U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Format

Send to:

Choose Destination

Links from GEO Profiles

    • Showing Current items.

    MGST1 microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]

    Gene ID: 4257, updated on 3-Nov-2024

    Summary

    Go to the top of the page Help
    Official Symbol
    MGST1provided by HGNC
    Official Full Name
    microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1provided by HGNC
    Primary source
    HGNC:HGNC:7061
    See related
    Ensembl:ENSG00000008394 MIM:138330; AllianceGenome:HGNC:7061
    Gene type
    protein coding
    RefSeq status
    REVIEWED
    Organism
    Homo sapiens
    Lineage
    Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia; Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae; Homo
    Also known as
    MGST; PMAN; GST12; MGST-I
    Summary
    The MAPEG (Membrane Associated Proteins in Eicosanoid and Glutathione metabolism) family consists of six human proteins, two of which are involved in the production of leukotrienes and prostaglandin E, important mediators of inflammation. Other family members, demonstrating glutathione S-transferase and peroxidase activities, are involved in cellular defense against toxic, carcinogenic, and pharmacologically active electrophilic compounds. This gene encodes a protein that catalyzes the conjugation of glutathione to electrophiles and the reduction of lipid hydroperoxides. This protein is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum and outer mitochondrial membrane where it is thought to protect these membranes from oxidative stress. Several transcript variants, some non-protein coding and some protein coding, have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, May 2012]
    Expression
    Biased expression in fat (RPKM 182.4), liver (RPKM 177.8) and 13 other tissues See more
    Orthologs
    mouse all
    NEW
    Try the new Gene table
    Try the new Transcript table

    Genomic context

    Go to the top of the page Help
    See MGST1 in Genome Data Viewer
    Location:
    12p12.3
    Exon count:
    13
    Annotation release Status Assembly Chr Location
    RS_2024_08 current GRCh38.p14 (GCF_000001405.40) 12 NC_000012.12 (16347115..16593331)
    RS_2024_08 current T2T-CHM13v2.0 (GCF_009914755.1) 12 NC_060936.1 (16224568..16466967)
    RS_2024_09 previous assembly GRCh37.p13 (GCF_000001405.25) 12 NC_000012.11 (16500049..16530126)

    Chromosome 12 - NC_000012.12Genomic Context describing neighboring genes Neighboring gene VISTA enhancer hs798 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 3277 Neighboring gene deoxyribose-phosphate aldolase Neighboring gene egl-9 family hypoxia-inducible factor 3 pseudogene 1 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC101928362 Neighboring gene solute carrier family 15 member 5 Neighboring gene NANOG-H3K27ac hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr12:16499669-16500598 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr12:16501529-16502458 Neighboring gene Sharpr-MPRA regulatory region 9686 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr12:16535292-16535885 Neighboring gene H3K27ac-H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr12:16535886-16536478 Neighboring gene SPT16 homolog, facilitates chromatin remodeling subunit pseudogene 1 Neighboring gene OCT4-NANOG hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr12:16602892-16603466 Neighboring gene OCT4-NANOG hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr12:16603467-16604039 Neighboring gene VISTA enhancer hs607 Neighboring gene NANOG hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr12:16703865-16704366 Neighboring gene VISTA enhancer hs336 Neighboring gene GOT2 pseudogene 4 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr12:16757530-16758030 Neighboring gene H3K4me1 hESC enhancer GRCh37_chr12:16762919-16763418 Neighboring gene LIM domain only 3 Neighboring gene VISTA enhancer hs661 Neighboring gene uncharacterized LOC105369677 Neighboring gene MED14-independent group 3 enhancer GRCh37_chr12:17135721-17136920 Neighboring gene S-phase kinase associated protein 1 pseudogene 2

