U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Format

Send to:

Choose Destination

Primary ciliary dyskinesia 8(CILD8)

MedGen UID:
393653
Concept ID:
C2677085
Disease or Syndrome
Synonym: CILIARY DYSKINESIA, PRIMARY, 8, WITH OR WITHOUT SITUS INVERSUS
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0012844
OMIM®: 612274

Definition

Primary ciliary dyskinesia is a disorder characterized by chronic respiratory tract infections, abnormally positioned internal organs, and the inability to have children (infertility). The signs and symptoms of this condition are caused by abnormal cilia and flagella. Cilia are microscopic, finger-like projections that stick out from the surface of cells. They are found in the linings of the airway, the reproductive system, and other organs and tissues. Flagella are tail-like structures, similar to cilia, that propel sperm cells forward.

In the respiratory tract, cilia move back and forth in a coordinated way to move mucus towards the throat. This movement of mucus helps to eliminate fluid, bacteria, and particles from the lungs. Most babies with primary ciliary dyskinesia experience breathing problems at birth, which suggests that cilia play an important role in clearing fetal fluid from the lungs. Beginning in early childhood, affected individuals develop frequent respiratory tract infections. Without properly functioning cilia in the airway, bacteria remain in the respiratory tract and cause infection. People with primary ciliary dyskinesia also have year-round nasal congestion and a chronic cough. Chronic respiratory tract infections can result in a condition called bronchiectasis, which damages the passages, called bronchi, leading from the windpipe to the lungs and can cause life-threatening breathing problems.

Some individuals with primary ciliary dyskinesia have abnormally placed organs within their chest and abdomen. These abnormalities arise early in embryonic development when the differences between the left and right sides of the body are established. About 50 percent of people with primary ciliary dyskinesia have a mirror-image reversal of their internal organs (situs inversus totalis). For example, in these individuals the heart is on the right side of the body instead of on the left. Situs inversus totalis does not cause any apparent health problems. When someone with primary ciliary dyskinesia has situs inversus totalis, they are often said to have Kartagener syndrome.

Approximately 12 percent of people with primary ciliary dyskinesia have a condition known as heterotaxy syndrome or situs ambiguus, which is characterized by abnormalities of the heart, liver, intestines, or spleen. These organs may be structurally abnormal or improperly positioned. In addition, affected individuals may lack a spleen (asplenia) or have multiple spleens (polysplenia). Heterotaxy syndrome results from problems establishing the left and right sides of the body during embryonic development. The severity of heterotaxy varies widely among affected individuals.

Primary ciliary dyskinesia can also lead to infertility. Vigorous movements of the flagella are necessary to propel the sperm cells forward to the female egg cell. Because their sperm do not move properly, males with primary ciliary dyskinesia are usually unable to father children. Infertility occurs in some affected females and is likely due to abnormal cilia in the fallopian tubes.

Another feature of primary ciliary dyskinesia is recurrent ear infections (otitis media), especially in young children. Otitis media can lead to permanent hearing loss if untreated. The ear infections are likely related to abnormal cilia within the inner ear.

Rarely, individuals with primary ciliary dyskinesia have an accumulation of fluid in the brain (hydrocephalus), likely due to abnormal cilia in the brain. [from MedlinePlus Genetics]

Term Hierarchy

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Oh J, Lee JS, Park MS, Kang YA, Cho HJ, Kim SY, Jung J, Yoon SO, Kim KW
Yonsei Med J 2024 Jan;65(1):48-54. doi: 10.3349/ymj.2023.0238. PMID: 38154480Free PMC Article
Henriques AR, Constant C, Descalço A, Pinto A, Moura Nunes J, Sampaio P, Lopes SS, Pereira L, Bandeira T
Pediatr Pulmonol 2021 Aug;56(8):2776-2779. Epub 2021 Jun 8 doi: 10.1002/ppul.25440. PMID: 34102041
Dąbkowska S, Kucińska-Chahwan A, Beneturska A, Ilnicka A, Nowakowska B, Panek G, Roszkowski T, Bijok J
Prenat Diagn 2020 Apr;40(5):612-617. Epub 2020 Feb 12 doi: 10.1002/pd.5654. PMID: 32003477

