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Fatty liver

MedGen UID:
41974
•Concept ID:
C0015695
•
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: Fatty Liver; Liver, Fatty
SNOMED CT: Fatty liver (197321007); Hepatic lipidosis (197321007)

Definition

Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS. [from MeSH]

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a review of pathophysiology, clinical management and effects of weight loss.
Pouwels S, Sakran N, Graham Y, Leal A, Pintar T, Yang W, Kassir R, Singhal R, Mahawar K, Ramnarain D
BMC Endocr Disord 2022 Mar 14;22(1):63. doi: 10.1186/s12902-022-00980-1. PMID: 35287643Free PMC Article
A new definition for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: An international expert consensus statement.
Eslam M, Newsome PN, Sarin SK, Anstee QM, Targher G, Romero-Gomez M, Zelber-Sagi S, Wai-Sun Wong V, Dufour JF, Schattenberg JM, Kawaguchi T, Arrese M, Valenti L, Shiha G, Tiribelli C, Yki-Järvinen H, Fan JG, Grønbæk H, Yilmaz Y, Cortez-Pinto H, Oliveira CP, Bedossa P, Adams LA, Zheng MH, Fouad Y, Chan WK, Mendez-Sanchez N, Ahn SH, Castera L, Bugianesi E, Ratziu V, George J
J Hepatol 2020 Jul;73(1):202-209. Epub 2020 Apr 8 doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.03.039. PMID: 32278004
Prevention and Management of Childhood Obesity and Its Psychological and Health Comorbidities.
Smith JD, Fu E, Kobayashi MA
Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2020 May 7;16:351-378. Epub 2020 Feb 25 doi: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-100219-060201. PMID: 32097572Free PMC Article

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

MAFLD: How is it different from NAFLD?
Gofton C, Upendran Y, Zheng MH, George J
Clin Mol Hepatol 2023 Feb;29(Suppl):S17-S31. Epub 2022 Nov 29 doi: 10.3350/cmh.2022.0367. PMID: 36443926Free PMC Article
Fatty Liver Disease: Diagnosis and Stratification.
Saiman Y, Duarte-Rojo A, Rinella ME
Annu Rev Med 2022 Jan 27;73:529-544. Epub 2021 Nov 22 doi: 10.1146/annurev-med-042220-020407. PMID: 34809436Free PMC Article
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease 2020: The State of the Disease.
Cotter TG, Rinella M
Gastroenterology 2020 May;158(7):1851-1864. Epub 2020 Feb 13 doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.01.052. PMID: 32061595
NAFLD: a multisystem disease.
Byrne CD, Targher G
J Hepatol 2015 Apr;62(1 Suppl):S47-64. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.12.012. PMID: 25920090
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity and the metabolic syndrome.
Dietrich P, Hellerbrand C
Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2014 Aug;28(4):637-53. Epub 2014 Jul 11 doi: 10.1016/j.bpg.2014.07.008. PMID: 25194181

Diagnosis

MAFLD: How is it different from NAFLD?
Gofton C, Upendran Y, Zheng MH, George J
Clin Mol Hepatol 2023 Feb;29(Suppl):S17-S31. Epub 2022 Nov 29 doi: 10.3350/cmh.2022.0367. PMID: 36443926Free PMC Article
Fatty Liver Disease: Diagnosis and Stratification.
Saiman Y, Duarte-Rojo A, Rinella ME
Annu Rev Med 2022 Jan 27;73:529-544. Epub 2021 Nov 22 doi: 10.1146/annurev-med-042220-020407. PMID: 34809436Free PMC Article
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease.
Wang XJ, Malhi H
Ann Intern Med 2018 Nov 6;169(9):ITC65-ITC80. doi: 10.7326/AITC201811060. PMID: 30398639
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
Neuschwander-Tetri BA
BMC Med 2017 Feb 28;15(1):45. doi: 10.1186/s12916-017-0806-8. PMID: 28241825Free PMC Article
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity and the metabolic syndrome.
Dietrich P, Hellerbrand C
Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2014 Aug;28(4):637-53. Epub 2014 Jul 11 doi: 10.1016/j.bpg.2014.07.008. PMID: 25194181

Therapy

Incretins (GLP-1 receptor agonists and dual/triple agonists) and the liver.
Newsome PN, Ambery P
J Hepatol 2023 Dec;79(6):1557-1565. Epub 2023 Aug 9 doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.07.033. PMID: 37562748
Therapeutic pipeline in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
Vuppalanchi R, Noureddin M, Alkhouri N, Sanyal AJ
Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021 Jun;18(6):373-392. Epub 2021 Feb 10 doi: 10.1038/s41575-020-00408-y. PMID: 33568794
Milk thistle (Silybum marianum): A concise overview on its chemistry, pharmacological, and nutraceutical uses in liver diseases.
Abenavoli L, Izzo AA, Milić N, Cicala C, Santini A, Capasso R
Phytother Res 2018 Nov;32(11):2202-2213. Epub 2018 Aug 6 doi: 10.1002/ptr.6171. PMID: 30080294
Mechanisms of NAFLD development and therapeutic strategies.
Friedman SL, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Rinella M, Sanyal AJ
Nat Med 2018 Jul;24(7):908-922. Epub 2018 Jul 2 doi: 10.1038/s41591-018-0104-9. PMID: 29967350Free PMC Article
AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGISTS AND AMERICAN COLLEGE OF ENDOCRINOLOGY COMPREHENSIVE CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES FOR MEDICAL CARE OF PATIENTS WITH OBESITY.
Garvey WT, Mechanick JI, Brett EM, Garber AJ, Hurley DL, Jastreboff AM, Nadolsky K, Pessah-Pollack R, Plodkowski R; Reviewers of the AACE/ACE Obesity Clinical Practice Guidelines
Endocr Pract 2016 Jul;22 Suppl 3:1-203. Epub 2016 May 24 doi: 10.4158/EP161365.GL. PMID: 27219496