    Genomic regions, transcripts, and products

    Go to the top of the page Help

    Go to nucleotide: Graphics FASTA GenBank

    Expression

    Go to the top of the page Help
    • Project title: HPA RNA-seq normal tissues HPA RNA-seq normal tissues
    • Description: RNA-seq was performed of tissue samples from 95 human individuals representing 27 different tissues in order to determine tissue-specificity of all protein-coding genes
    • BioProject: PRJEB4337
    • Publication: PMID 24309898
    • Analysis date: Wed Apr 4 07:08:55 2018

    Bibliography

    Go to the top of the pageHelp

    Related articles in PubMed

    1. Global Kinetic Mechanism of Microsomal Glutathione Transferase 1 and Insights into Dynamic Enzyme Activation. Spahiu L, et al. Biochemistry, 2017 Jun 20. PMID 28558199, Free PMC Article
    2. What role do glutathione S-transferases play in the cellular response to ionizing radiation? Cholon A, et al. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 1992. PMID 1544849
    3. The gene for the microsomal glutathione S-transferase is on human chromosome 12. DeJong JL, et al. Genomics, 1990 Feb. PMID 2307478
    4. Structural organization of the human microsomal glutathione S-transferase gene (GST12). Kelner MJ, et al. Genomics, 1996 Aug 15. PMID 8812420
    5. Distribution of microsomal glutathione transferase 1 in mammalian tissues. A predominant alternate first exon in human tissues. Estonius M, et al. Eur J Biochem, 1999 Mar. PMID 10095775

    See all (82) citations in PubMed

    GeneRIFs: Gene References Into Functions

    What's a GeneRIF?
    1. A role for microsomal glutathione transferase 1 in melanin biosynthesis and melanoma progression.
      Title: A role for microsomal glutathione transferase 1 in melanin biosynthesis and melanoma progression.
    2. Microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 targets the autophagy signaling pathway to suppress ferroptosis in gastric carcinoma cells.
      Title: Microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 targets the autophagy signaling pathway to suppress ferroptosis in gastric carcinoma cells.
    3. MiR-379-5p targets microsomal glutathione transferase 1 (MGST1) to regulate human glioma in cell proliferation, migration and invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).
      Title: MiR-379-5p targets microsomal glutathione transferase 1 (MGST1) to regulate human glioma in cell proliferation, migration and invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).
    4. MGST1 is a redox-sensitive repressor of ferroptosis in pancreatic cancer cells.
      Title: MGST1 is a redox-sensitive repressor of ferroptosis in pancreatic cancer cells.
    5. MGST1 plays an important role in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD)tumorigenesis and might serve as a potential prognostic factor and therapeutic target in LUAD.
      Title: Knockdown of microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 inhibits lung adenocarcinoma cell proliferation and induces apoptosis.
    6. High MGST1 expression is associated with Bendamustine-resistance in Mantle Cell Lymphoma.
      Title: Establishment and Characteristics of a Novel Mantle Cell Lymphoma-derived Cell Line and a Bendamustine-resistant Subline.
    7. Significant association for germline variations only in the COX pathway (specifically in the antioxidant microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 [MGST1] gene), with risk for Barrett's esophagus and the combined outcome of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma was found.
      Title: Biomarkers of Barrett's Esophagus: From the Laboratory to Clinical Practice.
    8. This study provides the most comprehensive evaluation of inflammation-related germline variation in relation to risk of BE/OA and suggests that variants in MGST1 influence disease susceptibility.
      Title: Germline variation in inflammation-related pathways and risk of Barrett's oesophagus and oesophageal adenocarcinoma.
    9. The MSGT1 displays a preexisting dynamic equilibrium between high- and low-activity forms.
      Title: Global Kinetic Mechanism of Microsomal Glutathione Transferase 1 and Insights into Dynamic Enzyme Activation.
    10. possibly marked variations in NB mitochondrial homeostasis, they also imply that the results of these earlier studies using NB cells are not transferable to other tumor and cell types that express MGST1 at high concentrations.
      Title: Absence of MGST1 mRNA and protein expression in human neuroblastoma cell lines and primary tissue.
    Submit: New GeneRIF Correction See all GeneRIFs (18)

