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Atrial fibrillation

MedGen UID:
445
Concept ID:
C0004238
Disease or Syndrome; Finding
Synonyms: Atrial Fibrillation; Atrial Fibrillations; Auricular Fibrillation; Auricular Fibrillations; Fibrillation, Atrial; Fibrillation, Auricular; Fibrillations, Atrial; Fibrillations, Auricular
SNOMED CT: AF - Atrial fibrillation (49436004); Atrial fibrillation (49436004)
 
Related genes: ABCC9, KCNE2, KCNQ1, KCNJ2, KCNA5, GJA5
 
HPO: HP:0005110
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0004981

Definition

An atrial arrhythmia characterized by disorganized atrial activity without discrete P waves on the surface EKG, but instead by an undulating baseline or more sharply circumscribed atrial deflections of varying amplitude an frequency ranging from 350 to 600 per minute. [from HPO]

Conditions with this feature

Ebstein anomaly
MedGen UID:
4435
Concept ID:
C0013481
Congenital Abnormality
Ebstein anomaly is characterized by downward displacement of variable severity of the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. The valve leaflets may be dysplastic, and a variable portion of the proximal part of the right ventricle is in continuity with the right atrium ('atrialized'), because of the abnormally positioned tricuspid valve. The severity of this defect includes a spectrum ranging from severe disturbance in fetal and neonatal life to virtually asymptomatic survival to adult life. Associated extracardiac anomalies in the setting of chromosomal or mendelian disorders occur in about 20% of patients with Ebstein anomaly. Nonsyndromic Ebstein anomaly can occur as a sporadic or a familial defect (summary by Digilio et al., 2011).
McLeod neuroacanthocytosis syndrome
MedGen UID:
140765
Concept ID:
C0398568
Disease or Syndrome
McLeod neuroacanthocytosis syndrome (designated as MLS throughout this review) is a multisystem disorder with central nervous system (CNS), neuromuscular, cardiovascular, and hematologic manifestations in males: CNS manifestations are a neurodegenerative basal ganglia disease including movement disorders, cognitive alterations, and psychiatric symptoms. Neuromuscular manifestations include a (mostly subclinical) sensorimotor axonopathy and muscle weakness or atrophy of different degrees. Cardiac manifestations include dilated cardiomyopathy, atrial fibrillation, and tachyarrhythmia. Hematologically, MLS is defined as a specific blood group phenotype (named after the first proband, Hugh McLeod) that results from absent expression of the Kx erythrocyte antigen and weakened expression of Kell blood group antigens. The hematologic manifestations are red blood cell acanthocytosis and compensated hemolysis. Alloantibodies in the Kell and Kx blood group system can cause strong reactions to transfusions of incompatible blood and severe anemia in affected male newborns of Kell-negative mothers. Females heterozygous for XK pathogenic variants have mosaicism for the Kell and Kx blood group antigens. Although they usually lack CNS and neuromuscular manifestations, some heterozygous females may develop clinical manifestations including chorea or late-onset cognitive decline.
Familial cutaneous collagenoma
MedGen UID:
96073
Concept ID:
C0406817
Neoplastic Process
Familial cutaneous collagenoma is a connective tissue nevus characterized by multiple, flesh-colored asymptomatic nodules distributed symmetrically on the trunk and upper arms (mainly on the upper two-thirds of the back), manifesting around adolescence. The skin biopsy reveals an accumulation of collagen fibers with reduction in the number of elastic fibers. Cardiac anomalies may be observed. Familial cutaneous collagenoma follows an autosomal dominant mode of transmission.
Dilated cardiomyopathy 1A
MedGen UID:
258500
Concept ID:
C1449563
Disease or Syndrome
LMNA-related dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by left ventricular enlargement and/or reduced systolic function preceded (sometimes by many years) by or accompanied by conduction system disease and/or arrhythmias. LMNA-related DCM usually presents in early to mid-adulthood with symptomatic conduction system disease or arrhythmias, or with symptomatic DCM including heart failure or embolus from a left ventricular mural thrombus. Sudden cardiac death can occur, and in some instances is the presenting manifestation; sudden cardiac death may occur with minimal or no systolic dysfunction.
Dilated cardiomyopathy 1D
MedGen UID:
316943
Concept ID:
C1832243
Disease or Syndrome
Left ventricular noncompaction is a heart (cardiac) muscle disorder that occurs when the lower left chamber of the heart (left ventricle), which helps the heart pump blood, does not develop correctly. Instead of the muscle being smooth and firm, the cardiac muscle in the left ventricle is thick and appears spongy. The abnormal cardiac muscle is weak and has an impaired ability to pump blood because it either cannot completely contract or it cannot completely relax. For the heart to pump blood normally, cardiac muscle must contract and relax fully.\n\nSome individuals with left ventricular noncompaction experience no symptoms at all; others have heart problems that can include sudden cardiac death. Additional signs and symptoms include abnormal blood clots, irregular heart rhythm (arrhythmia), a sensation of fluttering or pounding in the chest (palpitations), extreme fatigue during exercise (exercise intolerance), shortness of breath (dyspnea), fainting (syncope), swelling of the legs (lymphedema), and trouble laying down flat. Some affected individuals have features of other heart defects. Left ventricular noncompaction can be diagnosed at any age, from birth to late adulthood. Approximately two-thirds of individuals with left ventricular noncompaction develop heart failure.
Dilated cardiomyopathy 1E
MedGen UID:
331341
Concept ID:
C1832680
Disease or Syndrome
Any familial isolated dilated cardiomyopathy in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the SCN5A gene.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 6
MedGen UID:
331466
Concept ID:
C1833236
Disease or Syndrome
Mutations in the PRKAG2 gene (602743) give rise to a moderate, essentially heart-specific, nonlysosomal glycogenosis with clinical onset typically in late adolescence or in the third decade of life, ventricular pre-excitation predisposing to supraventricular arrhythmias, mild to severe cardiac hypertrophy, enhanced risk of sudden cardiac death in midlife, and autosomal dominant inheritance with full penetrance (summary by Burwinkel et al., 2005).
Sick sinus syndrome 2, autosomal dominant
MedGen UID:
320273
Concept ID:
C1834144
Disease or Syndrome
Sick sinus syndrome (also known as sinus node dysfunction) is a group of related heart conditions that can affect how the heart beats. "Sick sinus" refers to the sino-atrial (SA) node, which is an area of specialized cells in the heart that functions as a natural pacemaker. The SA node generates electrical impulses that start each heartbeat. These signals travel from the SA node to the rest of the heart, signaling the heart (cardiac) muscle to contract and pump blood. In people with sick sinus syndrome, the SA node does not function normally. In some cases, it does not produce the right signals to trigger a regular heartbeat. In others, abnormalities disrupt the electrical impulses and prevent them from reaching the rest of the heart.\n\nSick sinus syndrome tends to cause the heartbeat to be too slow (bradycardia), although occasionally the heartbeat is too fast (tachycardia). In some cases, the heartbeat rapidly switches from being too fast to being too slow, a condition known as tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome. Symptoms related to abnormal heartbeats can include dizziness, light-headedness, fainting (syncope), a sensation of fluttering or pounding in the chest (palpitations), and confusion or memory problems. During exercise, many affected individuals experience chest pain, difficulty breathing, or excessive tiredness (fatigue). Once symptoms of sick sinus syndrome appear, they usually worsen with time. However, some people with the condition never experience any related health problems.\n\nSick sinus syndrome occurs most commonly in older adults, although it can be diagnosed in people of any age. The condition increases the risk of several life-threatening problems involving the heart and blood vessels. These include a heart rhythm abnormality called atrial fibrillation, heart failure, cardiac arrest, and stroke.
