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Classic dopamine transporter deficiency syndrome(PKDYS1)

MedGen UID:
1814585
Concept ID:
C5700336
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; Parkinsonism-dystonia, infantile, 1; PKDYS1
 
Gene (location): SLC6A3 (5p15.33)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0054835
OMIM®: 613135

Disease characteristics

SLC6A3-related dopamine transporter deficiency syndrome (DTDS) is a complex movement disorder with a continuum that ranges from classic early-onset DTDS (by age 6 months) to atypical later-onset DTDS (in childhood, adolescence, or adulthood). Classic early-onset DTDS: Infants typically manifest nonspecific findings (irritability, feeding difficulties, axial hypotonia, and/or delayed motor development) followed by a hyperkinetic movement disorder (with features of chorea, dystonia, ballismus, orolingual dyskinesia). Over time, affected individuals develop parkinsonism-dystonia characterized by bradykinesia (progressing to akinesia), dystonic posturing, distal tremor, rigidity, and reduced facial expression. Limitation of voluntary movements leads to severe motor delay. Episodic status dystonicus, exacerbations of dystonia, and secondary orthopedic, gastrointestinal, and respiratory complications are common. Many affected individuals appear to show relative preservation of intellect with good cognitive development. Atypical later-onset DTDS: Normal psychomotor development in infancy and early childhood. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is reported in childhood followed by later-onset manifestations of parkinsonism-dystonia with tremor, progressive bradykinesia, variable tone, and dystonic posturing. The long-term prognosis of this form of DTDS is currently unknown. [from GeneReviews]
Authors:
Robert VV Spaull  |  Manju A Kurian   view full author information

Additional descriptions

From OMIM
Infantile-onset parkinsonism-dystonia-1 (PKDYS1), also known as dopamine transporter deficiency syndrome (DTDS), is an autosomal recessive complex motor neurologic disorder with onset in infancy. Affected individuals show hyperkinesia with orolingual and limb dyskinesia, dystonia, and chorea, or hypokinesia with parkinsonian features, such as bradykinesia, rigidity, and tremor. Other features may include axial hypotonia, pyramidal tract signs, and eye movement abnormalities. Many patients are misdiagnosed as having cerebral palsy. Cognitive function appears to be less severely affected, but most patients die in the teenage years. There is no effective treatment. Laboratory studies show an increased ratio of homovanillic acid (HVA) to 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which represents an increased ratio of dopamine to serotonin metabolites (review by Kurian et al., 2011). Genetic Heterogeneity of Infantile- or Childhood-Onset Parkinsonism-Dystonia See also PKDYS2 (618049), caused by mutation in the SLC18A2 gene (193001) on chromosome 10q25, and PKDYS3 (619738), caused by mutation in the WARS2 gene (604473) on chromosome 1p12. For an overlapping phenotype, see tyrosine hydroxylase deficiency (605407), also known as autosomal recessive Segawa syndrome.  http://www.omim.org/entry/613135
From MedlinePlus Genetics
Dopamine transporter deficiency syndrome is a rare movement disorder. The condition is also known as infantile parkinsonism-dystonia because the problems with movement (dystonia and parkinsonism, described below) usually start in infancy and worsen over time. However, the features of the condition sometimes do not appear until childhood or later.

People with dopamine transporter deficiency syndrome develop a pattern of involuntary, sustained muscle contractions known as dystonia. The dystonia is widespread (generalized), affecting many different muscles. The continuous muscle cramping and spasms cause difficulty with basic activities, including speaking, eating, drinking, picking up objects, and walking.

As the condition worsens, affected individuals develop parkinsonism, which is a group of movement abnormalities including tremors, unusually slow movement (bradykinesia), rigidity, and an inability to hold the body upright and balanced (postural instability). Other signs and symptoms that can develop include abnormal eye movements; reduced facial expression (hypomimia); disturbed sleep; frequent episodes of pneumonia; and problems with the digestive system, including a backflow of acidic stomach contents into the esophagus (gastroesophageal reflux) and constipation.

