Cryptorchidism, or failure of testicular descent, is a common human congenital abnormality with a multifactorial etiology that likely reflects the involvement of endocrine, environmental, and hereditary factors. Cryptorchidism can result in infertility and increases risk for testicular tumors. Testicular descent from abdomen to scrotum occurs in 2 distinct phases: the transabdominal phase and the inguinoscrotal phase (summary by Gorlov et al., 2002).

The presence of multiple cysts in both kidneys.

Hypoplasia of the kidney.

A fluid filled sac in the kidney.

Abnormally small penis. At birth, the normal penis is about 3 cm (stretched length from pubic tubercle to tip of penis) with micropenis less than 2.0-2.5 cm.

The presence of abnormally small extremities.

Digits that appear disproportionately short compared to the hand/foot. The word brachydactyly is used here to describe a series distinct patterns of shortened digits (brachydactyly types A-E). This is the sense used here.

Limb shortening because of underdevelopment of one or more bones of the extremities.

A form of polydactyly in which the extra digit or digits are localized on the side of the thumb or great toe.

An abnormal shortening of the femur.

A type of knee joint contracture in which the knee is in a fixed bent (flexed) configuration such that it cannot be straightened actively or passively.

The distal and proximal transverse palmar creases are merged into a single transverse palmar crease.

Hypoplasia (congenital reduction in size) of the thumb.

Increased back to front length of the foot.

Underdevelopment of the humerus.

Diminished length of one or more metacarpal bones in relation to the others of the same hand or to the contralateral metacarpal.

A measured foot length that is more than 2 SD below the mean for a newborn of 27 - 41 weeks gestation, or foot that is less than the 3rd centile for individuals from birth to 16 years of age (objective). Alternatively, a foot that appears disproportionately short (subjective).

A bending or abnormal curvature of the humerus.

Partial duplication of the first metacarpal bone.

Coarctation of the aorta is a narrowing or constriction of a segment of the aorta.

Failure of the foramen ovale to seal postnatally, leaving a potential conduit between the left and right cardiac atria.

Atrial septal defect (ASD) is a congenital abnormality of the interatrial septum that enables blood flow between the left and right atria via the interatrial septum.

A hole between the two bottom chambers (ventricles) of the heart. The defect is centered around the most superior aspect of the ventricular septum.

The presence of chronic increased pressure in the systemic arterial system.

Each of the heart defects associated with CCHD affects the flow of blood into, out of, or through the heart. Some of the heart defects involve structures within the heart itself, such as the two lower chambers of the heart (the ventricles) or the valves that control blood flow through the heart. Others affect the structure of the large blood vessels leading into and out of the heart (including the aorta and pulmonary artery). Still others involve a combination of these structural abnormalities.\n\nSome people with treated CCHD have few related health problems later in life. However, long-term effects of CCHD can include delayed development and reduced stamina during exercise. Adults with these heart defects have an increased risk of abnormal heart rhythms, heart failure, sudden cardiac arrest, stroke, and premature death.\n\nAlthough babies with CCHD may appear healthy for the first few hours or days of life, signs and symptoms soon become apparent. These can include an abnormal heart sound during a heartbeat (heart murmur), rapid breathing (tachypnea), low blood pressure (hypotension), low levels of oxygen in the blood (hypoxemia), and a blue or purple tint to the skin caused by a shortage of oxygen (cyanosis). If untreated, CCHD can lead to shock, coma, and death. However, most people with CCHD now survive past infancy due to improvements in early detection, diagnosis, and treatment.\n\nCritical congenital heart disease (CCHD) is a term that refers to a group of serious heart defects that are present from birth. These abnormalities result from problems with the formation of one or more parts of the heart during the early stages of embryonic development. CCHD prevents the heart from pumping blood effectively or reduces the amount of oxygen in the blood. As a result, organs and tissues throughout the body do not receive enough oxygen, which can lead to organ damage and life-threatening complications. Individuals with CCHD usually require surgery soon after birth.\n\nPeople with CCHD have one or more specific heart defects. The heart defects classified as CCHD include coarctation of the aorta, double-outlet right ventricle, D-transposition of the great arteries, Ebstein anomaly, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, interrupted aortic arch, pulmonary atresia with intact septum, single ventricle, total anomalous pulmonary venous connection, tetralogy of Fallot, tricuspid atresia, and truncus arteriosus.

