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Thyroid dyshormonogenesis 1(TDH1)

MedGen UID:
336422
Concept ID:
C1848805
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: Familial thyroid dyshormonogenesis 1; HYPOTHYROIDISM, CONGENITAL, DUE TO DYSHORMONOGENESIS, 1; IODINE ACCUMULATION, TRANSPORT, OR TRAPPING DEFECT; Thyroid Hormonogenesis Defect I; THYROID HORMONOGENESIS, GENETIC DEFECT IN, 1
 
Gene (location): SLC5A5 (19p13.11)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0020716
OMIM®: 274400

Definition

Approximately 10% of patients with congenital hypothyroidism harbor inborn errors of metabolism in one of the steps for thyroid hormone synthesis in thyrocytes (Vono-Toniolo et al., 2005). Dyshormonogenesis can be caused by recessive defects at any of the steps required for normal thyroid hormone synthesis. In untreated patients thyroid dyshormonogenesis is typically associated with goitrous enlargement of the thyroid secondary to long-term thyrotropin (TSH; see 188540) stimulation. Park and Chatterjee (2005) reviewed the genetics of primary congenital hypothyroidism, summarizing the different phenotypes associated with known genetic defects and proposing an algorithm for investigating the genetic basis of the disorder. Genetic Heterogeneity of Thyroid Dyshormonogenesis Other forms of thyroid hormone dysgenesis include TDH2A (274500), caused by mutation in the thyroid peroxidase gene (TPO; 606765) on 2p25; Pendred syndrome, a form of thyroid hormone dysgenesis associated with deafness (TDH2B; 274600) and caused by mutation in the SLC26A4 gene (605646) on 7q31; TDH3 (274700), caused by mutation in the thyroglobulin gene (TG; 188450) on 8q24; TDH4 (274800), caused by mutation in the iodotyrosine deiodinase gene (IYD; 612025) on 6q25; TDH5 (274900), caused by mutation in the DUOXA2 gene (612772) on 15q21; and TDH6 (607200), caused by mutation in the DUOX2 gene (606759) on 15q21. [from OMIM]

Additional description

From MedlinePlus Genetics
Congenital hypothyroidism is a partial or complete loss of function of the thyroid gland (hypothyroidism) that affects infants from birth (congenital). The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shaped tissue in the lower neck. It makes iodine-containing hormones that play an important role in regulating growth, brain development, and the rate of chemical reactions in the body (metabolism). People with congenital hypothyroidism have lower-than-normal levels of these important hormones.

Congenital hypothyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland fails to develop or function properly. In 80 to 85 percent of cases, the thyroid gland is absent, severely reduced in size (hypoplastic), or abnormally located. These cases are classified as thyroid dysgenesis. In the remainder of cases, a normal-sized or enlarged thyroid gland (goiter) is present, but production of thyroid hormones is decreased or absent. Most of these cases occur when one of several steps in the hormone synthesis process is impaired; these cases are classified as thyroid dyshormonogenesis. Less commonly, reduction or absence of thyroid hormone production is caused by impaired stimulation of the production process (which is normally done by a structure at the base of the brain called the pituitary gland), even though the process itself is unimpaired. These cases are classified as central (or pituitary) hypothyroidism.

Signs and symptoms of congenital hypothyroidism result from the shortage of thyroid hormones. Affected babies may show no features of the condition, although some babies with congenital hypothyroidism are less active and sleep more than normal. They may have difficulty feeding and experience constipation. If untreated, congenital hypothyroidism can lead to intellectual disability and slow growth. In the United States and many other countries, all hospitals test newborns for congenital hypothyroidism. If treatment begins in the first two weeks after birth, infants usually develop normally.

Congenital hypothyroidism can also occur as part of syndromes that affect other organs and tissues in the body. These forms of the condition are described as syndromic. Some common forms of syndromic hypothyroidism include Pendred syndrome, Bamforth-Lazarus syndrome, and brain-lung-thyroid syndrome.  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/congenital-hypothyroidism

Clinical features

From HPO
Growth delay
MedGen UID:
99124
Concept ID:
C0456070
Pathologic Function
A deficiency or slowing down of growth pre- and postnatally.
Constipation
MedGen UID:
1101
Concept ID:
C0009806
Sign or Symptom
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces.
Lethargy
MedGen UID:
7310
Concept ID:
C0023380
Sign or Symptom
A state of fatigue, either physical or mental slowness and sluggishness, with difficulties in initiating or performing simple tasks. Distinguished from apathy which implies indifference and a lack of desire or interest in the task. A person with lethargy may have the desire, but not the energy to engage in personal or socially relevant tasks.
Intellectual disability
MedGen UID:
811461
Concept ID:
C3714756
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Intellectual disability, previously referred to as mental retardation, is characterized by subnormal intellectual functioning that occurs during the developmental period. It is defined by an IQ score below 70.
Umbilical hernia
MedGen UID:
9232
Concept ID:
C0019322
Anatomical Abnormality
Protrusion of abdominal contents through a defect in the abdominal wall musculature around the umbilicus. Skin and subcutaneous tissue overlie the defect.
Macroglossia
MedGen UID:
44236
Concept ID:
C0024421
Disease or Syndrome
Increased length and width of the tongue.
Dry skin
MedGen UID:
56250
Concept ID:
C0151908
Sign or Symptom
Skin characterized by the lack of natural or normal moisture.
Goiter
MedGen UID:
42270
Concept ID:
C0018021
Disease or Syndrome
An enlargement of the thyroid gland.
Hypothyroidism
MedGen UID:
6991
Concept ID:
C0020676
Disease or Syndrome
Deficiency of thyroid hormone.

