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Coloboma, ocular, autosomal recessive

MedGen UID:
860411
Concept ID:
C4011974
Disease or Syndrome
Synonym: COLOBOMA, OCULAR, AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE
 
Gene (location): SALL2 (14q11.2)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0009002
OMIM®: 216820

Definition

Coloboma is an ocular birth defect resulting from abnormal development of the eye during embryogenesis. It is defined as a congenital defect in any ocular tissue, typically presenting as absent tissue or a gap, at a site consistent with aberrant closure of the optic fissure. Failure of fusion can lead to coloboma of 1 or multiple regions of the inferior portion of the eye affecting any part of the globe traversed by the fissure, from the iris to the optic nerve, including the ciliary body, retina, and choroid. Coloboma is also frequently associated with small (microphthalmic) or absent (anophthalmic) eyes as part of an interrelated spectrum of developmental eye anomalies, and can affect either one or both eyes (summary by Kelberman et al., 2014). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of ocular coloboma, see 120200. [from OMIM]

Additional description

From MedlinePlus Genetics
Colobomas involving the eyeball should be distinguished from gaps that occur in the eyelids. While these eyelid gaps are also called colobomas, they arise from abnormalities in different structures during early development.

Some individuals have coloboma as part of a syndrome that affects other organs and tissues in the body. These forms of the condition are described as syndromic. When coloboma occurs by itself, it is described as nonsyndromic or isolated.

People with coloboma may also have other eye abnormalities, including clouding of the lens of the eye (cataract), increased pressure inside the eye (glaucoma) that can damage the optic nerve, vision problems such as nearsightedness (myopia), involuntary back-and-forth eye movements (nystagmus), or separation of the retina from the back of the eye (retinal detachment).

Some people with coloboma also have a condition called microphthalmia. In this condition, one or both eyeballs are abnormally small. In some affected individuals, the eyeball may appear to be completely missing; however, even in these cases some remaining eye tissue is generally present. Such severe microphthalmia should be distinguished from another condition called anophthalmia, in which no eyeball forms at all. However, the terms anophthalmia and severe microphthalmia are often used interchangeably. Microphthalmia may or may not result in significant vision loss.

Colobomas may be present in one or both eyes and, depending on their size and location, can affect a person's vision. Colobomas affecting the iris, which result in a "keyhole" appearance of the pupil, generally do not lead to vision loss. Colobomas involving the retina result in vision loss in specific parts of the visual field. Large retinal colobomas or those affecting the optic nerve can cause low vision, which means vision loss that cannot be completely corrected with glasses or contact lenses.

Coloboma is an eye abnormality that occurs before birth. Colobomas are missing pieces of tissue in structures that form the eye. They may appear as notches or gaps in one of several parts of the eye, including the colored part of the eye called the iris; the retina, which is the specialized light-sensitive tissue that lines the back of the eye; the blood vessel layer under the retina called the choroid; or the optic nerves, which carry information from the eyes to the brain.  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/coloboma

Clinical features

From HPO
Esotropia
MedGen UID:
4550
Concept ID:
C0014877
Disease or Syndrome
A form of strabismus with one or both eyes turned inward ('crossed') to a relatively severe degree, usually defined as 10 diopters or more.
Exotropia
MedGen UID:
4613
Concept ID:
C0015310
Disease or Syndrome
A form of strabismus with one or both eyes deviated outward.
Hypertropia
MedGen UID:
43790
Concept ID:
C0020575
Disease or Syndrome
A type of strabismus characterized by permanent upward deviation of the visual axis of one eye.
Lens subluxation
MedGen UID:
9718
Concept ID:
C0023316
Disease or Syndrome
Partial dislocation of the lens of the eye.
Nystagmus
MedGen UID:
45166
Concept ID:
C0028738
Disease or Syndrome
Rhythmic, involuntary oscillations of one or both eyes related to abnormality in fixation, conjugate gaze, or vestibular mechanisms.
Cataract
MedGen UID:
39462
Concept ID:
C0086543
Disease or Syndrome
A cataract is an opacity or clouding that develops in the crystalline lens of the eye or in its capsule.
Coloboma of optic nerve
MedGen UID:
57832
Concept ID:
C0155299
Disease or Syndrome
A cleft of the optic nerve that extends inferiorly.
Reduced visual acuity
MedGen UID:
65889
Concept ID:
C0234632
Finding
Diminished clarity of vision.
Iris coloboma
MedGen UID:
116097
Concept ID:
C0240063
Anatomical Abnormality
A coloboma of the iris.
Retinal coloboma
MedGen UID:
761889
Concept ID:
C3540764
Disease or Syndrome
A notch or cleft of the retina.

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Marszałek-Kruk BA, Myśliwiec A, Lipowicz A, Wolański W, Kulesa-Mrowiecka M, Dowgierd K
Genes (Basel) 2023 Dec 24;15(1) doi: 10.3390/genes15010029. PMID: 38254920Free PMC Article
Ezgu F, Krejci P, Li S, de Sousa C, Graham JM Jr, Hansmann I, He W, Porpora K, Wand D, Wertelecki W, Schneider A, Wilcox WR
Clin Genet 2014 Jul;86(1):74-84. Epub 2013 Jul 30 doi: 10.1111/cge.12230. PMID: 23829326