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Antony D, Brunner HG, Schmidts M
Cells 2021 Jul 25;10(8) doi: 10.3390/cells10081885. PMID: 34440654Free PMC Article
Guan Y, Yang H, Yao X, Xu H, Liu H, Tang X, Hao C, Zhang X, Zhao S, Ge W, Ni X
Chest 2021 May;159(5):1768-1781. Epub 2021 Feb 10 doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2021.02.006. PMID: 33577779Free PMC Article
Lucas JS, Davis SD, Omran H, Shoemark A
Lancet Respir Med 2020 Feb;8(2):202-216. Epub 2019 Oct 14 doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(19)30374-1. PMID: 31624012
Davis SD, Rosenfeld M, Lee HS, Ferkol TW, Sagel SD, Dell SD, Milla C, Pittman JE, Shapiro AJ, Sullivan KM, Nykamp KR, Krischer JP, Zariwala MA, Knowles MR, Leigh MW
Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019 Jan 15;199(2):190-198. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201803-0548OC. PMID: 30067075Free PMC Article
Wheway G, Schmidts M, Mans DA, Szymanska K, Nguyen TT, Racher H, Phelps IG, Toedt G, Kennedy J, Wunderlich KA, Sorusch N, Abdelhamed ZA, Natarajan S, Herridge W, van Reeuwijk J, Horn N, Boldt K, Parry DA, Letteboer SJF, Roosing S, Adams M, Bell SM, Bond J, Higgins J, Morrison EE, Tomlinson DC, Slaats GG, van Dam TJP, Huang L, Kessler K, Giessl A, Logan CV, Boyle EA, Shendure J, Anazi S, Aldahmesh M, Al Hazzaa S, Hegele RA, Ober C, Frosk P, Mhanni AA, Chodirker BN, Chudley AE, Lamont R, Bernier FP, Beaulieu CL, Gordon P, Pon RT, Donahue C, Barkovich AJ, Wolf L, Toomes C, Thiel CT, Boycott KM, McKibbin M, Inglehearn CF; UK10K Consortium; University of Washington Center for Mendelian Genomics, Stewart F, Omran H, Huynen MA, Sergouniotis PI, Alkuraya FS, Parboosingh JS, Innes AM, Willoughby CE, Giles RH, Webster AR, Ueffing M, Blacque O, Gleeson JG, Wolfrum U, Beales PL, Gibson T, Doherty D, Mitchison HM, Roepman R, Johnson CA
Nat Cell Biol 2015 Aug;17(8):1074-1087. Epub 2015 Jul 13 doi: 10.1038/ncb3201. PMID: 26167768Free PMC Article

Diagnosis

Guan Y, Yang H, Yao X, Xu H, Liu H, Tang X, Hao C, Zhang X, Zhao S, Ge W, Ni X
Chest 2021 May;159(5):1768-1781. Epub 2021 Feb 10 doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2021.02.006. PMID: 33577779Free PMC Article
Lucas JS, Davis SD, Omran H, Shoemark A
Lancet Respir Med 2020 Feb;8(2):202-216. Epub 2019 Oct 14 doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(19)30374-1. PMID: 31624012
Davis SD, Rosenfeld M, Lee HS, Ferkol TW, Sagel SD, Dell SD, Milla C, Pittman JE, Shapiro AJ, Sullivan KM, Nykamp KR, Krischer JP, Zariwala MA, Knowles MR, Leigh MW
Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019 Jan 15;199(2):190-198. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201803-0548OC. PMID: 30067075Free PMC Article
Piatti G, De Santi MM, Torretta S, Pignataro L, Soi D, Ambrosetti U
Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2017 Apr;126(4):322-327. Epub 2017 Feb 12 doi: 10.1177/0003489417691299. PMID: 28290230
Greenstone M, Cole PJ
Arch Dis Child 1984 Aug;59(8):704-6. doi: 10.1136/adc.59.8.704. PMID: 6476865Free PMC Article