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Begum MN, Islam MT, Hossain SR, Bhuyan GS, Halim MA, Shahriar I, Sarker SK, Haque S, Konika TK, Islam MS, Rahat A, Qadri SK, Sultana R, Begum S, Sultana S, Saha N, Hasan M, Hasanat MA, Banu H, Shekhar HU, Chowdhury EK, Sajib AA, Islam ABMMK, Qadri SS, Qadri F, Akhteruzzaman S, Mannoor K
Biomed Res Int 2019;2019:9218903. Epub 2019 Feb 24 doi: 10.1155/2019/9218903. PMID: 30915365Free PMC Article
Deladoëy J, Pfarr N, Vuissoz JM, Parma J, Vassart G, Biesterfeld S, Pohlenz J, Van Vliet G
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008 Feb;93(2):627-33. Epub 2007 Nov 20 doi: 10.1210/jc.2007-2276. PMID: 18029453

Diagnosis

Oliver-Petit I, Edouard T, Jacques V, Bournez M, Cartault A, Grunenwald S, Savagner F
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021;12:657913. Epub 2021 Jun 24 doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.657913. PMID: 34248839Free PMC Article
Martín M, Bernal Barquero CE, Geysels RC, Papendieck P, Peyret V, Masini-Repiso AM, Chiesa AE, Nicola JP
Thyroid 2019 Jul;29(7):1023-1026. Epub 2019 Jul 2 doi: 10.1089/thy.2019.0046. PMID: 31115276
Begum MN, Islam MT, Hossain SR, Bhuyan GS, Halim MA, Shahriar I, Sarker SK, Haque S, Konika TK, Islam MS, Rahat A, Qadri SK, Sultana R, Begum S, Sultana S, Saha N, Hasan M, Hasanat MA, Banu H, Shekhar HU, Chowdhury EK, Sajib AA, Islam ABMMK, Qadri SS, Qadri F, Akhteruzzaman S, Mannoor K
Biomed Res Int 2019;2019:9218903. Epub 2019 Feb 24 doi: 10.1155/2019/9218903. PMID: 30915365Free PMC Article
Deladoëy J, Pfarr N, Vuissoz JM, Parma J, Vassart G, Biesterfeld S, Pohlenz J, Van Vliet G
J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008 Feb;93(2):627-33. Epub 2007 Nov 20 doi: 10.1210/jc.2007-2276. PMID: 18029453

Therapy

Fu S, Qian M, Yuan Z, Su S, Ma F, Li F, Xu Z
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024;15:1410463. Epub 2024 Sep 12 doi: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1410463. PMID: 39329105Free PMC Article
Martín M, Bernal Barquero CE, Geysels RC, Papendieck P, Peyret V, Masini-Repiso AM, Chiesa AE, Nicola JP
Thyroid 2019 Jul;29(7):1023-1026. Epub 2019 Jul 2 doi: 10.1089/thy.2019.0046. PMID: 31115276

Prognosis

Martín M, Bernal Barquero CE, Geysels RC, Papendieck P, Peyret V, Masini-Repiso AM, Chiesa AE, Nicola JP
Thyroid 2019 Jul;29(7):1023-1026. Epub 2019 Jul 2 doi: 10.1089/thy.2019.0046. PMID: 31115276
Begum MN, Islam MT, Hossain SR, Bhuyan GS, Halim MA, Shahriar I, Sarker SK, Haque S, Konika TK, Islam MS, Rahat A, Qadri SK, Sultana R, Begum S, Sultana S, Saha N, Hasan M, Hasanat MA, Banu H, Shekhar HU, Chowdhury EK, Sajib AA, Islam ABMMK, Qadri SS, Qadri F, Akhteruzzaman S, Mannoor K
Biomed Res Int 2019;2019:9218903. Epub 2019 Feb 24 doi: 10.1155/2019/9218903. PMID: 30915365Free PMC Article

Clinical prediction guides

Fu S, Qian M, Yuan Z, Su S, Ma F, Li F, Xu Z
Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024;15:1410463. Epub 2024 Sep 12 doi: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1410463. PMID: 39329105Free PMC Article
Martín M, Bernal Barquero CE, Geysels RC, Papendieck P, Peyret V, Masini-Repiso AM, Chiesa AE, Nicola JP
Thyroid 2019 Jul;29(7):1023-1026. Epub 2019 Jul 2 doi: 10.1089/thy.2019.0046. PMID: 31115276
Begum MN, Islam MT, Hossain SR, Bhuyan GS, Halim MA, Shahriar I, Sarker SK, Haque S, Konika TK, Islam MS, Rahat A, Qadri SK, Sultana R, Begum S, Sultana S, Saha N, Hasan M, Hasanat MA, Banu H, Shekhar HU, Chowdhury EK, Sajib AA, Islam ABMMK, Qadri SS, Qadri F, Akhteruzzaman S, Mannoor K
Biomed Res Int 2019;2019:9218903. Epub 2019 Feb 24 doi: 10.1155/2019/9218903. PMID: 30915365Free PMC Article

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