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Autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia 2(CPD3; SCAR2)

MedGen UID:
349134
Concept ID:
C1859298
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: CEREBELLAR GRANULAR CELL HYPOPLASIA AND MENTAL RETARDATION, CONGENITAL; CEREBELLAR HYPOPLASIA, NONPROGRESSIVE NORMAN TYPE; CEREBELLOPARENCHYMAL DISORDER III; CPD III
SNOMED CT: Autosomal recessive cerebelloparenchymal disorder type 3 (715369006); Cerebelloparenchymal disorder III (715369006); SCAR2 (spinocerebellar ataxia autosomal recessive 2) (715369006)
Modes of inheritance:
Autosomal recessive inheritance
MedGen UID:
141025
Concept ID:
C0441748
Intellectual Product
Source: Orphanet
A mode of inheritance that is observed for traits related to a gene encoded on one of the autosomes (i.e., the human chromosomes 1-22) in which a trait manifests in individuals with two pathogenic alleles, either homozygotes (two copies of the same mutant allele) or compound heterozygotes (whereby each copy of a gene has a distinct mutant allele).
 
Gene (location): PMPCA (9q34.3)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0008943
OMIM®: 213200
Orphanet: ORPHA1170

Definition

Autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia-2 (SCAR2) is a neurologic disorder characterized by onset of impaired motor development and ataxic gait in early childhood. Additional features often include loss of fine motor skills, dysarthria, nystagmus, cerebellar signs, and delayed cognitive development with intellectual disability. Brain imaging shows cerebellar atrophy. Overall, the disorder is non- or slowly progressive, with survival into adulthood (summary by Jobling et al., 2015). [from OMIM]