Atrial fibrillation, familial, 3
MedGen UID:
373232
Concept ID:
C1837014
Disease or Syndrome
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac rhythm disturbance, affecting more than 2 million Americans, with an overall prevalence of 0.89%. The prevalence increases rapidly with age, to 2.3% between the ages of 40 and 60 years, and to 5.9% over the age of 65. The most dreaded complication is thromboembolic stroke (Brugada et al., 1997). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of atrial fibrillation, see 608583.
Atrial fibrillation, familial, 2
MedGen UID:
324886
Concept ID:
C1837812
Disease or Syndrome
Atrial fibrillation is the most common sustained cardiac rhythm disturbance, affecting more than 2 million Americans, with an overall prevalence of 0.89%. The prevalence increases rapidly with age, to 2.3% between the ages of 40 and 60 years, and to 5.9% over the age of 65. The most dreaded complication is thromboembolic stroke (Brugada et al., 1997). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of atrial fibrillation, see 608583.
Atrial fibrillation, familial, 1
MedGen UID:
334469
Concept ID:
C1843687
Disease or Syndrome
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac rhythm disturbance, affecting more than 2 million Americans, with an overall prevalence of 0.89%. The prevalence increases rapidly with age, to 2.3% between the ages of 40 and 60 years, and to 5.9% over the age of 65. The most dreaded complication is thromboembolic stroke (Brugada et al., 1997). Genetic Heterogeneity of Familial Atrial Fibrillation ATFB1 shows linkage to chromosome 10q22-q24. ATFB2 (608988) maps to chromosome 6q. ATFB3 (607554) is caused by mutation in the KCNQ1 gene (607542) on chromosome 11. ATFB4 (611493) is caused by mutation in the KCNE2 gene (603796) on chromosome 21. Variants in a region of chromosome 4q25 are associated with ATFB5 (611494). ATFB6 (612201) is caused by mutation in the NPPA gene (108780) on chromosome 1p36. ATFB7 (612240) is caused by mutation in the KCNA5 gene (176267) on chromosome 12p13. ATFB8 (613055) maps to chromosome 16q22. ATFB9 (613980) is caused by mutation in the KCNJ2 gene (600681) on chromosome 17q24.3. ATFB10 (614022) is caused by mutation in the SCN5A gene (600163) on chromosome 3p21. ATFB11 (614049) is caused by mutation in the GJA5 (121013) gene on chromosome 1q21.1. ATFB12 (614050) is caused by mutation in the ABCC9 gene (601439) on chromosome 12p12.1. ATFB13 (615377) is caused by mutation in the SCN1B gene (600235) on chromosome 19q13. ATFB14 (615378) is caused by mutation in the SCN2B gene (601327) on chromosome 11q23. ATFB15 (615770) is caused by mutation in the NUP155 gene (606694) on chromosome 5p13. ATFB16 (see 613120) is caused by mutation in the SCN3B gene (608214) on chromosome 11q24. ATFB17 (see 611819) is caused by mutation in the SCN4B gene (608256) on chromosome 11q23. ATFB18 (617280) is caused by mutation in the MYL4 gene (160770) on chromosome 17q21. Olesen et al. (2014) analyzed 192 Danish Caucasian patients with onset of lone atrial fibrillation before the age of 40 years for the presence of rare variants in 14 AF-associated genes and found that 29 (7.6%) alleles harbored a very rare variant (minor allele frequency less than 1%), a significantly higher percentage than that found in 6,503 individuals in the NHLBI Exome Variant Server database (4.1%; p = 0.0012). Twenty-four of the 29 rare variants found in the lone AF patient cohort had previously been studied, with 23 (96%) showing abnormal ion channel function by patch-clamp analysis. Olesen et al. (2014) suggested that rare variants in AF susceptibility genes may play a role in the pathophysiology of AF.
Left ventricular noncompaction 1
MedGen UID:
349005
Concept ID:
C1858725
Disease or Syndrome
Left ventricular noncompaction (LVNC) is characterized by numerous prominent trabeculations and deep intertrabecular recesses in hypertrophied and hypokinetic segments of the left ventricle (Sasse-Klaassen et al., 2004). The mechanistic basis is thought to be an intrauterine arrest of myocardial development with lack of compaction of the loose myocardial meshwork. LVNC may occur in isolation or in association with congenital heart disease. Distinctive morphologic features can be recognized on 2-dimensional echocardiography (Kurosaki et al., 1999). Noncompaction of the ventricular myocardium is sometimes referred to as spongy myocardium. Stollberger et al. (2002) commented that the term 'isolated LVNC,' meaning LVNC without coexisting cardiac abnormalities, is misleading, because additional cardiac abnormalities are found in nearly all patients with LVNC. Genetic Heterogeneity of Left Ventricular Noncompaction A locus for autosomal dominant left ventricular noncompaction has been identified on chromosome 11p15 (LVNC2; 609470). LVNC3 (see 605906) is caused by mutation in the LDB3 gene (605906) on chromosome 10q23. LVNC4 (see 613424) is caused by mutation in the ACTC1 gene (102540) on chromosome 15q14. LVNC5 (see 613426) is caused by mutation in the MYH7 gene (160760) on chromosome 14q12. LVNC6 (see 601494) is caused by mutation in the TNNT2 gene (191045) on chromosome 1q32. LVNC7 (615092) is caused by mutation in the MIB1 gene (608677) on chromosome 18q11. LVNC8 (615373) is caused by mutation in the PRDM16 gene (605557) on chromosome 1p36. LVNC9 (see 611878) is caused by mutation in the TPM1 gene (191010) on chromosome 15q22. LVNC10 (615396) is caused by mutation in the MYBPC3 gene (600958) on chromosome 11p11. LVNC can also occur as part of an X-linked disorder, Barth syndrome (302060), caused by mutation in the TAZ gene (300394) on chromosome Xq28.
Dilated cardiomyopathy 1G
MedGen UID:
347714
Concept ID:
C1858763
Disease or Syndrome
Dilated cardiomyopathy-1G (CMD1G) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by ventricular dilatation and systolic contractile dysfunction (Siu et al., 1999). For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of dilated cardiomyopathy (CMD), see CMD1A (115200).
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 7
MedGen UID:
348695
Concept ID:
C1860752
Disease or Syndrome
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a heart condition characterized by thickening (hypertrophy) of the heart (cardiac) muscle. When multiple members of a family have the condition, it is known as familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy also occurs in people with no family history; these cases are considered nonfamilial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. \n\nNonfamilial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy tends to be milder. This form typically begins later in life than familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and affected individuals have a lower risk of serious cardiac events and sudden death than people with the familial form.\n\nWhile most people with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are symptom-free or have only mild symptoms, this condition can have serious consequences. It can cause abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) that may be life threatening. People with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy have an increased risk of sudden death, even if they have no other symptoms of the condition. A small number of affected individuals develop potentially fatal heart failure, which may require heart transplantation.\n\nIn familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, cardiac thickening usually occurs in the interventricular septum, which is the muscular wall that separates the lower left chamber of the heart (the left ventricle) from the lower right chamber (the right ventricle). In some people, thickening of the interventricular septum impedes the flow of oxygen-rich blood from the heart, which may lead to an abnormal heart sound during a heartbeat (heart murmur) and other signs and symptoms of the condition. Other affected individuals do not have physical obstruction of blood flow, but the pumping of blood is less efficient, which can also lead to symptoms of the condition. Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy often begins in adolescence or young adulthood, although it can develop at any time throughout life.\n\nThe symptoms of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are variable, even within the same family. Many affected individuals have no symptoms. Other people with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may experience chest pain; shortness of breath, especially with physical exertion; a sensation of fluttering or pounding in the chest (palpitations); lightheadedness; dizziness; and fainting.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 2
