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Halitosis

MedGen UID:
42326
•Concept ID:
C0018520
•
Sign or Symptom
Synonym: Halitoses
SNOMED CT: Smelly breath (79879001); Bad breath - halitosis (79879001); Breath smells offensive (79879001); Foul breath (79879001); Bad breath (79879001); Fetor oris (79879001); Fetor ex ore (79879001); Stomatodysodia (79879001); Breath smells unpleasant (79879001)
 
HPO: HP:0100812

Definition

Noticeably unpleasant odors exhaled in breathing. [from HPO]

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVHalitosis

Conditions with this feature

Hepatic methionine adenosyltransferase deficiency
MedGen UID:
75700
•Concept ID:
C0268621
•
Disease or Syndrome
Methionine adenosyltransferase deficiency is an inborn error of metabolism resulting in isolated hypermethioninemia. Most patients have no clinical abnormalities, although some with the autosomal recessive form have have neurologic abnormalities (Mudd et al., 2003; Kim et al., 2016).
See: Condition Record
Extraoral halitosis due to methanethiol oxidase deficiency
MedGen UID:
1648340
•Concept ID:
C4748387
•
Disease or Syndrome
Extraoral halitosis due to methanethiol oxidase deficiency (EHMTO) is a malodor syndrome resulting from an inborn error of metabolism. Breath odor is cabbage-like and results from high levels of methanethiol and dimethylsulfide in breath. Elevated urinary excretion of dimethylsulfone (DMSO2) is diagnostic (Pol et al., 2018).
See: Condition Record
Extraoral halitosis due to methanethiol oxidase deficiency
Hepatic methionine adenosyltransferase deficiency

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket).
Daly BJ, Sharif MO, Jones K, Worthington HV, Beattie A
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022 Sep 26;9(9):CD006968. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006968.pub3. PMID: 36156769Free PMC Article
Oral Microbiota Changes during Orthodontic Treatment.
Santonocito S, Polizzi A
Front Biosci (Elite Ed) 2022 Jul 27;14(3):19. doi: 10.31083/j.fbe1403019. PMID: 36137992
Evidence-based recommendation on toothpaste use.
Cury JA, Tenuta LM
Braz Oral Res 2014;28 Spec No:1-7. Epub 2014 Jan 24 doi: 10.1590/S1806-83242014.50000001. PMID: 24554097

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Tobacco Use and Oral Health.
Ford PJ, Rich AM
Addiction 2021 Dec;116(12):3531-3540. Epub 2021 Apr 25 doi: 10.1111/add.15513. PMID: 33822437
Current Indications for Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy.
Randall DA
J Am Board Fam Med 2020 Nov-Dec;33(6):1025-1030. doi: 10.3122/jabfm.2020.06.200038. PMID: 33219085
Halitosis: prevalence, risk factors, sources, measurement and treatment - a review of the literature.
Wu J, Cannon RD, Ji P, Farella M, Mei L
Aust Dent J 2020 Mar;65(1):4-11. Epub 2019 Nov 15 doi: 10.1111/adj.12725. PMID: 31610030
Interventions for managing halitosis.
Kumbargere Nagraj S, Eachempati P, Uma E, Singh VP, Ismail NM, Varghese E
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019 Dec 11;12(12):CD012213. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012213.pub2. PMID: 31825092Free PMC Article
Halitosis.
Scully Cbe C, Porter S
BMJ Clin Evid 2008 Jul 17;2008 PMID: 19445739Free PMC Article

Diagnosis

The Importance of Nitrate Reduction for Oral Health.
Rosier BT, Takahashi N, Zaura E, Krom BP, MartÍnez-Espinosa RM, van Breda SGJ, Marsh PD, Mira A
J Dent Res 2022 Jul;101(8):887-897. Epub 2022 Feb 23 doi: 10.1177/00220345221080982. PMID: 35196931
Halitosis.
Ortiz V, Filippi A
Monogr Oral Sci 2021;29:195-200. Epub 2020 Dec 21 doi: 10.1159/000510192. PMID: 33427224
Current Indications for Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy.
Randall DA
J Am Board Fam Med 2020 Nov-Dec;33(6):1025-1030. doi: 10.3122/jabfm.2020.06.200038. PMID: 33219085
Halitosis: prevalence, risk factors, sources, measurement and treatment - a review of the literature.
Wu J, Cannon RD, Ji P, Farella M, Mei L
Aust Dent J 2020 Mar;65(1):4-11. Epub 2019 Nov 15 doi: 10.1111/adj.12725. PMID: 31610030
Oral care.
Hitz Lindenmüller I, Lambrecht JT
Curr Probl Dermatol 2011;40:107-115. Epub 2011 Feb 10 doi: 10.1159/000321060. PMID: 21325845