The trabecular septum is the largest part of the interventricular septum. It extends from the membranous septum to the apex and superiorly to the infundibular septum. A defect in the trabecular septum is called muscular VSD if the defect is completely rimmed by muscle.

An abnormal restriction of fetal growth with fetal weight below the tenth percentile for gestational age.

A kind of short stature in which different regions of the body are shortened to differing extents.

Severely slow or limited growth after birth, being four standard deviations or more below age- and sex-related norms.

Failure to thrive (FTT) refers to a child whose physical growth is substantially below the norm.

Impaired ability to eat related to problems gathering food and getting ready to suck, chew, or swallow it.

Neonatal jaundice refers to a yellowing of the skin and other tissues of a newborn infant as a result of increased concentrations of bilirubin in the blood. Neonatal jaundice affects over half of all newborns to some extent in the first week of life. Prolonged neonatal jaundice is said to be present if the jaundice persists for longer than 14 days in term infants and 21 days in preterm infants.

A condition in which the stomach contents leak backwards from the stomach into the esophagus through the lower esophageal sphincter.

Underdevelopment of the external ear.

Upper insertion of the ear to the scalp below an imaginary horizontal line drawn between the inner canthi of the eye and extending posteriorly to the ear.

Hydrocephalus is an active distension of the ventricular system of the brain resulting from inadequate passage of CSF from its point of production within the cerebral ventricles to its point of absorption into the systemic circulation.

A seizure is an intermittent abnormality of nervous system physiology characterized by a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.

Status epilepticus is a type of prolonged seizure resulting either from the failure of the mechanisms responsible for seizure termination or from the initiation of mechanisms which lead to abnormally prolonged seizures (after time point t1). It is a condition that can have long-term consequences (after time point t2), including neuronal death, neuronal injury, and alteration of neuronal networks, depending on the type and duration of seizures.

Loss of alertness and orientation to place and time.

An extra-parenchymal and intra-arachnoidal collection of fluid with a composition similar to that of cerebrospinal fluid.

The corpus callosum is the largest fiber tract in the central nervous system and the major interhemispheric fiber bundle in the brain. Formation of the corpus callosum begins as early as 6 weeks' gestation, with the first fibers crossing the midline at 11 to 12 weeks' gestation, and completion of the basic shape by age 18 to 20 weeks (Schell-Apacik et al., 2008). Agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) is one of the most frequent malformations in brain with a reported incidence ranging between 0.5 and 70 in 10,000 births. ACC is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous condition, which can be observed either as an isolated condition or as a manifestation in the context of a congenital syndrome (see MOLECULAR GENETICS and Dobyns, 1996). Also see mirror movements-1 and/or agenesis of the corpus callosum (MRMV1; 157600). Schell-Apacik et al. (2008) noted that there is confusion in the literature regarding radiologic terminology concerning partial absence of the corpus callosum, where various designations have been used, including hypogenesis, hypoplasia, partial agenesis, or dysgenesis.

Polymicrogyria is a congenital malformation of the cerebral cortex characterized by abnormal cortical layering (lamination) and an excessive number of small gyri (folds).

Pachygyria is a malformation of cortical development with abnormally wide gyri with sulci 1,5-3 cm apart and abnormally thick cortex measuring more than 5 mm (radiological definition). See also neuropathological definitions for 2-, 3-, and 4-layered lissencephaly.

Heterotopia or neuronal heterotopia are macroscopic clusters of misplaced neurons (gray matter), most often situated along the ventricular walls or within the subcortical white matter.

Underdevelopment of the corpus callosum.

A partial failure of the development of the corpus callosum.

Colpocephaly is an anatomic finding in the brain manifested by occipital horns that are disproportionately enlarged in comparison with other parts of the lateral ventricles.

Underdevelopment of the vermis of cerebellum.

Underdevelopment of the frontal lobe of the cerebrum.

Cystic collection (sac-like, fluid containing pocket of membranous tissue) located in the interhemispheric fissure, with or without communication with the ventricular system.