MedGen UID:
349383
Concept ID:
C1861864
Disease or Syndrome
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is a heart condition characterized by thickening (hypertrophy) of the heart (cardiac) muscle. When multiple members of a family have the condition, it is known as familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy also occurs in people with no family history; these cases are considered nonfamilial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. \n\nNonfamilial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy tends to be milder. This form typically begins later in life than familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and affected individuals have a lower risk of serious cardiac events and sudden death than people with the familial form.\n\nWhile most people with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are symptom-free or have only mild symptoms, this condition can have serious consequences. It can cause abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) that may be life threatening. People with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy have an increased risk of sudden death, even if they have no other symptoms of the condition. A small number of affected individuals develop potentially fatal heart failure, which may require heart transplantation.\n\nIn familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, cardiac thickening usually occurs in the interventricular septum, which is the muscular wall that separates the lower left chamber of the heart (the left ventricle) from the lower right chamber (the right ventricle). In some people, thickening of the interventricular septum impedes the flow of oxygen-rich blood from the heart, which may lead to an abnormal heart sound during a heartbeat (heart murmur) and other signs and symptoms of the condition. Other affected individuals do not have physical obstruction of blood flow, but the pumping of blood is less efficient, which can also lead to symptoms of the condition. Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy often begins in adolescence or young adulthood, although it can develop at any time throughout life.\n\nThe symptoms of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are variable, even within the same family. Many affected individuals have no symptoms. Other people with familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may experience chest pain; shortness of breath, especially with physical exertion; a sensation of fluttering or pounding in the chest (palpitations); lightheadedness; dizziness; and fainting.
Atrial fibrillation, familial, 4
MedGen UID:
400041
Concept ID:
C1862394
Disease or Syndrome
Atrial fibrillation is the most common sustained cardiac rhythm disturbance, affecting more than 2 million Americans, with an overall prevalence of 0.89%. The prevalence increases rapidly with age, to 2.3% between the ages of 40 and 60 years, and to 5.9% over the age of 65. The most dreaded complication is thromboembolic stroke (Brugada et al., 1997). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of atrial fibrillation, see 608583.
Short QT syndrome type 2
MedGen UID:
355890
Concept ID:
C1865019
Disease or Syndrome
Short QT syndrome is a cardiac channelopathy associated with a predisposition to atrial fibrillation and sudden cardiac death. Patients have a structurally normal heart, but electrocardiography (ECG) exhibits abbreviated QTc (Bazett's corrected QT) intervals of less than 360 ms (summary by Moreno et al., 2015). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of short QT syndrome, see SQT1 (609620).
Atrial fibrillation, familial, 5
MedGen UID:
369411
Concept ID:
C1969099
Disease or Syndrome
Atrial fibrillation is the most common sustained cardiac rhythm disturbance, affecting more than 2 million Americans, with an overall prevalence of 0.89%. The prevalence increases rapidly with age, to 2.3% between the ages of 40 and 60 years, and to 5.9% over the age of 65. The most dreaded complication is thromboembolic stroke (Brugada et al., 1997). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of atrial fibrillation, see 608583.
Cardiac arrhythmia, ankyrin-B-related
MedGen UID:
370181
Concept ID:
C1970119
Disease or Syndrome
Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a cardiac electrophysiologic disorder, characterized by QT prolongation and T-wave abnormalities on the EKG that are associated with tachyarrhythmias, typically the ventricular tachycardia torsade de pointes (TdP). TdP is usually self-terminating, thus causing a syncopal event, the most common symptom in individuals with LQTS. Such cardiac events typically occur during exercise and emotional stress, less frequently during sleep, and usually without warning. In some instances, TdP degenerates to ventricular fibrillation and causes aborted cardiac arrest (if the individual is defibrillated) or sudden death. Approximately 50% of untreated individuals with a pathogenic variant in one of the genes associated with LQTS have symptoms, usually one to a few syncopal events. While cardiac events may occur from infancy through middle age, they are most common from the preteen years through the 20s. Some types of LQTS are associated with a phenotype extending beyond cardiac arrhythmia. In addition to the prolonged QT interval, associations include muscle weakness and facial dysmorphism in Andersen-Tawil syndrome (LQTS type 7); hand/foot, facial, and neurodevelopmental features in Timothy syndrome (LQTS type 8); and profound sensorineural hearing loss in Jervell and Lange-Nielson syndrome.
Atrial fibrillation, familial, 6
MedGen UID:
394252
Concept ID:
C2677294
Disease or Syndrome
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac rhythm disturbance, affecting more than 2 million Americans, with an overall prevalence of 0.89%. The prevalence increases rapidly with age, to 2.3% between the ages of 40 and 60 years, and to 5.9% over the age of 65. The most dreaded complication is thromboembolic stroke (Brugada et al., 1997). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of atrial fibrillation, see 608583.
Dilated cardiomyopathy 1AA
MedGen UID:
393713
Concept ID:
C2677338
Disease or Syndrome
Any familial isolated dilated cardiomyopathy in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the ACTN2 gene.
Dilated cardiomyopathy 1Y
MedGen UID:
437215
Concept ID:
C2678476
Disease or Syndrome
Dilated cardiomyopathy-1Y (CMD1Y) is characterized by severe progressive cardiac failure, resulting in death in the third to sixth decades of life in some patients. Electron microscopy shows an abnormal sarcomere structure (Olson et al., 2001). In left ventricular noncompaction-9 (LVNC9), patients may present with cardiac failure or may be asymptomatic. Echocardiography shows noncompaction of the apex and midventricular wall of the left ventricle (Probst et al., 2011). Some patients also exhibit Ebstein anomaly of the tricuspid valve (Kelle et al., 2016) and some have mitral valve insufficiency (Nijak et al., 2018).
Brugada syndrome 4
MedGen UID:
395632
Concept ID:
C2678477
Disease or Syndrome
Brugada syndrome is characterized by cardiac conduction abnormalities (ST segment abnormalities in leads V1-V3 on EKG and a high risk for ventricular arrhythmias) that can result in sudden death. Brugada syndrome presents primarily during adulthood, although age at diagnosis may range from infancy to late adulthood. The mean age of sudden death is approximately 40 years. Clinical presentations may also include sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS; death of a child during the first year of life without an identifiable cause) and sudden unexpected nocturnal death syndrome (SUNDS), a typical presentation in individuals from Southeast Asia. Other conduction defects can include first-degree AV block, intraventricular conduction delay, right bundle branch block, and sick sinus syndrome.