Therapy

Halitosis and photodynamic therapy.
Javed F
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020 Dec;32:102006. Epub 2020 Sep 17 doi: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102006. PMID: 32950729
Probiotics as an Adjunct Therapy for the Treatment of Halitosis, Dental Caries and Periodontitis.
Bustamante M, Oomah BD, Mosi-Roa Y, Rubilar M, Burgos-Díaz C
Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2020 Jun;12(2):325-334. doi: 10.1007/s12602-019-9521-4. PMID: 30729452
Interventions for managing halitosis.
Kumbargere Nagraj S, Eachempati P, Uma E, Singh VP, Ismail NM, Varghese E
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019 Dec 11;12(12):CD012213. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012213.pub2. PMID: 31825092Free PMC Article
Clinical utility of ozone therapy in dental and oral medicine.
Suh Y, Patel S, Kaitlyn R, Gandhi J, Joshi G, Smith NL, Khan SA
Med Gas Res 2019 Jul-Sep;9(3):163-167. doi: 10.4103/2045-9912.266997. PMID: 31552882Free PMC Article
Diet and halitosis.
Porter SR
Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2011 Sep;14(5):463-8. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e328348c054. PMID: 21673571

Prognosis

Illness perception amongst individuals with periodontal diseases.
Joudi A, Sargeran K, Pouraskari Z, Darijani ME, Golrezaei J, Hessari H
Community Dent Health 2023 Feb 28;40(1):37-41. doi: 10.1922/CDH_00147Joudi05. PMID: 36696467
Tobacco Use and Oral Health.
Ford PJ, Rich AM
Addiction 2021 Dec;116(12):3531-3540. Epub 2021 Apr 25 doi: 10.1111/add.15513. PMID: 33822437
Self-reported halitosis and associated demographic and behavioral factors.
Milanesi FC, Kauer B, Wagner TP, Daudt LD, Haas AN
Braz Oral Res 2016 Aug 22;30(1):e71. doi: 10.1590/1807-3107BOR-2016.vol30.0071. PMID: 27556677
Black hairy tongue syndrome.
Gurvits GE, Tan A
World J Gastroenterol 2014 Aug 21;20(31):10845-50. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i31.10845. PMID: 25152586Free PMC Article
Halitosis.
Scully Cbe C, Porter S
BMJ Clin Evid 2008 Jul 17;2008 PMID: 19445739Free PMC Article

Clinical prediction guides

Common Oral Conditions: A Review.
Stoopler ET, Villa A, Bindakhil M, Díaz DLO, Sollecito TP
JAMA 2024 Mar 26;331(12):1045-1054. doi: 10.1001/jama.2024.0953. PMID: 38530258
Periodontitis and low cognitive performance: A population-based study.
Marruganti C, Baima G, Aimetti M, Grandini S, Sanz M, Romandini M
J Clin Periodontol 2023 Apr;50(4):418-429. Epub 2023 Jan 27 doi: 10.1111/jcpe.13779. PMID: 36644802
Common Oral Lesions.
Randall DA, Wilson Westmark NL, Neville BW
Am Fam Physician 2022 Apr 1;105(4):369-376. PMID: 35426641
Interventions for managing halitosis.
Kumbargere Nagraj S, Eachempati P, Uma E, Singh VP, Ismail NM, Varghese E
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019 Dec 11;12(12):CD012213. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012213.pub2. PMID: 31825092Free PMC Article
Halitosis.
Scully Cbe C, Porter S
BMJ Clin Evid 2008 Jul 17;2008 PMID: 19445739Free PMC Article

Recent systematic reviews

Aetiology and associations of halitosis: A systematic review.
Memon MA, Memon HA, Muhammad FE, Fahad S, Siddiqui A, Lee KY, Tahir MJ, Yousaf Z
Oral Dis 2023 May;29(4):1432-1438. Epub 2022 Mar 5 doi: 10.1111/odi.14172. PMID: 35212093
Local interventions for the management of alveolar osteitis (dry socket).
Daly BJ, Sharif MO, Jones K, Worthington HV, Beattie A
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022 Sep 26;9(9):CD006968. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006968.pub3. PMID: 36156769Free PMC Article
Regenerative surgical treatment of furcation defects: A systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.
Jepsen S, Gennai S, Hirschfeld J, Kalemaj Z, Buti J, Graziani F
J Clin Periodontol 2020 Jul;47 Suppl 22:352-374. doi: 10.1111/jcpe.13238. PMID: 31860125
Interventions for managing halitosis.
Kumbargere Nagraj S, Eachempati P, Uma E, Singh VP, Ismail NM, Varghese E
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019 Dec 11;12(12):CD012213. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD012213.pub2. PMID: 31825092Free PMC Article
Halitosis.
Scully Cbe C, Porter S
BMJ Clin Evid 2008 Jul 17;2008 PMID: 19445739Free PMC Article

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