948
Concept ID:
C1321884
Congenital Abnormality
Congenital occlusion of the vagina or adhesion of the walls of the vagina causing occlusion.
Absent external genitalia
MedGen UID:
338563
Concept ID:
C1848869
Congenital Abnormality
Lack of external genitalia in a male or female individual.
Hypoplasia of the fallopian tube
MedGen UID:
409653
Concept ID:
C1968706
Finding
Developmental hypoplasia of the fallopian tube.
Tetraamelia
MedGen UID:
444004
Concept ID:
C2931216
Finding
Amelia of all four limbs.
Peripheral pulmonary vessel aplasia
MedGen UID:
376462
Concept ID:
C1848877
Finding
Imperforate anus
MedGen UID:
1997
Concept ID:
C0003466
Congenital Abnormality
Congenital absence of the anus, i.e., the opening at the bottom end of the intestinal tract.
Gastroschisis
MedGen UID:
82721
Concept ID:
C0265706
Disease or Syndrome
Gastroschisis is a congenital defect of the abdominal wall that occurs laterally to, and often to the right of, a normally closed umbilical ring. Visceral organs that herniate through the defect are not covered by a membrane. Gastroschisis is distinct from omphalocele (164750), which is characterized by herniation of abdominal contents through the base of the umbilical cord; in omphalocele, the visceral organs are covered by membranes (summary by Mastroiacovo et al., 2007). Both omphalocele and gastroschisis, when they occur without other malformations, are probably multifactorial (Baird and MacDonald, 1981).
Low-set ears
MedGen UID:
65980
Concept ID:
C0239234
Congenital Abnormality
Upper insertion of the ear to the scalp below an imaginary horizontal line drawn between the inner canthi of the eye and extending posteriorly to the ear.
Hydrocephalus
MedGen UID:
9335
Concept ID:
C0020255
Disease or Syndrome
Hydrocephalus is an active distension of the ventricular system of the brain resulting from inadequate passage of CSF from its point of production within the cerebral ventricles to its point of absorption into the systemic circulation.
Micrognathia
MedGen UID:
44428
Concept ID:
C0025990
Congenital Abnormality
Developmental hypoplasia of the mandible.
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
MedGen UID:
68625
Concept ID:
C0235833
Congenital Abnormality
The presence of a hernia of the diaphragm present at birth.
Hypoplastic pelvis
MedGen UID:
760700
Concept ID:
C3536734
Anatomical Abnormality
Underdevelopment of the bony pelvis.
Abnormal clavicle morphology
MedGen UID:
867420
Concept ID:
C4021792
Anatomical Abnormality
Any abnormality of the clavicles (collar bones).
Abnormal scapula morphology
MedGen UID:
871337
Concept ID:
C4025828
Anatomical Abnormality
Any abnormality of the scapula, also known as the shoulder blade.
Pulmonary hypoplasia
MedGen UID:
78574
Concept ID:
C0265783
Congenital Abnormality
A congenital abnormality in which the lung parenchyma is not fully developed. It may be associated with other congenital abnormalities.
Asplenia
MedGen UID:
1830315
Concept ID:
C5779621
Anatomical Abnormality
Absence (aplasia) of the spleen.
Choanal atresia
MedGen UID:
3395
Concept ID:
C0008297
Congenital Abnormality
Absence or abnormal closure of the choana (the posterior nasal aperture). Most embryologists believe that posterior choanal atresia results from a failure of rupture between the 35th and 38th day of fetal life of the partition which separates the bucconasal or buccopharyngeal membranes. The resultant choanal atresia may be unilateral or bilateral, bony or membranous, complete or incomplete. In over 90 per cent of cases the obstruction is bony, while in the remainder it is membranous. The bony type of atresia is commonly located 1-2 mm. anterior to the posterior edge of the hard palate, and the osseous septum varies in thickness from 1 to 10 mm. In the membranous form of choanal atresia the obstruction usually occurs further posteriorly. In approximately one third of cases the atresia is bilateral.
Cleft upper lip
MedGen UID:
40327
Concept ID:
C0008924
Congenital Abnormality
A gap or groove in the upper lip. This is a congenital defect resulting from nonfusion of tissues of the lip during embryonal development.
Single naris
MedGen UID:
146897
Concept ID:
C0685682
Congenital Abnormality
The presence of only a single nostril.
Cleft palate
MedGen UID:
756015
Concept ID:
C2981150
Congenital Abnormality
Cleft palate is a developmental defect of the palate resulting from a failure of fusion of the palatine processes and manifesting as a separation of the roof of the mouth (soft and hard palate).
Single umbilical artery
MedGen UID:
278026
Concept ID:
C1384670
Congenital Abnormality
Single umbilical artery (SUA) is the absence of one of the two umbilical arteries surrounding the fetal bladder and in the fetal umbilical cord.
Adrenal gland agenesis
MedGen UID:
472999
Concept ID:
C0266273
Congenital Abnormality
Absent development of the adrenal gland.
Microphthalmia
MedGen UID:
10033
Concept ID:
C0026010
Congenital Abnormality
Microphthalmia is an eye abnormality that arises before birth. In this condition, one or both eyeballs are abnormally small. In some affected individuals, the eyeball may appear to be completely missing; however, even in these cases some remaining eye tissue is generally present. Such severe microphthalmia should be distinguished from another condition called anophthalmia, in which no eyeball forms at all. However, the terms anophthalmia and severe microphthalmia are often used interchangeably. Microphthalmia may or may not result in significant vision loss.\n\nPeople with microphthalmia may also have a condition called coloboma. Colobomas are missing pieces of tissue in structures that form the eye. They may appear as notches or gaps in the colored part of the eye called the iris; the retina, which is the specialized light-sensitive tissue that lines the back of the eye; the blood vessel layer under the retina called the choroid; or in the optic nerves, which carry information from the eyes to the brain. Colobomas may be present in one or both eyes and, depending on their size and location, can affect a person's vision.\n\nPeople with microphthalmia may also have other eye abnormalities, including clouding of the lens of the eye (cataract) and a narrowed opening of the eye (narrowed palpebral fissure). Additionally, affected individuals may have an abnormality called microcornea, in which the clear front covering of the eye (cornea) is small and abnormally curved.\n\nBetween one-third and one-half of affected individuals have microphthalmia as part of a syndrome that affects other organs and tissues in the body. These forms of the condition are described as syndromic. When microphthalmia occurs by itself, it is described as nonsyndromic or isolated.
Cataract
MedGen UID:
39462
Concept ID:
C0086543
Disease or Syndrome
A cataract is an opacity or clouding that develops in the crystalline lens of the eye or in its capsule.

Recent clinical studies

Diagnosis

Rosenak D, Ariel I, Arnon J, Diamant YZ, Ben Chetrit A, Nadjari M, Zilberman R, Yaffe H, Cohen T, Ornoy A
Am J Med Genet 1991 Jan;38(1):25-8. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.1320380107. PMID: 2012129