Clinical features

From HPO
Pes cavus
MedGen UID:
675590
Concept ID:
C0728829
Congenital Abnormality
An increase in height of the medial longitudinal arch of the foot that does not flatten on weight bearing (i.e., a distinctly hollow form of the sole of the foot when it is bearing weight).
Short stature
MedGen UID:
87607
Concept ID:
C0349588
Finding
A height below that which is expected according to age and gender norms. Although there is no universally accepted definition of short stature, many refer to "short stature" as height more than 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender (or below the 3rd percentile for age and gender dependent norms).
Cerebellar ataxia
MedGen UID:
849
Concept ID:
C0007758
Disease or Syndrome
Cerebellar ataxia refers to ataxia due to dysfunction of the cerebellum. This causes a variety of elementary neurological deficits including asynergy (lack of coordination between muscles, limbs and joints), dysmetria (lack of ability to judge distances that can lead to under- or overshoot in grasping movements), and dysdiadochokinesia (inability to perform rapid movements requiring antagonizing muscle groups to be switched on and off repeatedly).
Dysarthria
MedGen UID:
8510
Concept ID:
C0013362
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Dysarthric speech is a general description referring to a neurological speech disorder characterized by poor articulation. Depending on the involved neurological structures, dysarthria may be further classified as spastic, flaccid, ataxic, hyperkinetic and hypokinetic, or mixed.
Gliosis
MedGen UID:
4899
Concept ID:
C0017639
Pathologic Function
Gliosis is the focal proliferation of glial cells in the central nervous system.
Spasticity
MedGen UID:
7753
Concept ID:
C0026838
Sign or Symptom
A motor disorder characterized by a velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes with increased muscle tone, exaggerated (hyperexcitable) tendon reflexes.
Tremor
MedGen UID:
21635
Concept ID:
C0040822
Sign or Symptom
An unintentional, oscillating to-and-fro muscle movement about a joint axis.
Hyperreflexia
MedGen UID:
57738
Concept ID:
C0151889
Finding
Hyperreflexia is the presence of hyperactive stretch reflexes of the muscles.
Unsteady gait
MedGen UID:
68544
Concept ID:
C0231686
Finding
A shaky or wobbly manner of walking.
Dysmetria
MedGen UID:
68583
Concept ID:
C0234162
Finding
A type of ataxia characterized by the inability to carry out movements with the correct range and motion across the plane of more than one joint related to incorrect estimation of the distances required for targeted movements.
Delayed ability to walk
MedGen UID:
66034
Concept ID:
C0241726
Finding
A failure to achieve the ability to walk at an appropriate developmental stage. Most children learn to walk in a series of stages, and learn to walk short distances independently between 12 and 15 months.
Cerebellar hypoplasia
MedGen UID:
120578
Concept ID:
C0266470
Congenital Abnormality
Cerebellar hypoplasia is a descriptive term implying a cerebellum with a reduced volume, but a normal shape and is stable over time.
Delayed speech and language development
MedGen UID:
105318
Concept ID:
C0454644
Finding
A degree of language development that is significantly below the norm for a child of a specified age.
Incoordination
MedGen UID:
141714
Concept ID:
C0520966
Finding
Global developmental delay
MedGen UID:
107838
Concept ID:
C0557874
Finding
A delay in the achievement of motor or mental milestones in the domains of development of a child, including motor skills, speech and language, cognitive skills, and social and emotional skills. This term should only be used to describe children younger than five years of age.
Hyporeflexia
MedGen UID:
195967
Concept ID:
C0700078
Finding
Reduction of neurologic reflexes such as the knee-jerk reaction.
Cerebellar vermis atrophy
MedGen UID:
149271
Concept ID:
C0742028
Disease or Syndrome
Wasting (atrophy) of the vermis of cerebellum.
Limb ataxia
MedGen UID:
196692
Concept ID:
C0750937
Finding
A kind of ataxia that affects movements of the extremities.
Gait ataxia
MedGen UID:
155642
Concept ID:
C0751837
Sign or Symptom
A type of ataxia characterized by the impairment of the ability to coordinate the movements required for normal walking. Gait ataxia is characteirzed by a wide-based staggering gait with a tendency to fall.
Dilated fourth ventricle
MedGen UID:
376050
Concept ID:
C1847117
Finding
An abnormal dilatation of the fourth cerebral ventricle.
Intellectual disability
MedGen UID:
811461
Concept ID:
C3714756
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Intellectual disability, previously referred to as mental retardation, is characterized by subnormal intellectual functioning that occurs during the developmental period. It is defined by an IQ score below 70.
Hypotonia
MedGen UID:
10133
Concept ID:
C0026827
Finding
Hypotonia is an abnormally low muscle tone (the amount of tension or resistance to movement in a muscle). Even when relaxed, muscles have a continuous and passive partial contraction which provides some resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia thus manifests as diminished resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia is not the same as muscle weakness, although the two conditions can co-exist.
Generalized hypotonia
MedGen UID:
346841
Concept ID:
C1858120
Finding
Generalized muscular hypotonia (abnormally low muscle tone).
Nystagmus
MedGen UID:
45166
Concept ID:
C0028738
Disease or Syndrome
Rhythmic, involuntary oscillations of one or both eyes related to abnormality in fixation, conjugate gaze, or vestibular mechanisms.
Saccadic smooth pursuit
MedGen UID:
373096
Concept ID:
C1836479
Finding
An abnormality of tracking eye movements in which smooth pursuit is interrupted by an abnormally high number of saccadic movements.
Gaze-evoked nystagmus
MedGen UID:
1808161
Concept ID:
C5574666
Disease or Syndrome
Nystagmus made apparent by looking to the right or to the left.

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  
  • CROGVAutosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia 2
Follow this link to review classifications for Autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia 2 in Orphanet.