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Marszałek-Kruk BA, Myśliwiec A, Lipowicz A, Wolański W, Kulesa-Mrowiecka M, Dowgierd K
Genes (Basel) 2023 Dec 24;15(1) doi: 10.3390/genes15010029. PMID: 38254920Free PMC Article
Colombo L, Maltese PE, Castori M, El Shamieh S, Zeitz C, Audo I, Zulian A, Marinelli C, Benedetti S, Costantini A, Bressan S, Percio M, Ferri P, Abeshi A, Bertelli M, Rossetti L
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021 Feb 1;62(2):13. doi: 10.1167/iovs.62.2.13. PMID: 33576794Free PMC Article
Levinger N, Hendler K, Banin E, Hanany M, Kimchi A, Mechoulam H, Meiner V, Parag Y, Sharon D, Macarov M, Yahalom C
Eur J Ophthalmol 2021 Nov;31(6):3349-3354. Epub 2020 Nov 25 doi: 10.1177/1120672120977343. PMID: 33238767
Tomairek RH, Amin MM, Raafat K, Abdel Hady S, Elkotoury A
Semin Ophthalmol 2018;33(5):613-619. Epub 2017 Oct 9 doi: 10.1080/08820538.2017.1375124. PMID: 28991511
Pagon RA
Surv Ophthalmol 1981 Jan-Feb;25(4):223-36. doi: 10.1016/0039-6257(81)90092-8. PMID: 6782689

Diagnosis

Marszałek-Kruk BA, Myśliwiec A, Lipowicz A, Wolański W, Kulesa-Mrowiecka M, Dowgierd K
Genes (Basel) 2023 Dec 24;15(1) doi: 10.3390/genes15010029. PMID: 38254920Free PMC Article
Iyengar R, Deardorff M, Schmidt R, Nagiel A
Ophthalmic Genet 2023 Dec;44(6):572-576. Epub 2023 Jan 3 doi: 10.1080/13816810.2022.2161580. PMID: 36594712Free PMC Article
Winter-Paquette LM, Al Suwaidi HH, Sajjad Y, Bricker L
Eur J Med Genet 2022 May;65(5):104501. Epub 2022 Apr 1 doi: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2022.104501. PMID: 35378319
Colombo L, Maltese PE, Castori M, El Shamieh S, Zeitz C, Audo I, Zulian A, Marinelli C, Benedetti S, Costantini A, Bressan S, Percio M, Ferri P, Abeshi A, Bertelli M, Rossetti L
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021 Feb 1;62(2):13. doi: 10.1167/iovs.62.2.13. PMID: 33576794Free PMC Article
Parisi MA
Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 2009 Nov 15;151C(4):326-40. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30229. PMID: 19876931Free PMC Article

Therapy

Chen L, Uchida H, Komine R, Kodama T, Nakao T, Okada N, Yanagi Y, Shimizu S, Abbas S, Fukuda A, Sakamoto S, Kasahara M
Pediatr Transplant 2024 Feb;28(1):e14640. Epub 2023 Nov 15 doi: 10.1111/petr.14640. PMID: 37965976
Lee SH, Nam TS, Li W, Kim JH, Yoon W, Choi YD, Kim KH, Cai H, Kim MJ, Kim C, Choy HE, Kim N, Chay KO, Kim MK, Choi SY
Sci Rep 2017 Aug 31;7(1):10222. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-10652-z. PMID: 28860541Free PMC Article

Prognosis

Colombo L, Maltese PE, Castori M, El Shamieh S, Zeitz C, Audo I, Zulian A, Marinelli C, Benedetti S, Costantini A, Bressan S, Percio M, Ferri P, Abeshi A, Bertelli M, Rossetti L
Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021 Feb 1;62(2):13. doi: 10.1167/iovs.62.2.13. PMID: 33576794Free PMC Article
Balikova I, Sanak NS, Fanny D, Smits G, Soblet J, de Baere E, Cordonnier M
Ophthalmic Genet 2020 Feb;41(1):83-87. Epub 2020 Mar 17 doi: 10.1080/13816810.2020.1737948. PMID: 32178553
Parisi MA
Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet 2009 Nov 15;151C(4):326-40. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.c.30229. PMID: 19876931Free PMC Article
Chang L, Blain D, Bertuzzi S, Brooks BP
Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2006 Oct;17(5):447-70. doi: 10.1097/01.icu.0000243020.82380.f6. PMID: 16932062
Pagon RA
Surv Ophthalmol 1981 Jan-Feb;25(4):223-36. doi: 10.1016/0039-6257(81)90092-8. PMID: 6782689

Clinical prediction guides

Mir A, AlMudhry M, AlOtaibi W, AlHazmi R, AlBaradie R, AlHarbi Q, Bashir S, Chamdine O, Housawi Y
J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2023 Jul 1;45(5):e613-e620. Epub 2023 Feb 20 doi: 10.1097/MPH.0000000000002641. PMID: 36897649
Winter-Paquette LM, Al Suwaidi HH, Sajjad Y, Bricker L
Eur J Med Genet 2022 May;65(5):104501. Epub 2022 Apr 1 doi: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2022.104501. PMID: 35378319
İncecik F, Hergüner MÖ, Altunbaşak Ş, Gleeson JG
Turk J Pediatr 2012 Nov-Dec;54(6):605-11. PMID: 23692786Free PMC Article
Chang L, Blain D, Bertuzzi S, Brooks BP
Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2006 Oct;17(5):447-70. doi: 10.1097/01.icu.0000243020.82380.f6. PMID: 16932062
Chance PF, Cavalier L, Satran D, Pellegrino JE, Koenig M, Dobyns WB
J Child Neurol 1999 Oct;14(10):660-6; discussion 669-72. doi: 10.1177/088307389901401007. PMID: 10511339

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