Prognosis

The prevalence and incidence of NAFLD worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Riazi K, Azhari H, Charette JH, Underwood FE, King JA, Afshar EE, Swain MG, Congly SE, Kaplan GG, Shaheen AA
Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022 Sep;7(9):851-861. Epub 2022 Jul 5 doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00165-0. PMID: 35798021
Burden of liver diseases in the world.
Asrani SK, Devarbhavi H, Eaton J, Kamath PS
J Hepatol 2019 Jan;70(1):151-171. Epub 2018 Sep 26 doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.09.014. PMID: 30266282
Global Perspectives on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis.
Younossi Z, Tacke F, Arrese M, Chander Sharma B, Mostafa I, Bugianesi E, Wai-Sun Wong V, Yilmaz Y, George J, Fan J, Vos MB
Hepatology 2019 Jun;69(6):2672-2682. doi: 10.1002/hep.30251. PMID: 30179269
The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Practice guidance from the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases.
Chalasani N, Younossi Z, Lavine JE, Charlton M, Cusi K, Rinella M, Harrison SA, Brunt EM, Sanyal AJ
Hepatology 2018 Jan;67(1):328-357. Epub 2017 Sep 29 doi: 10.1002/hep.29367. PMID: 28714183
Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-Meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes.
Younossi ZM, Koenig AB, Abdelatif D, Fazel Y, Henry L, Wymer M
Hepatology 2016 Jul;64(1):73-84. Epub 2016 Feb 22 doi: 10.1002/hep.28431. PMID: 26707365

Clinical prediction guides

FibroScan-AST (FAST) score for the non-invasive identification of patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis with significant activity and fibrosis: a prospective derivation and global validation study.
Newsome PN, Sasso M, Deeks JJ, Paredes A, Boursier J, Chan WK, Yilmaz Y, Czernichow S, Zheng MH, Wong VW, Allison M, Tsochatzis E, Anstee QM, Sheridan DA, Eddowes PJ, Guha IN, Cobbold JF, Paradis V, Bedossa P, Miette V, Fournier-Poizat C, Sandrin L, Harrison SA
Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020 Apr;5(4):362-373. Epub 2020 Feb 3 doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30383-8. PMID: 32027858Free PMC Article
Liver fibrosis markers of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
Enomoto H, Bando Y, Nakamura H, Nishiguchi S, Koga M
World J Gastroenterol 2015 Jun 28;21(24):7427-35. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i24.7427. PMID: 26139988Free PMC Article
Histopathology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
Takahashi Y, Fukusato T
World J Gastroenterol 2014 Nov 14;20(42):15539-48. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i42.15539. PMID: 25400438Free PMC Article
The Fatty Liver Index: a simple and accurate predictor of hepatic steatosis in the general population.
Bedogni G, Bellentani S, Miglioli L, Masutti F, Passalacqua M, Castiglione A, Tiribelli C
BMC Gastroenterol 2006 Nov 2;6:33. doi: 10.1186/1471-230X-6-33. PMID: 17081293Free PMC Article
Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
Kleiner DE, Brunt EM, Van Natta M, Behling C, Contos MJ, Cummings OW, Ferrell LD, Liu YC, Torbenson MS, Unalp-Arida A, Yeh M, McCullough AJ, Sanyal AJ; Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Clinical Research Network
Hepatology 2005 Jun;41(6):1313-21. doi: 10.1002/hep.20701. PMID: 15915461

Recent systematic reviews

Role of semaglutide in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease or non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Bandyopadhyay S, Das S, Samajdar SS, Joshi SR
Diabetes Metab Syndr 2023 Oct;17(10):102849. Epub 2023 Sep 13 doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2023.102849. PMID: 37717295
Global prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.
En Li Cho E, Ang CZ, Quek J, Fu CE, Lim LKE, Heng ZEQ, Tan DJH, Lim WH, Yong JN, Zeng R, Chee D, Nah B, Lesmana CRA, Bwa AH, Win KM, Faulkner C, Aboona MB, Lim MC, Syn N, Kulkarni AV, Suzuki H, Takahashi H, Tamaki N, Wijarnpreecha K, Huang DQ, Muthiah M, Ng CH, Loomba R
Gut 2023 Nov;72(11):2138-2148. Epub 2023 Jul 25 doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2023-330110. PMID: 37491159
Increased risk of mortality by fibrosis stage in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Systematic review and meta-analysis.
Dulai PS, Singh S, Patel J, Soni M, Prokop LJ, Younossi Z, Sebastiani G, Ekstedt M, Hagstrom H, Nasr P, Stal P, Wong VW, Kechagias S, Hultcrantz R, Loomba R
Hepatology 2017 May;65(5):1557-1565. Epub 2017 Mar 31 doi: 10.1002/hep.29085. PMID: 28130788Free PMC Article
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review.
Rinella ME
JAMA 2015 Jun 9;313(22):2263-73. doi: 10.1001/jama.2015.5370. PMID: 26057287
Fibrosis progression in nonalcoholic fatty liver vs nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of paired-biopsy studies.
Singh S, Allen AM, Wang Z, Prokop LJ, Murad MH, Loomba R
Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015 Apr;13(4):643-54.e1-9; quiz e39-40. Epub 2014 Apr 24 doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2014.04.014. PMID: 24768810Free PMC Article

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