Professional guidelines

PubMed

Amirifar P, Ranjouri MR, Lavin M, Abolhassani H, Yazdani R, Aghamohammadi A
Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2020 Sep;16(9):859-871. Epub 2020 Oct 15 doi: 10.1080/1744666X.2020.1810570. PMID: 32791865
Levy A, Lang AE
Mov Disord 2018 Aug;33(8):1238-1247. Epub 2018 Feb 13 doi: 10.1002/mds.27319. PMID: 29436738
Braga Neto P, Pedroso JL, Kuo SH, Marcondes Junior CF, Teive HA, Barsottini OG
Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2016 Mar;74(3):244-52. doi: 10.1590/0004-282X20160038. PMID: 27050855Free PMC Article

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Amirifar P, Ranjouri MR, Lavin M, Abolhassani H, Yazdani R, Aghamohammadi A
Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2020 Sep;16(9):859-871. Epub 2020 Oct 15 doi: 10.1080/1744666X.2020.1810570. PMID: 32791865
Synofzik M, Németh AH
Handb Clin Neurol 2018;155:73-89. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-64189-2.00005-6. PMID: 29891078
Ruano L, Melo C, Silva MC, Coutinho P
Neuroepidemiology 2014;42(3):174-83. Epub 2014 Mar 5 doi: 10.1159/000358801. PMID: 24603320
Evidente VG, Gwinn-Hardy KA, Caviness JN, Gilman S
Mayo Clin Proc 2000 May;75(5):475-90. doi: 10.4065/75.5.475. PMID: 10807077
Sandoval N, Platzer M, Rosenthal A, Dörk T, Bendix R, Skawran B, Stuhrmann M, Wegner RD, Sperling K, Banin S, Shiloh Y, Baumer A, Bernthaler U, Sennefelder H, Brohm M, Weber BH, Schindler D
Hum Mol Genet 1999 Jan;8(1):69-79. doi: 10.1093/hmg/8.1.69. PMID: 9887333

Diagnosis

Amirifar P, Ranjouri MR, Lavin M, Abolhassani H, Yazdani R, Aghamohammadi A
Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2020 Sep;16(9):859-871. Epub 2020 Oct 15 doi: 10.1080/1744666X.2020.1810570. PMID: 32791865
Amirifar P, Ranjouri MR, Yazdani R, Abolhassani H, Aghamohammadi A
Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2019 May;30(3):277-288. Epub 2019 Mar 20 doi: 10.1111/pai.13020. PMID: 30685876
Synofzik M, Németh AH
Handb Clin Neurol 2018;155:73-89. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-64189-2.00005-6. PMID: 29891078
Bereznyakova O, Dupré N
Handb Clin Neurol 2018;155:191-203. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-64189-2.00012-3. PMID: 29891058
Rothblum-Oviatt C, Wright J, Lefton-Greif MA, McGrath-Morrow SA, Crawford TO, Lederman HM
Orphanet J Rare Dis 2016 Nov 25;11(1):159. doi: 10.1186/s13023-016-0543-7. PMID: 27884168Free PMC Article

Therapy

Kuhn K, Lederman HM, McGrath-Morrow SA
Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2023 Jul-Dec;32(8):693-704. Epub 2023 Aug 28 doi: 10.1080/13543784.2023.2249399. PMID: 37622329Free PMC Article
Traschütz A, Adarmes-Gómez AD, Anheim M, Baets J, Brais B, Gagnon C, Gburek-Augustat J, Doss S, Hanağası HA, Kamm C, Klivenyi P, Klockgether T, Klopstock T, Minnerop M, Münchau A, Renaud M, Santorelli FM, Schöls L, Thieme A, Vielhaber S, van de Warrenburg BP, Zanni G, Hilgers RD; PREPARE Consortium, Synofzik M
Ann Neurol 2023 Sep;94(3):470-485. Epub 2023 Jun 12 doi: 10.1002/ana.26712. PMID: 37243847
Woelke S, Pommerening H, Kieslich M, Schubert R, Zielen S
Growth Factors 2017 Jun;35(2-3):125-130. doi: 10.1080/08977194.2017.1367681. PMID: 28948852
Bouhlal Y, Amouri R, El Euch-Fayeche G, Hentati F
Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2011 Jul;17(6):418-22. Epub 2011 Mar 30 doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2011.03.005. PMID: 21450511
Koksal Y, Caliskan U, Ucar C, Yurtcu M, Artac H, Ilerisoy-Yakut Z, Reisli I
Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2007 Sep;24(6):431-6. doi: 10.1080/08880010701451434. PMID: 17710660

