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Leukodystrophy, hypomyelinating, 16(HLD16)

MedGen UID:
1631337
Concept ID:
C4693779
Disease or Syndrome
Synonyms: HLD16; LEUKODYSTROPHY, HYPOMYELINATING, 16
 
Gene (location): TMEM106B (7p21.3)
 
Monarch Initiative: MONDO:0054791
OMIM®: 617964

Definition

Hypomyelinating leukodystrophy-16 (HLD16) is an autosomal dominant neurologic disorder characterized by onset of hypotonia, nystagmus, and mildly delayed motor development in infancy. Affected individuals have motor disabilities, including ataxic or broad-based gait, hyperreflexia, intention tremor, dysmetria, and a mild pyramidal syndrome. Some patients have cognitive impairment, whereas others may have normal cognition or mild intellectual disability with speech difficulties. Brain imaging typically shows hypomyelination, leukodystrophy, and thin corpus callosum (summary by Simons et al., 2017). For a general phenotypic description and a discussion of genetic heterogeneity of hypomyelinating leukodystrophy, see 312080. [from OMIM]

Clinical features

From HPO
Failure to thrive
MedGen UID:
746019
Concept ID:
C2315100
Disease or Syndrome
Failure to thrive (FTT) refers to a child whose physical growth is substantially below the norm.
Feeding difficulties
MedGen UID:
65429
Concept ID:
C0232466
Finding
Impaired ability to eat related to problems gathering food and getting ready to suck, chew, or swallow it.
Dysarthria
MedGen UID:
8510
Concept ID:
C0013362
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Dysarthric speech is a general description referring to a neurological speech disorder characterized by poor articulation. Depending on the involved neurological structures, dysarthria may be further classified as spastic, flaccid, ataxic, hyperkinetic and hypokinetic, or mixed.
Dystonic disorder
MedGen UID:
3940
Concept ID:
C0013421
Sign or Symptom
An abnormally increased muscular tone that causes fixed abnormal postures. There is a slow, intermittent twisting motion that leads to exaggerated turning and posture of the extremities and trunk.
Leukodystrophy
MedGen UID:
6070
Concept ID:
C0023520
Disease or Syndrome
Leukodystrophy refers to deterioration of white matter of the brain resulting from degeneration of myelin sheaths in the CNS. Their basic defect is directly related to the synthesis and maintenance of myelin membranes. Symmetric white matter involvement at MRI is a typical finding in patients with leukodystrophies.
Psychotic disorder
MedGen UID:
19568
Concept ID:
C0033975
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
A condition characterized by changes in personality and thought patterns, often accompanied by hallucinations and delusional beliefs, is known as psychosis.
Seizure
MedGen UID:
20693
Concept ID:
C0036572
Sign or Symptom
A seizure is an intermittent abnormality of nervous system physiology characterized by a transient occurrence of signs and/or symptoms due to abnormal excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.
Choreoathetosis
MedGen UID:
39313
Concept ID:
C0085583
Disease or Syndrome
Involuntary movements characterized by both athetosis (inability to sustain muscles in a fixed position) and chorea (widespread jerky arrhythmic movements).
Hyperreflexia
MedGen UID:
57738
Concept ID:
C0151889
Finding
Hyperreflexia is the presence of hyperactive stretch reflexes of the muscles.
Shuffling gait
MedGen UID:
68545
Concept ID:
C0231688
Finding
A type of gait (walking) characterized by by dragging one's feet along or without lifting the feet fully from the ground.
Abnormal pyramidal sign
MedGen UID:
68582
Concept ID:
C0234132
Sign or Symptom
Functional neurological abnormalities related to dysfunction of the pyramidal tract.
Dysmetria
MedGen UID:
68583
Concept ID:
C0234162
Finding
A type of ataxia characterized by the inability to carry out movements with the correct range and motion across the plane of more than one joint related to incorrect estimation of the distances required for targeted movements.
Delayed ability to walk
MedGen UID:
66034
Concept ID:
C0241726
Finding
A failure to achieve the ability to walk at an appropriate developmental stage. Most children learn to walk in a series of stages, and learn to walk short distances independently between 12 and 15 months.
Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum
MedGen UID:
138005
Concept ID:
C0344482
Congenital Abnormality
Underdevelopment of the corpus callosum.
Delayed speech and language development
MedGen UID:
105318
Concept ID:
C0454644
Finding
A degree of language development that is significantly below the norm for a child of a specified age.
Global developmental delay
MedGen UID:
107838
Concept ID:
C0557874
Finding