Brugada syndrome 3
MedGen UID:
395633
Concept ID:
C2678478
Disease or Syndrome
Brugada syndrome is characterized by cardiac conduction abnormalities (ST segment abnormalities in leads V1-V3 on EKG and a high risk for ventricular arrhythmias) that can result in sudden death. Brugada syndrome presents primarily during adulthood, although age at diagnosis may range from infancy to late adulthood. The mean age of sudden death is approximately 40 years. Clinical presentations may also include sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS; death of a child during the first year of life without an identifiable cause) and sudden unexpected nocturnal death syndrome (SUNDS), a typical presentation in individuals from Southeast Asia. Other conduction defects can include first-degree AV block, intraventricular conduction delay, right bundle branch block, and sick sinus syndrome.
Long QT syndrome 10
MedGen UID:
394836
Concept ID:
C2678484
Disease or Syndrome
Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a cardiac electrophysiologic disorder, characterized by QT prolongation and T-wave abnormalities on the EKG that are associated with tachyarrhythmias, typically the ventricular tachycardia torsade de pointes (TdP). TdP is usually self-terminating, thus causing a syncopal event, the most common symptom in individuals with LQTS. Such cardiac events typically occur during exercise and emotional stress, less frequently during sleep, and usually without warning. In some instances, TdP degenerates to ventricular fibrillation and causes aborted cardiac arrest (if the individual is defibrillated) or sudden death. Approximately 50% of untreated individuals with a pathogenic variant in one of the genes associated with LQTS have symptoms, usually one to a few syncopal events. While cardiac events may occur from infancy through middle age, they are most common from the preteen years through the 20s. Some types of LQTS are associated with a phenotype extending beyond cardiac arrhythmia. In addition to the prolonged QT interval, associations include muscle weakness and facial dysmorphism in Andersen-Tawil syndrome (LQTS type 7); hand/foot, facial, and neurodevelopmental features in Timothy syndrome (LQTS type 8); and profound sensorineural hearing loss in Jervell and Lange-Nielson syndrome.
Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 4
MedGen UID:
412871
Concept ID:
C2750069
Disease or Syndrome
Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 4 (CGL4) combines the phenotype of classic Berardinelli-Seip lipodystrophy (608594) with muscular dystrophy and cardiac conduction anomalies (Hayashi et al., 2009). For a general description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of congenital generalized lipodystrophy, see CGL1 (608594).
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 13
MedGen UID:
442487
Concept ID:
C2750472
Disease or Syndrome
Any hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the TNNC1 gene.
Atrial septal defect 6
MedGen UID:
414348
Concept ID:
C2751315
Congenital Abnormality
Any atrial heart septal defect in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the TLL1 gene.
Atrial fibrillation, familial, 8
MedGen UID:
414420
Concept ID:
C2751607
Disease or Syndrome
Atrial fibrillation is the most common sustained cardiac rhythm disturbance, affecting more than 2 million Americans, with an overall prevalence of 0.89%. The prevalence increases rapidly with age, to 2.3% between the ages of 40 and 60 years, and to 5.9% over the age of 65. The most dreaded complication is thromboembolic stroke (Brugada et al., 1997). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of atrial fibrillation, see 608583.
Dilated cardiomyopathy 1V
MedGen UID:
462308
Concept ID:
C3150958
Disease or Syndrome
Any familial isolated dilated cardiomyopathy in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the PSEN2 gene.
Aneurysm-osteoarthritis syndrome
MedGen UID:
462437
Concept ID:
C3151087
Disease or Syndrome
Loeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS) is characterized by vascular findings (cerebral, thoracic, and abdominal arterial aneurysms and/or dissections), skeletal manifestations (pectus excavatum or pectus carinatum, scoliosis, joint laxity, arachnodactyly, talipes equinovarus, cervical spine malformation and/or instability), craniofacial features (widely spaced eyes, strabismus, bifid uvula / cleft palate, and craniosynostosis that can involve any sutures), and cutaneous findings (velvety and translucent skin, easy bruising, and dystrophic scars). Individuals with LDS are predisposed to widespread and aggressive arterial aneurysms and pregnancy-related complications including uterine rupture and death. Individuals with LDS can show a strong predisposition for allergic/inflammatory disease including asthma, eczema, and reactions to food or environmental allergens. There is also an increased incidence of gastrointestinal inflammation including eosinophilic esophagitis and gastritis or inflammatory bowel disease. Wide variation in the distribution and severity of clinical features can be seen in individuals with LDS, even among affected individuals within a family who have the same pathogenic variant.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 16
MedGen UID:
462554
Concept ID:
C3151204
Disease or Syndrome
Any hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the MYOZ2 gene.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 17
MedGen UID:
462614
Concept ID:
C3151264
Disease or Syndrome
An autosomal dominant subtype of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy caused by mutation(s) in the JPH2 gene, encoding junctophilin-2.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 18
MedGen UID:
462615
Concept ID:
C3151265
Disease or Syndrome
Any hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the PLN gene.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 20
MedGen UID:
462617
Concept ID:
C3151267
Disease or Syndrome
Any hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the NEXN gene.
Steinert myotonic dystrophy syndrome
MedGen UID:
886881
Concept ID:
C3250443
Disease or Syndrome
Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is a multisystem disorder that affects skeletal and smooth muscle as well as the eye, heart, endocrine system, and central nervous system. The clinical findings, which span a continuum from mild to severe, have been categorized into three somewhat overlapping phenotypes: mild, classic, and congenital. Mild DM1 is characterized by cataract and mild myotonia (sustained muscle contraction); life span is normal. Classic DM1 is characterized by muscle weakness and wasting, myotonia, cataract, and often cardiac conduction abnormalities; adults may become physically disabled and may have a shortened life span. Congenital DM1 is characterized by hypotonia and severe generalized weakness at birth, often with respiratory insufficiency and early death; intellectual disability is common.
Atrial septal defect 7
MedGen UID:
477726
Concept ID:
C3276096
Disease or Syndrome
An extremely rare genetic congenital heart disease characterized by the presence of atrial septal defect, mostly of the ostium secundum type, associated with conduction anomalies like atrioventricular block, atrial fibrillation or right bundle branch block.
Atrial fibrillation, familial, 11
MedGen UID:
481323
Concept ID:
C3279693
Disease or Syndrome
Atrial fibrillation is the most common sustained cardiac rhythm disturbance, affecting more than 2 million Americans, with an overall prevalence of 0.89%. The prevalence increases rapidly with age, to 2.3% between the ages of 40 and 60 years, and to 5.9% over the age of 65. The most dreaded complication is thromboembolic stroke (Brugada et al., 1997). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of familial atrial fibrillation, see ATFB1 (608583).
Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy 7, autosomal dominant
MedGen UID:
765974
Concept ID:
C3553060
Disease or Syndrome
Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy is a genetically heterogeneous muscular disease that presents with muscular dystrophy, joint contractures, and cardiomyopathy with conduction defects (summary by Liang et al., 2011). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of EDMD, see 310300.
Dilated cardiomyopathy 2B
MedGen UID:
766323
Concept ID:
C3553409
Disease or Syndrome
Any familial isolated dilated cardiomyopathy in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the GATAD1 gene.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 21
MedGen UID:
766356
Concept ID:
C3553442
Disease or Syndrome
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (CMH) is characterized by unexplained cardiac hypertrophy: thickening of the myocardial wall in the absence of any other identifiable cause for left ventricular hypertrophy such as systemic hypertension or valvular heart disease. Myocyte hypertrophy, disarray, and fibrosis are the histopathologic hallmarks of this disorder. Clinical features are diverse and include arrhythmias, sudden cardiac death, and heart failure. With an estimated prevalence of 1 in 500, CMH is the most common cardiovascular genetic disease and the most common cause of sudden death in competitive athletes in the United States (summary by Song et al., 2006). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, see CMH1 (192600).
Congenital heart defects, multiple types, 3
MedGen UID:
767108
Concept ID:
C3554194
Disease or Syndrome
Multiple types of congenital heart defects-3 (CHTD3) is an autosomal dominant condition characterized by various types of congenital heart defects and low atrial rhythm (van de Meerakker et al., 2011). For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of multiple types of congenital heart defects, see 306955.
Congenital heart defects, multiple types, 2
MedGen UID:
767193
Concept ID:
C3554279
Disease or Syndrome
Multiple types of congenital heart defects-2 (CHTD2) is characterized by variable congenital heart defects, primarily involving the valves, but also including septal defects or aneurysms, and complex defects such as tetralogy of Fallot. Dilated cardiomyopathy and myocardial noncompaction have been reported in some patients. In addition, some affected individuals exhibit facial dysmorphism and features of connective tissue disease (Thienpont et al., 2010; Ackerman et al., 2016; Ritelli et al., 2018). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of CHTD, see 306955.
Dilated cardiomyopathy 1KK
MedGen UID:
811544
Concept ID:
C3714995
Disease or Syndrome
Any dilated cardiomyopathy in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the MYPN gene.
Atrial fibrillation, familial, 15
MedGen UID:
862706
Concept ID:
C4014269
Disease or Syndrome
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a supraventricular tachyarrhythmia characterized by uncoordinated atrial activation with consequent deterioration of atrial mechanical function. It is the most common sustained cardiac rhythm disturbance, and its prevalence increases as the population ages. An estimated 70,000 strokes each year are caused by atrial fibrillation (summary by Oberti et al., 2004). For a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of atrial fibrillation, see 608583.
Atrial conduction disease
MedGen UID:
863722
Concept ID:
C4015285
Disease or Syndrome
A rare genetic cardiac disease characterized by variably expressed atrial tachyarrhythmia (such as atrial flutter, paroxysmal or chronic atrial fibrillation, ectopic atrial tachycardia, or multifocal atrial tachycardia), infra-Hisian conduction system disease, and vulnerability to dilated cardiomyopathy. Age of onset ranges between childhood and adulthood.
Aortic aneurysm, familial thoracic 9
MedGen UID:
863805
Concept ID:
C4015368
Disease or Syndrome
Any familial thoracic aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection in which the cause of the disease is a mutation in the MFAP5 gene.
Chronic atrial and intestinal dysrhythmia
MedGen UID:
863911
Concept ID:
C4015474
Disease or Syndrome
Syndrome with characteristics of sick sinus syndrome and intestinal pseudo-obstruction. The heart and digestive issues develop at the same time, usually by age 20. The syndrome is caused by mutations in the SGO1 gene. This gene provides instructions for making part of a protein complex cohesin. This protein complex helps control the placement of chromosomes during cell division. Research suggests that SGO1 gene mutations may result in a cohesin complex that is less able to hold sister chromatids together, resulting in decreased chromosomal stability during cell division. This instability is thought to cause senescence of cells in the intestinal muscle and in the sinoatrial node, resulting in problems maintaining proper rhythmic movements of the heart and intestines.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy 26
MedGen UID:
934716
Concept ID:
C4310749
Disease or Syndrome
Familial cardiomyopathy caused by mutation in the FLNC gene has been described as hypertrophic, restrictive, dilated, or arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Affected individuals, especially those with dilated cardiomyopathy, are at risk for arrhythmias and sudden death. Arrhythmias without cardiomyopathy, and left ventricular noncompaction, have also been reported (Ortiz-Genga et al., 2016; Verdonschot et al., 2020).
Brugada syndrome 1
MedGen UID:
1646402
Concept ID:
C4551804
Disease or Syndrome
Brugada syndrome is characterized by cardiac conduction abnormalities (ST segment abnormalities in leads V1-V3 on EKG and a high risk for ventricular arrhythmias) that can result in sudden death. Brugada syndrome presents primarily during adulthood, although age at diagnosis may range from infancy to late adulthood. The mean age of sudden death is approximately 40 years. Clinical presentations may also include sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS; death of a child during the first year of life without an identifiable cause) and sudden unexpected nocturnal death syndrome (SUNDS), a typical presentation in individuals from Southeast Asia. Other conduction defects can include first-degree AV block, intraventricular conduction delay, right bundle branch block, and sick sinus syndrome.
Congenital heart defects, multiple types, 5
MedGen UID:
1636547
Concept ID:
C4693563
Disease or Syndrome
Orthostatic hypotension 1
MedGen UID:
1648402
Concept ID:
C4746777
Disease or Syndrome
Dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) deficiency is characterized by lack of sympathetic noradrenergic function but normal parasympathetic and sympathetic cholinergic function. Affected individuals exhibit profound deficits in autonomic regulation of cardiovascular function that predispose to orthostatic hypotension. Although DBH deficiency appears to be present from birth, the diagnosis is not generally recognized until late childhood. The combination of ptosis of the eyelids in infants and children, together with hypotension, is suggestive of the disease. In the perinatal period, DBH deficiency has been complicated by vomiting, dehydration, hypotension, hypothermia, and hypoglycemia requiring repeated hospitalization; children have reduced exercise capacity. By early adulthood, individuals have profound orthostatic hypotension, greatly reduced exercise tolerance, ptosis of the eyelids, and nasal stuffiness. Presyncopal symptoms include dizziness, blurred vision, dyspnea, nuchal discomfort, and chest pain; symptoms may worsen in hot environments or after heavy meals or alcohol ingestion. Life expectancy is unknown, but some affected individuals have lived beyond age 60 years.
Cardiomyopathy, familial hypertrophic, 28
MedGen UID:
1779612
Concept ID:
C5543616
Disease or Syndrome
Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy-28 (CMH28) is characterized by asymmetric septal hypertrophy, atrial fibrillation and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, and risk of sudden death. Dyspnea is the most common symptom, but more than half of affected individuals are asymptomatic. Hypertrabeculation of the left ventricle with noncompaction has been observed in some patients (Ochoa et al., 2018). For a general phenotypic description and discussion of genetic heterogeneity of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, see CMH1 (192600).