Prognosis

Witek N, Hawkins J, Hall D
Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2021 Feb 26;21(3):13. doi: 10.1007/s11910-021-01092-4. PMID: 33638050
Amirifar P, Ranjouri MR, Lavin M, Abolhassani H, Yazdani R, Aghamohammadi A
Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2020 Sep;16(9):859-871. Epub 2020 Oct 15 doi: 10.1080/1744666X.2020.1810570. PMID: 32791865
Arias M
Neurologia (Engl Ed) 2019 May;34(4):248-258. Epub 2016 Jul 25 doi: 10.1016/j.nrl.2016.06.006. PMID: 27460185
Rothblum-Oviatt C, Wright J, Lefton-Greif MA, McGrath-Morrow SA, Crawford TO, Lederman HM
Orphanet J Rare Dis 2016 Nov 25;11(1):159. doi: 10.1186/s13023-016-0543-7. PMID: 27884168Free PMC Article
Nissenkorn A, Ben-Zeev B
Handb Clin Neurol 2015;132:199-214. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-62702-5.00014-7. PMID: 26564081

Clinical prediction guides

Phulpagar P, Holla VV, Tomar D, Kamble N, Yadav R, Pal PK, Muthusamy B
J Hum Genet 2023 Dec;68(12):859-866. Epub 2023 Sep 26 doi: 10.1038/s10038-023-01195-5. PMID: 37752213
Bagaria J, Bagyinszky E, An SSA
Int J Mol Sci 2022 Jan 4;23(1) doi: 10.3390/ijms23010552. PMID: 35008978Free PMC Article
Teive HAG, Camargo CHF, Munhoz RP
Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2018 Jan;46:3-8. Epub 2017 Dec 12 doi: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2017.12.009. PMID: 29249681
Sandoval N, Platzer M, Rosenthal A, Dörk T, Bendix R, Skawran B, Stuhrmann M, Wegner RD, Sperling K, Banin S, Shiloh Y, Baumer A, Bernthaler U, Sennefelder H, Brohm M, Weber BH, Schindler D
Hum Mol Genet 1999 Jan;8(1):69-79. doi: 10.1093/hmg/8.1.69. PMID: 9887333
Radford DM, Zehnbauer BA
Surg Clin North Am 1996 Apr;76(2):205-20. doi: 10.1016/s0039-6109(05)70434-5. PMID: 8610259

Recent systematic reviews

Milovanović A, Westenberger A, Stanković I, Tamaš O, Branković M, Marjanović A, Laabs BH, Brand M, Rajalingam R, Marras C, Lohmann K, Branković V, Novaković I, Petrović I, Svetel M, Klein C, Kostić VS, Dragašević-Mišković N
Mov Disord 2024 May;39(5):887-892. Epub 2024 Mar 12 doi: 10.1002/mds.29729. PMID: 38469933
Petley E, Yule A, Alexander S, Ojha S, Whitehouse WP
PLoS One 2022;17(3):e0264177. Epub 2022 Mar 15 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264177. PMID: 35290391Free PMC Article
Moeini Shad T, Yazdani R, Amirifar P, Delavari S, Heidarzadeh Arani M, Mahdaviani SA, Sadeghi-Shabestari M, Aghamohammadi A, Rezaei N, Abolhassani H
Front Immunol 2021;12:779502. Epub 2022 Jan 14 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.779502. PMID: 35095854Free PMC Article
van Os NJ, Roeleveld N, Weemaes CM, Jongmans MC, Janssens GO, Taylor AM, Hoogerbrugge N, Willemsen MA
Clin Genet 2016 Aug;90(2):105-17. Epub 2016 Jan 20 doi: 10.1111/cge.12710. PMID: 26662178
Ruano L, Melo C, Silva MC, Coutinho P
Neuroepidemiology 2014;42(3):174-83. Epub 2014 Mar 5 doi: 10.1159/000358801. PMID: 24603320

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