A delay in the achievement of motor or mental milestones in the domains of development of a child, including motor skills, speech and language, cognitive skills, and social and emotional skills. This term should only be used to describe children younger than five years of age.
Gait ataxia
MedGen UID:
155642
Concept ID:
C0751837
Sign or Symptom
A type of ataxia characterized by the impairment of the ability to coordinate the movements required for normal walking. Gait ataxia is characteirzed by a wide-based staggering gait with a tendency to fall.
Broad-based gait
MedGen UID:
167799
Concept ID:
C0856863
Finding
An abnormal gait pattern in which persons stand and walk with their feet spaced widely apart. This is often a component of cerebellar ataxia.
Absent speech
MedGen UID:
340737
Concept ID:
C1854882
Finding
Complete lack of development of speech and language abilities.
Brisk reflexes
MedGen UID:
382164
Concept ID:
C2673700
Finding
Tendon reflexes that are noticeably more active than usual (conventionally denoted 3+ on clinical examination). Brisk reflexes may or may not indicate a neurological lesion. They are distinguished from hyperreflexia by the fact that hyerreflexia is characterized by hyperactive repeating (clonic) reflexes, which are considered to be always abnormal.
Intellectual disability
MedGen UID:
811461
Concept ID:
C3714756
Mental or Behavioral Dysfunction
Intellectual disability, previously referred to as mental retardation, is characterized by subnormal intellectual functioning that occurs during the developmental period. It is defined by an IQ score below 70.
Delayed CNS myelination
MedGen UID:
867393
Concept ID:
C4021758
Anatomical Abnormality
Delayed myelination in the central nervous system.
Stooped posture
MedGen UID:
1393424
Concept ID:
C4476759
Finding
A habitual positioning of the body with the head and upper back bent forward.
Intention tremor
MedGen UID:
1642960
Concept ID:
C4551520
Sign or Symptom
A type of kinetic tremor that occurs during target directed movement is called intention tremor. That is, an oscillatory cerebellar ataxia that tends to be absent when the limbs are inactive and during the first part of voluntary movement but worsening as the movement continues and greater precision is required (e.g., in touching a target such as the patient's nose or a physician's finger).
Hypertonia
MedGen UID:
10132
Concept ID:
C0026826
Finding
A condition in which there is increased muscle tone so that arms or legs, for example, are stiff and difficult to move.
Hypotonia
MedGen UID:
10133
Concept ID:
C0026827
Finding
Hypotonia is an abnormally low muscle tone (the amount of tension or resistance to movement in a muscle). Even when relaxed, muscles have a continuous and passive partial contraction which provides some resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia thus manifests as diminished resistance to passive stretching. Hypotonia is not the same as muscle weakness, although the two conditions can co-exist.
Nystagmus
MedGen UID:
45166
Concept ID:
C0028738
Disease or Syndrome
Rhythmic, involuntary oscillations of one or both eyes related to abnormality in fixation, conjugate gaze, or vestibular mechanisms.
Rotary nystagmus
MedGen UID:
116106
Concept ID:
C0240595
Disease or Syndrome
A form of nystagmus in which the eyeball makes rotary motions around the axis.
Horizontal nystagmus
MedGen UID:
124399
Concept ID:
C0271385
Disease or Syndrome
Nystagmus consisting of horizontal to-and-fro eye movements.
Vertical nystagmus
MedGen UID:
75749
Concept ID:
C0271386
Disease or Syndrome
Vertical nystagmus may present with either up-beating or down-beating eye movements or both. When present in the straight-ahead position of gaze it is referred to as upbeat nystagmus or downbeat nystagmus.
Pendular nystagmus
MedGen UID:
78770
Concept ID:
C0271388
Disease or Syndrome
Rhythmic, involuntary sinusoidal oscillations of one or both eyes. The waveform of pendular nystagmus may occur in any direction.
Optic disc pallor
MedGen UID:
108218
Concept ID:
C0554970
Finding
A pale yellow discoloration of the optic disc (the area of the optic nerve head in the retina). The optic disc normally has a pinkish hue with a central yellowish depression.
Saccadic smooth pursuit
MedGen UID:
373096
Concept ID:
C1836479
Finding
An abnormality of tracking eye movements in which smooth pursuit is interrupted by an abnormally high number of saccadic movements.
Horizontal pendular nystagmus
MedGen UID:
356175
Concept ID:
C1866180
Congenital Abnormality
Nystagmus consisting of horizontal to-and-fro eye movements of equal velocity.
Gaze-evoked nystagmus
MedGen UID:
1808161
Concept ID:
C5574666
Disease or Syndrome
Nystagmus made apparent by looking to the right or to the left.