    Phenotypes

    Go to the top of the page Help

    Find tests for this gene in the NIH Genetic Testing Registry (GTR)

    Review eQTL and phenotype association data in this region using PheGenI

    EBI GWAS Catalog

    Description
    Genome wide association study (GWAS) of Chagas cardiomyopathy in Trypanosoma cruzi seropositive subjects.
    EBI GWAS Catalog
    Genome-wide association for abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adipose reveals a novel locus for visceral fat in women.
    EBI GWAS Catalog

    Variation

    Go to the top of the page Help

    See variants in ClinVar

    See studies and variants in dbVar

    See Variation Viewer (GRCh37.p13)

    See Variation Viewer (GRCh38)

    Genotypes

    Pathways from PubChem

    Go to the top of the page

    Interactions

    Go to the top of the page Help
    Products Interactant Other Gene Complex Source Pubs Description

    General gene information

    Go to the top of the page Help

    Markers

    Homology

    Clone Names

    • MGC14525

    Gene Ontology Provided by GOA

    Function Evidence Code Pubs
    enables glutathione peroxidase activity IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables glutathione transferase activity IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    enables glutathione transferase activity IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    enables protein binding IPI
    Inferred from Physical Interaction
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    Process Evidence Code Pubs
    involved_in cellular oxidant detoxification IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    involved_in cellular response to lipid hydroperoxide IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    involved_in glutathione transport IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    Component Evidence Code Pubs
    located_in azurophil granule membrane TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    located_in endoplasmic reticulum ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
    		  
    located_in endoplasmic reticulum membrane TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  
    located_in membrane ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
    		  
    located_in mitochondrial outer membrane IEA
    Inferred from Electronic Annotation
    more info
    		  
    is_active_in mitochondrion IBA
    Inferred from Biological aspect of Ancestor
    more info
    		  
    located_in mitochondrion IDA
    Inferred from Direct Assay
    more info
    		 PubMed 
    located_in peroxisomal membrane ISS
    Inferred from Sequence or Structural Similarity
    more info
    		  
    located_in plasma membrane TAS
    Traceable Author Statement
    more info
    		  

    General protein information

    Go to the top of the page Help
    Preferred Names
    microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1
    Names
    glutathione S-transferase 12
    microsomal GST-1
    microsomal GST-I
    peritoneal metastasis associated long noncoding RNA
    NP_001247440.1
    NP_001247441.1
    NP_001254527.1
    NP_001401284.1
    NP_001401285.1
    NP_001401286.1
    NP_001401287.1
    NP_001401288.1
    NP_001401289.1
    NP_001401290.1
    NP_001401291.1
    NP_001401292.1
    NP_001401293.1
    NP_001401294.1
    NP_001401295.1
    NP_001401296.1
    NP_001401297.1
    NP_001401298.1
    NP_001401299.1
    NP_001401300.1
    NP_001401301.1
    NP_001401302.1
    NP_001401303.1
    NP_064696.1
    NP_665707.1
    NP_665734.1
    NP_665735.1
    XP_047284811.1
    XP_047284812.1
    XP_047284813.1
    XP_047284814.1
    XP_054228039.1
    XP_054228040.1
    XP_054228041.1
    XP_054228042.1

    NCBI Reference Sequences (RefSeq)

    Go to the top of the page Help

    NEW Try the new Transcript table

    RefSeqs maintained independently of Annotated Genomes

    These reference sequences exist independently of genome builds. Explain

    These reference sequences are curated independently of the genome annotation cycle, so their versions may not match the RefSeq versions in the current genome build. Identify version mismatches by comparing the version of the RefSeq in this section to the one reported in Genomic regions, transcripts, and products above.