Underdevelopment of the cerebrum.

An abnormality of the gyri (i.e., the ridges) of the cerebral cortex of the brain.

Severe microcephaly and lissencephaly with granular surfaces with immature cortical plate, reduced in thickness, with focal polymicrogyria and immature small neurons with rare processes, intermingled with a considerable number of glial elements.

Intellectual disability, previously referred to as mental retardation, is characterized by subnormal intellectual functioning that occurs during the developmental period. It is defined by an IQ score below 70.

Congenital absence of the vermis of cerebellum.

Displacement of the femur from its normal location in the hip joint.

Developmental hypoplasia of the mandible.

A flexion contracture is a bent (flexed) joint that cannot be straightened actively or passively. It is thus a chronic loss of joint motion due to structural changes in muscle, tendons, ligaments, or skin that prevents normal movement of joints.

Chronic reduction in active and passive mobility of the shoulder joint due to structural changes in muscle, tendons, ligaments, or skin that prevents normal movement.

An elbow contracture that limits the ability of the elbow joint to be extended (straightened), meaning that the elbow is fixed in an flexed (bent) position.

Lack of full passive range of motion (restrictions in flexion, extension, or other movements) of the hip joint resulting from structural changes of non-bony tissues, such as muscles, tendons, ligaments, joint capsules and/or skin.

Increased length of the clavicles.

A decreased rate of skeletal maturation. Delayed skeletal maturation can be diagnosed on the basis of an estimation of the bone age from radiographs of specific bones in the human body.

Presence of only 11 pairs of ribs.

A flattened vertebral body shape with reduced distance between the vertebral endplates.

Increased convexity of the occiput (posterior part of the skull).

A bending or abnormal curvature of a long bone.

Abnormal increase in size of one or more metaphyses.

Vertical bony ridge positioned in the midline of the forehead.

Abnormally decreased size of the anterior fontanelle with respect to age-dependent norms.

A discontinuity of the vertebral arch, i.e., of the posterior part of a vertebra.

Bowing (abnormal curvature) of the femur.

Underdevelopment of the ilium.

Dislocation of the distal humerus out of the elbow joint, where the radius, ulna, and humerus meet.

Head circumference below 2 standard deviations below the mean for age and gender.

Impairment of gas exchange within the lungs secondary to a disease process, neoplasm, or trauma, possibly resulting in hypoxia, hypercarbia, or both, but not requiring intubation or mechanical ventilation. Patients are normally managed with pharmaceutical therapy, supplemental oxygen, or both.

An increased amount of bilirubin in the blood.

Periodic (episodic or recurrent) bouts of fever.

The facial appearance is more circular than usual as viewed from the front.

Distance between subnasale and pronasale more than two standard deviations above the mean, or alternatively, an apparently increased anterior protrusion of the nasal tip.

Diminished length of the neck.

Decreased density/number of eyebrow hairs.

Anteriorly-facing nostrils viewed with the head in the Frankfurt horizontal and the eyes of the observer level with the eyes of the subject. This gives the appearance of an upturned nose (upturned nasal tip).

Decreased number of hairs per unit area of skin of the scalp.

Inclination of the anterior surface of the forehead from the vertical more than two standard deviations above the mean (objective); or apparently excessive posterior sloping of the forehead in a lateral view.

Distance between nasal base and midline upper lip vermilion border more than 2 SD below the mean. Alternatively, an apparently decreased distance between nasal base and midline upper lip vermilion border.

Decreased vertical distance from the vermilion border of the lower lip to the inferior-most point of the chin.

Skin characterized by the lack of natural or normal moisture.

Hair that is fine or thin to the touch.

Hyperkeratosis is thickening of the outer layer of the skin, the stratum corneum, which is composed of large, polyhedral, plate-like envelopes filled with keratin which are the dead cells that have migrated up from the stratum granulosum.

Decreased density/number of eyelashes.

Reduced density of hairs.

A position of the fetus at delivery in which the fetus enters the birth canal with the buttocks or feet first.

Diminished amniotic fluid volume in pregnancy.

An eye that is protruding anterior to the plane of the face to a greater extent than is typical.