People with dopamine transporter deficiency syndrome may have a shortened lifespan, although the long-term effects of this condition are not fully understood. Children with this condition have died from pneumonia and breathing problems. When the first signs and symptoms appear later in life, affected individuals may survive into adulthood.  https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/dopamine-transporter-deficiency-syndrome

Clinical features

From HPO
Constipation
MedGen UID:
1101
Concept ID:
C0009806
Sign or Symptom
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of feces.
Feeding difficulties
MedGen UID:
65429
Concept ID:
C0232466
Finding
Impaired ability to eat related to problems gathering food and getting ready to suck, chew, or swallow it.
Gastroesophageal reflux
MedGen UID:
1368658
Concept ID:
C4317146
Finding
A condition in which the stomach contents leak backwards from the stomach into the esophagus through the lower esophageal sphincter.
Chorea
MedGen UID:
3420
Concept ID:
C0008489
Disease or Syndrome
Chorea (Greek for 'dance') refers to widespread arrhythmic involuntary movements of a forcible, jerky and restless fashion. It is a random-appearing sequence of one or more discrete involuntary movements or movement fragments. Movements appear random because of variability in timing, duration or location. Each movement may have a distinct start and end. However, movements may be strung together and thus may appear to flow randomly from one muscle group to another. Chorea can involve the trunk, neck, face, tongue, and extremities.
Dyskinesia
MedGen UID:
8514
Concept ID:
C0013384
Disease or Syndrome
A movement disorder which consists of effects including diminished voluntary movements and the presence of involuntary movements.
Dystonic disorder
MedGen UID:
3940
Concept ID:
C0013421
Sign or Symptom
An abnormally increased muscular tone that causes fixed abnormal postures. There is a slow, intermittent twisting motion that leads to exaggerated turning and posture of the extremities and trunk.
Tremor
MedGen UID:
21635
Concept ID:
C0040822
Sign or Symptom
An unintentional, oscillating to-and-fro muscle movement about a joint axis.
Oculogyric crisis
MedGen UID:
43221
Concept ID:
C0085637
Pathologic Function
An acute dystonic reaction with blepharospasm, periorbital twitches, and protracted fixed staring episodes. There may be a maximal upward deviation of the eyes in the sustained fashion. Oculogyric crisis can be triggered by a number of factors including neuroleptic medications.
Bradykinesia
MedGen UID:
115925
Concept ID:
C0233565
Sign or Symptom
Bradykinesia literally means slow movement, and is used clinically to denote a slowness in the execution of movement (in contrast to hypokinesia, which is used to refer to slowness in the initiation of movement).
Abnormal pyramidal sign
MedGen UID:
68582
Concept ID:
C0234132
Sign or Symptom
Functional neurological abnormalities related to dysfunction of the pyramidal tract.
Parkinsonian disorder
MedGen UID:
66079
Concept ID:
C0242422
Disease or Syndrome
Characteristic neurologic anomaly resulting from degeneration of dopamine-generating cells in the substantia nigra, a region of the midbrain, characterized clinically by shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement and difficulty with walking and gait.
Global developmental delay
MedGen UID:
107838
Concept ID:
C0557874
Finding
A delay in the achievement of motor or mental milestones in the domains of development of a child, including motor skills, speech and language, cognitive skills, and social and emotional skills. This term should only be used to describe children younger than five years of age.
Limb dystonia
MedGen UID:
152944
Concept ID:
C0751093
Sign or Symptom
A type of dystonia (abnormally increased muscular tone causing fixed abnormal postures) that affects muscles of the limbs.
Delayed gross motor development
MedGen UID:
332508
Concept ID:
C1837658
Finding
A type of motor delay characterized by a delay in acquiring the ability to control the large muscles of the body for walking, running, sitting, and crawling.
Oromandibular dystonia
MedGen UID:
473560
Concept ID:
C2242577
Sign or Symptom
A kind of focal dystonia characterized by forceful contractions of the face, jaw, and/or tongue causing difficulty in opening and closing the mouth and often affecting chewing and speech.
Hyperkinetic movements
MedGen UID:
854367
Concept ID:
C3887506
Disease or Syndrome
Motor hyperactivity with excessive movement of muscles of the body as a whole.
Abnormal pyramidal tract morphology
MedGen UID:
892809
Concept ID:
C4021761
Anatomical Abnormality
Any structural abnormality of the pyramidal tract, whose chief element, the corticospinal tract, is the only direct connection between the brain and the spinal cord. In addition to the corticospinal tract, the pyramidal system includes the corticobulbar, corticomesencephalic, and corticopontine tracts.
Increased CSF homovanillic acid concentration
MedGen UID:
1814354
Concept ID:
C5676789
Finding
Elevated concentration of homovanillic acid (HVA) in the cerebrospinal fluid. HVA is a metabolite of dopamine.
Hypertonia
MedGen UID:
10132
Concept ID:
C0026826
Finding
A condition in which there is increased muscle tone so that arms or legs, for example, are stiff and difficult to move.
Rigidity
MedGen UID:
7752
Concept ID:
C0026837
Sign or Symptom
Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from muscle spasticity.
Cogwheel rigidity
MedGen UID:
57469
Concept ID:
C0151564
Sign or Symptom
A type of rigidity in which a muscle responds with cogwheellike jerks to the use of constant force in bending the limb (i.e., it gives way in little, repeated jerks when the muscle is passively stretched).
Axial hypotonia
MedGen UID:
342959
Concept ID:
C1853743
Finding
Muscular hypotonia (abnormally low muscle tone) affecting the musculature of the trunk.
Hypomimic face
MedGen UID:
208827
Concept ID:
C0813217
Finding
A reduced degree of motion of the muscles beneath the skin of the face, often associated with reduced facial crease formation.
Ocular flutter
MedGen UID:
115965
Concept ID:
C0234650
Finding
Ocular flutter is an abnormal eye movement consisting of repetitive, irregular, involuntary bursts of horizontal saccades without an intersaccadic interval. It is generally superimposed on normal oculomotor behavior and its occurrence may be favored by various events, such as blinks, the triggering of normal saccades or optokinetic stimulation.