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. NM_001260511.2 → NP_001247440.1  microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 isoform a

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001247440.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (5) differs in the 5' UTR compared to variant 1. Variants 1-5 all encode the same isoform (a).
      Source sequence(s)
      AW166965, BC005923, BG569388, BG617746
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS8677.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      A8K533, G5EA53, P10620
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q6LET6
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam01124
      Location:16 → 149
      MAPEG; MAPEG family

    2. NM_001260512.2 → NP_001247441.1  microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 isoform b

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001247441.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (6) differs in the 5' UTR and contains an alternate coding exon compared to variant 1, that causes a frameshift. The resulting isoform (b) has a shorter and distinct C-terminus compared to isoform a.
      Source sequence(s)
      AC007528, AW166965, BC005923, BE568125, BG617746
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      P10620
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      COG1232
      Location:8 → 84
      HemY; Protoporphyrinogen oxidase [Coenzyme transport and metabolism]

    3. NM_001267598.2 → NP_001254527.1  microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 isoform c

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_001254527.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (8) differs in the 5' UTR and has an alternate exon in place of the last exon compared to variant 1. The resulting isoform (c) has a shorter and distinct C-terminus compared to isoform a.
      Source sequence(s)
      AC007528, BC056863, BG617746
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS58209.1
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      F5H7F6
      Related
      ENSP00000438308.1, ENST00000535309.5

    4. NM_001414355.1 → NP_001401284.1  microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 isoform d

      Status: REVIEWED

      Source sequence(s)
      AC007528

    5. NM_001414356.1 → NP_001401285.1  microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 isoform e

      Status: REVIEWED

      Source sequence(s)
      AC007528

    6. NM_001414357.1 → NP_001401286.1  microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 isoform a

      Status: REVIEWED

      Source sequence(s)
      AC007528
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      A8K533, G5EA53, P10620

    7. NM_001414358.1 → NP_001401287.1  microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 isoform a

      Status: REVIEWED

      Source sequence(s)
      AC007528
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      A8K533, G5EA53, P10620

    8. NM_001414359.1 → NP_001401288.1  microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 isoform a

      Status: REVIEWED

      Source sequence(s)
      AC007528
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      A8K533, G5EA53, P10620

    9. NM_001414360.1 → NP_001401289.1  microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 isoform f

      Status: REVIEWED

      Source sequence(s)
      AC007528

    10. NM_001414361.1 → NP_001401290.1  microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 isoform f

      Status: REVIEWED

      Source sequence(s)
      AC007528

    11. NM_001414362.1 → NP_001401291.1  microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 isoform g

      Status: REVIEWED

      Source sequence(s)
      AC007528

    12. NM_001414363.1 → NP_001401292.1  microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 isoform h

      Status: REVIEWED

      Source sequence(s)
      AC007528

    13. NM_001414364.1 → NP_001401293.1  microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 isoform h

      Status: REVIEWED

      Source sequence(s)
      AC007528

    14. NM_001414365.1 → NP_001401294.1  microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 isoform i

      Status: REVIEWED

      Source sequence(s)
      AC007528
      Related
      ENSP00000442767.1, ENST00000543076.5

    15. NM_001414366.1 → NP_001401295.1  microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 isoform j

      Status: REVIEWED

      Source sequence(s)
      AC007528

    16. NM_001414367.1 → NP_001401296.1  microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 isoform k

      Status: REVIEWED

      Source sequence(s)
      AC007528

    17. NM_001414368.1 → NP_001401297.1  microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 isoform l

      Status: REVIEWED

      Source sequence(s)
      AC007528

    18. NM_001414369.1 → NP_001401298.1  microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 isoform m

      Status: REVIEWED

      Source sequence(s)
      AC007528

    19. NM_001414370.1 → NP_001401299.1  microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 isoform n

      Status: REVIEWED

      Source sequence(s)
      AC007528
      Related
      ENSP00000442557.1, ENST00000536371.5

    20. NM_001414371.1 → NP_001401300.1  microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 isoform o

      Status: REVIEWED

      Source sequence(s)
      AC007528

    21. NM_001414372.1 → NP_001401301.1  microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 isoform p

      Status: REVIEWED

      Source sequence(s)
      AC007528

    22. NM_001414373.1 → NP_001401302.1  microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 isoform q

      Status: REVIEWED

      Source sequence(s)
      AC007528
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      F5H613
      Related
      ENSP00000437988.1, ENST00000540056.5