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Joglar JA, Chung MK, Armbruster AL, Benjamin EJ, Chyou JY, Cronin EM, Deswal A, Eckhardt LL, Goldberger ZD, Gopinathannair R, Gorenek B, Hess PL, Hlatky M, Hogan G, Ibeh C, Indik JH, Kido K, Kusumoto F, Link MS, Linta KT, Marcus GM, McCarthy PM, Patel N, Patton KK, Perez MV, Piccini JP, Russo AM, Sanders P, Streur MM, Thomas KL, Times S, Tisdale JE, Valente AM, Van Wagoner DR; Peer Review Committee Members
Circulation 2024 Jan 2;149(1):e1-e156. Epub 2023 Nov 30 doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001193. PMID: 38033089Free PMC Article
Heidenreich PA, Bozkurt B, Aguilar D, Allen LA, Byun JJ, Colvin MM, Deswal A, Drazner MH, Dunlay SM, Evers LR, Fang JC, Fedson SE, Fonarow GC, Hayek SS, Hernandez AF, Khazanie P, Kittleson MM, Lee CS, Link MS, Milano CA, Nnacheta LC, Sandhu AT, Stevenson LW, Vardeny O, Vest AR, Yancy CW
Circulation 2022 May 3;145(18):e895-e1032. Epub 2022 Apr 1 doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001063. PMID: 35363499
Arnett DK, Blumenthal RS, Albert MA, Buroker AB, Goldberger ZD, Hahn EJ, Himmelfarb CD, Khera A, Lloyd-Jones D, McEvoy JW, Michos ED, Miedema MD, Muñoz D, Smith SC Jr, Virani SS, Williams KA Sr, Yeboah J, Ziaeian B
Circulation 2019 Sep 10;140(11):e596-e646. Epub 2019 Mar 17 doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000678. PMID: 30879355Free PMC Article