Term Hierarchy

CClinical test,  RResearch test,  OOMIM,  GGeneReviews,  VClinVar  

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Balint B, Bhatia KP
Eur J Neurol 2015 Apr;22(4):610-7. Epub 2015 Jan 29 doi: 10.1111/ene.12650. PMID: 25643588
Wong DF, Harris JC, Naidu S, Yokoi F, Marenco S, Dannals RF, Ravert HT, Yaster M, Evans A, Rousset O, Bryan RN, Gjedde A, Kuhar MJ, Breese GR
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996 May 28;93(11):5539-43. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.11.5539. PMID: 8643611Free PMC Article

Diagnosis

Balint B, Bhatia KP
Eur J Neurol 2015 Apr;22(4):610-7. Epub 2015 Jan 29 doi: 10.1111/ene.12650. PMID: 25643588
Cummings JL, Fine MJ, Grachev ID, Jarecke CR, Johnson MK, Kuo PH, Schaecher KL, Oberdorf JA, Rezak M, Riley DE, Truong D
Am J Manag Care 2014 Mar;20(5 Suppl):S97-109. PMID: 24773455
Ng J, Zhen J, Meyer E, Erreger K, Li Y, Kakar N, Ahmad J, Thiele H, Kubisch C, Rider NL, Morton DH, Strauss KA, Puffenberger EG, D'Agnano D, Anikster Y, Carducci C, Hyland K, Rotstein M, Leuzzi V, Borck G, Reith ME, Kurian MA
Brain 2014 Apr;137(Pt 4):1107-19. Epub 2014 Mar 10 doi: 10.1093/brain/awu022. PMID: 24613933Free PMC Article

Therapy

Cummings JL, Fine MJ, Grachev ID, Jarecke CR, Johnson MK, Kuo PH, Schaecher KL, Oberdorf JA, Rezak M, Riley DE, Truong D
Am J Manag Care 2014 Mar;20(5 Suppl):S97-109. PMID: 24773455

Prognosis

Ng J, Zhen J, Meyer E, Erreger K, Li Y, Kakar N, Ahmad J, Thiele H, Kubisch C, Rider NL, Morton DH, Strauss KA, Puffenberger EG, D'Agnano D, Anikster Y, Carducci C, Hyland K, Rotstein M, Leuzzi V, Borck G, Reith ME, Kurian MA
Brain 2014 Apr;137(Pt 4):1107-19. Epub 2014 Mar 10 doi: 10.1093/brain/awu022. PMID: 24613933Free PMC Article

Clinical prediction guides

Wong DF, Harris JC, Naidu S, Yokoi F, Marenco S, Dannals RF, Ravert HT, Yaster M, Evans A, Rousset O, Bryan RN, Gjedde A, Kuhar MJ, Breese GR
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996 May 28;93(11):5539-43. doi: 10.1073/pnas.93.11.5539. PMID: 8643611Free PMC Article

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