Recent clinical studies

Etiology

Duignan S, Wright S, Rossor T, Cazabon J, Gilmour K, Ciccarelli O, Wassmer E, Lim M, Hemingway C, Hacohen Y
Dev Med Child Neurol 2018 Sep;60(9):958-962. Epub 2018 Feb 22 doi: 10.1111/dmcn.13703. PMID: 29468668
Battini R, Bertelloni S, Astrea G, Casarano M, Travaglini L, Baroncelli G, Pasquariello R, Bertini E, Cioni G
BMC Med Genet 2015 Jul 25;16:53. doi: 10.1186/s12881-015-0203-0. PMID: 26204956Free PMC Article

Diagnosis

Dreha-Kulaczewski S, Sahoo P, Preusse M, Gkalimani I, Dechent P, Helms G, Hofer S, Steinfeld R, Gärtner J
J Inherit Metab Dis 2024 Mar;47(2):387-403. Epub 2024 Jan 10 doi: 10.1002/jimd.12713. PMID: 38200656
Duignan S, Wright S, Rossor T, Cazabon J, Gilmour K, Ciccarelli O, Wassmer E, Lim M, Hemingway C, Hacohen Y
Dev Med Child Neurol 2018 Sep;60(9):958-962. Epub 2018 Feb 22 doi: 10.1111/dmcn.13703. PMID: 29468668
Battini R, Bertelloni S, Astrea G, Casarano M, Travaglini L, Baroncelli G, Pasquariello R, Bertini E, Cioni G
BMC Med Genet 2015 Jul 25;16:53. doi: 10.1186/s12881-015-0203-0. PMID: 26204956Free PMC Article
Horzinski L, Huyghe A, Cardoso MC, Gonthier C, Ouchchane L, Schiffmann R, Blanc P, Boespflug-Tanguy O, Fogli A
PLoS One 2009 Dec 15;4(12):e8318. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008318. PMID: 20016818Free PMC Article
Labauge P
Int MS J 2009 Jun;16(2):47-56. PMID: 19671368

Prognosis

Misceo D, Lirussi L, Strømme P, Sumathipala D, Guerin A, Wolf NI, Server A, Stensland M, Dalhus B, Tolun A, Kroes HY, Nyman TA, Nilsen HL, Frengen E
Brain 2023 Aug 1;146(8):3513-3527. doi: 10.1093/brain/awad086. PMID: 36917474Free PMC Article
Duignan S, Wright S, Rossor T, Cazabon J, Gilmour K, Ciccarelli O, Wassmer E, Lim M, Hemingway C, Hacohen Y
Dev Med Child Neurol 2018 Sep;60(9):958-962. Epub 2018 Feb 22 doi: 10.1111/dmcn.13703. PMID: 29468668
Battini R, Bertelloni S, Astrea G, Casarano M, Travaglini L, Baroncelli G, Pasquariello R, Bertini E, Cioni G
BMC Med Genet 2015 Jul 25;16:53. doi: 10.1186/s12881-015-0203-0. PMID: 26204956Free PMC Article

Clinical prediction guides

Di Donato I, Gallo A, Ricca I, Fini N, Silvestri G, Gurrieri F, Cirillo M, Cerase A, Natale G, Matrone F, Riso V, Melone MAB, Tessa A, De Michele G, Federico A, Filla A, Dotti MT, Santorelli FM
Neurol Sci 2022 Feb;43(2):1071-1077. Epub 2021 Jul 23 doi: 10.1007/s10072-021-05462-1. PMID: 34296356Free PMC Article
Battini R, Bertelloni S, Astrea G, Casarano M, Travaglini L, Baroncelli G, Pasquariello R, Bertini E, Cioni G
BMC Med Genet 2015 Jul 25;16:53. doi: 10.1186/s12881-015-0203-0. PMID: 26204956Free PMC Article
Horzinski L, Huyghe A, Cardoso MC, Gonthier C, Ouchchane L, Schiffmann R, Blanc P, Boespflug-Tanguy O, Fogli A
PLoS One 2009 Dec 15;4(12):e8318. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008318. PMID: 20016818Free PMC Article

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