Therapy

Kaspy KR, Dell SD, Davis SD, Ferkol TW, Rosenfeld M, Sagel SD, Milla C, Olivier KN, Barber AT, Wee W, Lin FC, Li L, Rampakakis E, Zariwala MA, Knowles MR, Leigh MW, Shapiro AJ
Chest 2024 May;165(5):1070-1081. Epub 2023 Dec 9 doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2023.12.005. PMID: 38072392Free PMC Article
Gatt D, Shaw M, Waters V, Kritzinger F, Solomon M, Dell S, Ratjen F
Pediatr Pulmonol 2023 Oct;58(10):2857-2864. Epub 2023 Jul 14 doi: 10.1002/ppul.26599. PMID: 37449771
Ullmann N, Santamaria F, Allegorico A, Fainardi V, Borrelli M, Ferraro VA, Proietti E, Parisi GF, Romagnoli V, Lucca F, Gallucci M, Mappa L, Lelli M, Amato D, Petrarca L, Cimino G, Sacco O, Calogero C, Patria MF, Acquafredda A, Ferlisi A, Maschio M, Kantar A, Cutrera R
Pediatr Pulmonol 2023 Apr;58(4):1127-1135. Epub 2023 Jan 9 doi: 10.1002/ppul.26303. PMID: 36588099
Spencer S, Donovan T, Chalmers JD, Mathioudakis AG, McDonnell MJ, Tsang A, Leadbetter P
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022 Jan 5;1(1):CD013254. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013254.pub2. PMID: 34985761Free PMC Article
Davis SD, Rosenfeld M, Lee HS, Ferkol TW, Sagel SD, Dell SD, Milla C, Pittman JE, Shapiro AJ, Sullivan KM, Nykamp KR, Krischer JP, Zariwala MA, Knowles MR, Leigh MW
Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019 Jan 15;199(2):190-198. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201803-0548OC. PMID: 30067075Free PMC Article

Prognosis

Kaspy KR, Dell SD, Davis SD, Ferkol TW, Rosenfeld M, Sagel SD, Milla C, Olivier KN, Barber AT, Wee W, Lin FC, Li L, Rampakakis E, Zariwala MA, Knowles MR, Leigh MW, Shapiro AJ
Chest 2024 May;165(5):1070-1081. Epub 2023 Dec 9 doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2023.12.005. PMID: 38072392Free PMC Article
Kinghorn B, Rosenfeld M, Sullivan E, Onchiri F, Ferkol TW, Sagel SD, Dell SD, Milla C, Shapiro AJ, Sullivan KM, Zariwala MA, Pittman JE, Mollica F, Tiddens HAWM, Kemner-van de Corput M, Knowles MR, Davis SD, Leigh MW
Ann Am Thorac Soc 2023 Apr;20(4):539-547. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.202206-524OC. PMID: 36442147Free PMC Article
Sagel SD, Kupfer O, Wagner BD, Davis SD, Dell SD, Ferkol TW, Hoppe JE, Rosenfeld M, Sullivan KM, Tiddens HAWM, Knowles MR, Leigh MW
Ann Am Thorac Soc 2023 Jan;20(1):67-74. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.202204-314OC. PMID: 35984413Free PMC Article
Spencer S, Donovan T, Chalmers JD, Mathioudakis AG, McDonnell MJ, Tsang A, Leadbetter P
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022 Jan 5;1(1):CD013254. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013254.pub2. PMID: 34985761Free PMC Article
Davis SD, Rosenfeld M, Lee HS, Ferkol TW, Sagel SD, Dell SD, Milla C, Pittman JE, Shapiro AJ, Sullivan KM, Nykamp KR, Krischer JP, Zariwala MA, Knowles MR, Leigh MW
Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019 Jan 15;199(2):190-198. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201803-0548OC. PMID: 30067075Free PMC Article