Curated

UK NICE Guideline NG196, Atrial fibrillation: diagnosis and management, 2021

UK NICE Diagnostics Guidance DG41, Implantable cardiac monitors to detect atrial fibrillation after cryptogenic stroke, 2020

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Chyou JY, Barkoudah E, Dukes JW, Goldstein LB, Joglar JA, Lee AM, Lubitz SA, Marill KA, Sneed KB, Streur MM, Wong GC, Gopinathannair R; American Heart Association Acute Cardiac Care and General Cardiology Committee, Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, and Clinical Pharmacology Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology; Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; Council on Cardiopulmonary, Critical Care, Perioperative and Resuscitation; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; and Stroke Council
Circulation 2023 Apr 11;147(15):e676-e698. Epub 2023 Mar 13 doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001133. PMID: 36912134
Huh JH, Jo SH
Korean J Intern Med 2023 May;38(3):282-289. Epub 2022 Dec 14 doi: 10.3904/kjim.2022.266. PMID: 36514212Free PMC Article
Lippi G, Sanchis-Gomar F, Cervellin G
Int J Stroke 2021 Feb;16(2):217-221. Epub 2020 Jan 19 doi: 10.1177/1747493019897870. PMID: 31955707
Kallistratos MS, Poulimenos LE, Manolis AJ
Pharmacol Res 2018 Feb;128:322-326. Epub 2017 Oct 18 doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.10.007. PMID: 29055746
Zimetbaum P
Ann Intern Med 2017 Mar 7;166(5):ITC33-ITC48. doi: 10.7326/AITC201703070. PMID: 28265666

Diagnosis

Saleh K, Haldar S
Clin Med (Lond) 2023 Sep;23(5):437-441. Epub 2023 Sep 29 doi: 10.7861/clinmed.2023-23.5.Cardio2. PMID: 37775166Free PMC Article
Chyou JY, Barkoudah E, Dukes JW, Goldstein LB, Joglar JA, Lee AM, Lubitz SA, Marill KA, Sneed KB, Streur MM, Wong GC, Gopinathannair R; American Heart Association Acute Cardiac Care and General Cardiology Committee, Electrocardiography and Arrhythmias Committee, and Clinical Pharmacology Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology; Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia; Council on Cardiopulmonary, Critical Care, Perioperative and Resuscitation; Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing; and Stroke Council
Circulation 2023 Apr 11;147(15):e676-e698. Epub 2023 Mar 13 doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000001133. PMID: 36912134
Baman JR, Passman RS
JAMA 2021 Jun 1;325(21):2218. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.23700. PMID: 34061143
Lau DH, Linz D, Sanders P
Card Electrophysiol Clin 2019 Dec;11(4):563-571. doi: 10.1016/j.ccep.2019.08.007. PMID: 31706465
Zimetbaum P
Ann Intern Med 2017 Mar 7;166(5):ITC33-ITC48. doi: 10.7326/AITC201703070. PMID: 28265666

Therapy

Oraii A, Healey JS, Kowalik K, Pandey AK, Benz AP, Wong JA, Conen D, McIntyre WF
Eur Heart J 2024 Mar 7;45(10):756-774. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad811. PMID: 38195054
Carnicelli AP, Hong H, Connolly SJ, Eikelboom J, Giugliano RP, Morrow DA, Patel MR, Wallentin L, Alexander JH, Cecilia Bahit M, Benz AP, Bohula EA, Chao TF, Dyal L, Ezekowitz M, A A Fox K, Gencer B, Halperin JL, Hijazi Z, Hohnloser SH, Hua K, Hylek E, Toda Kato E, Kuder J, Lopes RD, Mahaffey KW, Oldgren J, Piccini JP, Ruff CT, Steffel J, Wojdyla D, Granger CB; COMBINE AF (A Collaboration Between Multiple Institutions to Better Investigate Non-Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulant Use in Atrial Fibrillation) Investigators
Circulation 2022 Jan 25;145(4):242-255. Epub 2022 Jan 5 doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056355. PMID: 34985309Free PMC Article
Turagam MK, Musikantow D, Whang W, Koruth JS, Miller MA, Langan MN, Sofi A, Choudry S, Dukkipati SR, Reddy VY
JAMA Cardiol 2021 Jun 1;6(6):697-705. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2021.0852. PMID: 33909022Free PMC Article
Packer DL, Piccini JP, Monahan KH, Al-Khalidi HR, Silverstein AP, Noseworthy PA, Poole JE, Bahnson TD, Lee KL, Mark DB; CABANA Investigators
Circulation 2021 Apr 6;143(14):1377-1390. Epub 2021 Feb 8 doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050991. PMID: 33554614Free PMC Article
Nazha B, Spyropoulos AC
J Hosp Med 2016 Sep;11(9):652-7. Epub 2016 Apr 21 doi: 10.1002/jhm.2594. PMID: 27098835

