A functional motor deficit where individuals whose responses to the challenges of exercise fail to achieve levels considered normal for their age and gender.

Abnormally long and slender fingers (spider fingers).

Bilateral clubfoot deformity.

Poorly defined or shallow palmar creases.

Absence of one or more interphalangeal creases (i.e., of the transverse lines in the skin between the phalanges of the fingers).

An angulation of a digit at an interphalangeal joint in the plane of the palm (finger) or sole (toe).

A height below that which is expected according to age and gender norms. Although there is no universally accepted definition of short stature, many refer to "short stature" as height more than 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender (or below the 3rd percentile for age and gender dependent norms).

Angle formed by the plane of the ear and the mastoid bone greater than the 97th centile for age (objective); or, outer edge of the helix more than 2 cm from the mastoid at the point of maximum distance (objective).

Reduction of neurologic reflexes such as the knee-jerk reaction.

Intellectual disability, previously referred to as mental retardation, is characterized by subnormal intellectual functioning that occurs during the developmental period. It is defined by an IQ score below 70.

Exaggerated anterior convexity of the thoracic vertebral column.

A condition in which there is increased muscle tone so that arms or legs, for example, are stiff and difficult to move.

The presence of an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.

An inherited primary limb malformation disorder characterized by congenital contractures of two or more different body areas and without primary neurologic and/or muscle disease that affects limb function.

Patellar dislocation occurring repeated times.

Multiple bent (flexed) finger joints that cannot be straightened actively or passively.

A defect of the chest wall characterized by a depression of the sternum, giving the chest ("pectus") a caved-in ("excavatum") appearance.

Perceived difficulty to breathe that occurs with exercise or exertion and improves with rest.

A functional defect characterized by reduced total lung capacity (TLC) not associated with abnormalities of expiratory airflow or airway resistance. Spirometrically, a restrictive defect is defined as FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 second) and FVC (forced vital capacity) less than 80 per cent. Restrictive lung disease may be caused by alterations in lung parenchyma or because of a disease of the pleura, chest wall, or neuromuscular apparatus.

An abnormal reduction in the amount of air a person can forcefully expel in one second.

A fixed reduction in the vertical distance between the upper and lower eyelids with short palpebral fissures.

Height of the palate more than 2 SD above the mean (objective) or palatal height at the level of the first permanent molar more than twice the height of the teeth (subjective).

Epicanthus is a condition in which a fold of skin stretches from the upper to the lower eyelid, partially covering the inner canthus. Usher (1935) noted that epicanthus is a normal finding in the fetus of all races. Epicanthus also occurs in association with hereditary ptosis (110100).

Facial contour, as viewed from the front, triangular in shape, with breadth at the temples and tapering to a narrow chin.

A reduced degree of voluntary and involuntary facial movements involved in responded to others or expressing emotions.

Astigmatism (from the Greek 'a' meaning absence and 'stigma' meaning point) is a condition in which the parallel rays of light entering the eye through the refractive media are not focused on a single point. Both corneal and noncorneal factors contribute to refractive astigmatism. Corneal astigmatism is mainly the result of an aspheric anterior surface of the cornea, which can be measured readily by means of a keratometer; in a small fraction of cases (approximately 1 in 10) the effect is neutralized by the back surface. The curvature of the back surface of the cornea is not considered in most studies, because it is more difficult to measure; moreover, in the case of severe corneal astigmatism, there is evidence that both surfaces have the same configuration. Noncorneal factors are errors in the curvature of the 2 surfaces of the crystalline lens, irregularity in the refractive index of the lens, and an eccentric lens position. Since the cornea is the dominant component of the eye's refracting system, a highly astigmatic cornea is likely to result in a similarly astigmatic ocular refraction (summary by Clementi et al., 1998).

The upper eyelid margin is positioned 3 mm or more lower than usual and covers the superior portion of the iris (objective); or, the upper lid margin obscures at least part of the pupil (subjective).

Duane syndrome is a strabismus condition clinically characterized by congenital non-progressive limited horizontal eye movement accompanied by globe retraction which results in narrowing of the palpebral fissure. The lateral movement anomaly results from failure of the abducens nucleus and nerve (cranial nerve VI) to fully innervate the lateral rectus muscle; globe retraction occurs as a result of abnormal innervation of the lateral rectus muscle by the oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve III). At birth, affected infants have restricted ability to move the affected eye(s) outward (abduction) and/or inward (adduction), though the limitations may not be recognized in early infancy. In addition, the globe retracts into the orbit with attempted adduction, accompanied by narrowing of the palpebral fissure. Many individuals with Duane syndrome have strabismus in primary gaze but can use a compensatory head turn to align the eyes, and thus can preserve binocular vision and avoid diplopia. Individuals with Duane syndrome who lack binocular vision are at risk for amblyopia. The majority of affected individuals with Duane syndrome have isolated Duane syndrome (i.e., they do not have other detected congenital anomalies). Other individuals with Duane syndrome fall into well-defined syndromic diagnoses. However, many individuals with Duane syndrome have non-ocular findings that do not fit a known syndrome; these individuals are included as part of the discussion of nonsyndromic Duane syndrome.

An abnormality of refraction characterized by the ability to see objects in the distance clearly, while objects nearby appear blurry.

A cone-shaped deformity of the cornea characterized by the presence of corneal distortion secondary to thinning of the apex.

Paralysis of one or more extraocular muscles that are responsible for eye movements.

A misalignment of the eyes so that the visual axes deviate from bifoveal fixation. The classification of strabismus may be based on a number of features including the relative position of the eyes, whether the deviation is latent or manifest, intermittent or constant, concomitant or otherwise and according to the age of onset and the relevance of any associated refractive error.

A wrinkle of retinal tissue projecting outward from the surface of the retina and visible as a line on fundoscopy.

An eye that is more deeply recessed into the plane of the face than is typical.

Any abnormality of the electrical responses of various cell types in the retina as measured by electroretinography.

Limbus-to-limbus corneal thinning, often greatest in the periphery, with globular protrusion of the cornea.