Clinical prediction guides

Pieters ALP, van der Veer T, Meerburg JJ, Andrinopoulou ER, van der Eerden MM, Ciet P, Aliberti S, Burgel PR, Crichton ML, Shoemark A, Goeminne PC, Shteinberg M, Loebinger MR, Haworth CS, Blasi F, Tiddens HAWM, Caudri D, Chalmers JD
Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2024 Jul 1;210(1):87-96. doi: 10.1164/rccm.202311-2109OC. PMID: 38635862
Horani A, Gupta DK, Xu J, Xu H, Carmen Puga-Molina LD, Santi CM, Ramagiri S, Brennan SK, Pan J, Koenitzer JR, Huang T, Hyland RM, Gunsten SP, Tzeng SC, Strahle JM, Mill P, Mahjoub MR, Dutcher SK, Brody SL
JCI Insight 2023 Jun 8;8(11) doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.168836. PMID: 37104040Free PMC Article
Guan Y, Yang H, Yao X, Xu H, Liu H, Tang X, Hao C, Zhang X, Zhao S, Ge W, Ni X
Chest 2021 May;159(5):1768-1781. Epub 2021 Feb 10 doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2021.02.006. PMID: 33577779Free PMC Article
Davis SD, Rosenfeld M, Lee HS, Ferkol TW, Sagel SD, Dell SD, Milla C, Pittman JE, Shapiro AJ, Sullivan KM, Nykamp KR, Krischer JP, Zariwala MA, Knowles MR, Leigh MW
Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019 Jan 15;199(2):190-198. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201803-0548OC. PMID: 30067075Free PMC Article
Wheway G, Schmidts M, Mans DA, Szymanska K, Nguyen TT, Racher H, Phelps IG, Toedt G, Kennedy J, Wunderlich KA, Sorusch N, Abdelhamed ZA, Natarajan S, Herridge W, van Reeuwijk J, Horn N, Boldt K, Parry DA, Letteboer SJF, Roosing S, Adams M, Bell SM, Bond J, Higgins J, Morrison EE, Tomlinson DC, Slaats GG, van Dam TJP, Huang L, Kessler K, Giessl A, Logan CV, Boyle EA, Shendure J, Anazi S, Aldahmesh M, Al Hazzaa S, Hegele RA, Ober C, Frosk P, Mhanni AA, Chodirker BN, Chudley AE, Lamont R, Bernier FP, Beaulieu CL, Gordon P, Pon RT, Donahue C, Barkovich AJ, Wolf L, Toomes C, Thiel CT, Boycott KM, McKibbin M, Inglehearn CF; UK10K Consortium; University of Washington Center for Mendelian Genomics, Stewart F, Omran H, Huynen MA, Sergouniotis PI, Alkuraya FS, Parboosingh JS, Innes AM, Willoughby CE, Giles RH, Webster AR, Ueffing M, Blacque O, Gleeson JG, Wolfrum U, Beales PL, Gibson T, Doherty D, Mitchison HM, Roepman R, Johnson CA
Nat Cell Biol 2015 Aug;17(8):1074-1087. Epub 2015 Jul 13 doi: 10.1038/ncb3201. PMID: 26167768Free PMC Article

Recent systematic reviews

Spencer S, Donovan T, Chalmers JD, Mathioudakis AG, McDonnell MJ, Tsang A, Leadbetter P
Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022 Jan 5;1(1):CD013254. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013254.pub2. PMID: 34985761Free PMC Article
Inaba A, Furuhata M, Morimoto K, Rahman M, Takahashi O, Hijikata M, Knowles MR, Keicho N
BMC Pulm Med 2019 Jul 25;19(1):135. doi: 10.1186/s12890-019-0897-4. PMID: 31345208Free PMC Article
Shapiro AJ, Josephson M, Rosenfeld M, Yilmaz O, Davis SD, Polineni D, Guadagno E, Leigh MW, Lavergne V
Ann Am Thorac Soc 2017 Jul;14(7):1184-1196. doi: 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201701-062SR. PMID: 28481653Free PMC Article
Goutaki M, Meier AB, Halbeisen FS, Lucas JS, Dell SD, Maurer E, Casaulta C, Jurca M, Spycher BD, Kuehni CE
Eur Respir J 2016 Oct;48(4):1081-1095. Epub 2016 Aug 4 doi: 10.1183/13993003.00736-2016. PMID: 27492829
Collins SA, Gove K, Walker W, Lucas JS
Eur Respir J 2014 Dec;44(6):1589-99. Epub 2014 Oct 16 doi: 10.1183/09031936.00088614. PMID: 25323224

Supplemental Content

Table of contents

    Clinical resources

    Practice guidelines

    • PubMed
      See practice and clinical guidelines in PubMed. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.
    • Bookshelf
      See practice and clinical guidelines in NCBI Bookshelf. The search results may include broader topics and may not capture all published guidelines. See the FAQ for details.

    Recent activity

    Your browsing activity is empty.

    Activity recording is turned off.

    Turn recording back on

    See more...