Prognosis

Kuck KH, Schlüter M, Vogler J, Heeger CH, Tilz RR
Herz 2023 Jun;48(3):212-217. Epub 2023 Jun 5 doi: 10.1007/s00059-023-05186-2. PMID: 37277617Free PMC Article
Chioncel O, Lainscak M, Seferovic PM, Anker SD, Crespo-Leiro MG, Harjola VP, Parissis J, Laroche C, Piepoli MF, Fonseca C, Mebazaa A, Lund L, Ambrosio GA, Coats AJ, Ferrari R, Ruschitzka F, Maggioni AP, Filippatos G
Eur J Heart Fail 2017 Dec;19(12):1574-1585. Epub 2017 Apr 6 doi: 10.1002/ejhf.813. PMID: 28386917
Schnabel RB, Yin X, Gona P, Larson MG, Beiser AS, McManus DD, Newton-Cheh C, Lubitz SA, Magnani JW, Ellinor PT, Seshadri S, Wolf PA, Vasan RS, Benjamin EJ, Levy D
Lancet 2015 Jul 11;386(9989):154-62. Epub 2015 May 7 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61774-8. PMID: 25960110Free PMC Article
Marrakchi S, Kanoun F, Idriss S, Kammoun I, Kachboura S
Herz 2015 Apr;40 Suppl 2:101-9. Epub 2014 Jul 4 doi: 10.1007/s00059-014-4123-0. PMID: 24990773
Colilla S, Crow A, Petkun W, Singer DE, Simon T, Liu X
Am J Cardiol 2013 Oct 15;112(8):1142-7. Epub 2013 Jul 4 doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2013.05.063. PMID: 23831166

Clinical prediction guides

Nagueh SF, Khan SU
JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2023 May;16(5):691-707. Epub 2023 Jan 11 doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2022.10.011. PMID: 36752445
Zoghbi WA, Levine RA, Flachskampf F, Grayburn P, Gillam L, Leipsic J, Thomas JD, Kwong RY, Vandervoort P, Chandrashekhar Y
JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2022 Nov;15(11):1870-1882. doi: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2022.08.016. PMID: 36357130
Nazarian S, Lam K, Darzi A, Ashrafian H
J Med Internet Res 2021 Aug 27;23(8):e28974. doi: 10.2196/28974. PMID: 34448706Free PMC Article
Perez MV, Mahaffey KW, Hedlin H, Rumsfeld JS, Garcia A, Ferris T, Balasubramanian V, Russo AM, Rajmane A, Cheung L, Hung G, Lee J, Kowey P, Talati N, Nag D, Gummidipundi SE, Beatty A, Hills MT, Desai S, Granger CB, Desai M, Turakhia MP; Apple Heart Study Investigators
N Engl J Med 2019 Nov 14;381(20):1909-1917. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1901183. PMID: 31722151Free PMC Article
Attia ZI, Noseworthy PA, Lopez-Jimenez F, Asirvatham SJ, Deshmukh AJ, Gersh BJ, Carter RE, Yao X, Rabinstein AA, Erickson BJ, Kapa S, Friedman PA
Lancet 2019 Sep 7;394(10201):861-867. Epub 2019 Aug 1 doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31721-0. PMID: 31378392

Recent systematic reviews

Proietti M, Romiti GF, Raparelli V, Diemberger I, Boriani G, Dalla Vecchia LA, Bellelli G, Marzetti E, Lip GY, Cesari M
Ageing Res Rev 2022 Aug;79:101652. Epub 2022 May 31 doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101652. PMID: 35659945
Muresan L, Cismaru G, Muresan C, Rosu R, Gusetu G, Puiu M, Mada RO, Martins RP
Ann Pharm Fr 2022 Sep;80(5):617-634. Epub 2022 Jan 31 doi: 10.1016/j.pharma.2022.01.007. PMID: 35093388
Ramesh T, Lee PYK, Mitta M, Allencherril J
J Cardiol 2021 Nov;78(5):375-381. Epub 2021 Jun 20 doi: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2021.06.001. PMID: 34162502
Prasitlumkum N, Cheungpasitporn W, Chokesuwattanaskul A, Thangjui S, Thongprayoon C, Bathini T, Vallabhajosyula S, Kanitsoraphan C, Leesutipornchai T, Chokesuwattanaskul R
Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2021 Jan;114(1):4-16. Epub 2020 Sep 10 doi: 10.1016/j.acvd.2020.05.015. PMID: 32921618
Silverio A, Di Maio M, Prota C, De Angelis E, Radano I, Citro R, Carrizzo A, Ciccarelli M, Vecchione C, Capodanno D, Galasso G
Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother 2021 Apr 9;7(FI1):f20-f29. doi: 10.1093/ehjcvp/pvz073. PMID: 31830264

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Table of contents

    Clinical resources

    Practice guidelines

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    Curated

    • NICE, 2021
      UK NICE Guideline NG196, Atrial fibrillation: diagnosis and management, 2021
    • NICE, 2020
      UK NICE Diagnostics Guidance DG41, Implantable cardiac monitors to detect atrial fibrillation after cryptogenic stroke, 2020

    Consumer resources

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