    23. NM_001414374.1 → NP_001401303.1  microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 isoform q

      Status: REVIEWED

      Source sequence(s)
      AC007528
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      F5H613

    24. NM_020300.5 → NP_064696.1  microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 isoform a

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_064696.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (2, also called 1b) differs in the 5' UTR compared to variant 1. Variants 1-5 all encode the same isoform (a).
      Source sequence(s)
      AW166965, BC005923, BG617746
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS8677.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      A8K533, G5EA53, P10620
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q6LET6
      Related
      ENSP00000379513.3, ENST00000396210.8
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam01124
      Location:16 → 149
      MAPEG; MAPEG family

    25. NM_145764.3 → NP_665707.1  microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 isoform a

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_665707.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (4, also called 1d) differs in the 5' UTR compared to variant 1. Variants 1-5 all encode the same isoform (a).
      Source sequence(s)
      AW166965, BC005923, J03746
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS8677.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      A8K533, G5EA53, P10620
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q6LET6
      Related
      ENSP00000379510.1, ENST00000396207.1
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam01124
      Location:16 → 149
      MAPEG; MAPEG family

    26. NM_145791.3 → NP_665734.1  microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 isoform a

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_665734.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (3, also called 1c) differs in the 5' UTR compared to variant 1. Variants 1-5 all encode the same isoform (a).
      Source sequence(s)
      AA314967, AV655242, AW166965, BC005923
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS8677.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      A8K533, G5EA53, P10620
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q6LET6
      Related
      ENSP00000379512.1, ENST00000396209.5
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam01124
      Location:16 → 149
      MAPEG; MAPEG family

    27. NM_145792.3 → NP_665735.1  microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 isoform a

      See identical proteins and their annotated locations for NP_665735.1

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (1, also called 1a) encodes isoform a. Variants 1-5 all encode the same isoform (a).
      Source sequence(s)
      AC007528, AW166965, BC005923, R86750
      Consensus CDS
      CCDS8677.1
      UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot
      A8K533, G5EA53, P10620
      UniProtKB/TrEMBL
      Q6LET6
      Related
      ENSP00000010404.2, ENST00000010404.6
      Conserved Domains (1) summary
      pfam01124
      Location:16 → 149
      MAPEG; MAPEG family

    RNA

    1. NR_048545.2 RNA Sequence

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (7) differs in the first exon and lacks an internal exon compared to variant 1. This variant is represented as noncoding because the predicted protein is shorter than 60 aa, and there is no support for the existence of this protein.
      Source sequence(s)
      AW166965, BC005923, BG778603

    2. NR_048547.2 RNA Sequence

      Status: REVIEWED

      Description
      Transcript Variant: This variant (9) differs in the first exon and lacks an internal exon compared to variant 1. This variant is represented as noncoding because the predicted protein is shorter than 60 aa, and there is no support for the existence of this protein.
      Source sequence(s)
      AA314967, AW166965, BC005923

    3. NR_182294.1 RNA Sequence

      Status: REVIEWED

      Source sequence(s)
      AC007528

    4. NR_182295.1 RNA Sequence

      Status: REVIEWED

      Source sequence(s)
      AC007528

    RefSeqs of Annotated Genomes: GCF_000001405.40-RS_2024_08

    The following sections contain reference sequences that belong to a specific genome build. Explain

    Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

    Genomic

    1. NC_000012.12 Reference GRCh38.p14 Primary Assembly

      Range
      16347115..16593331
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. XM_047428855.1 → XP_047284811.1  microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 isoform X1

    2. XM_047428858.1 → XP_047284814.1  microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 isoform X3

    3. XM_047428856.1 → XP_047284812.1  microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 isoform X2

    4. XM_047428857.1 → XP_047284813.1  microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 isoform X2

    Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

    Genomic

    1. NC_060936.1 Alternate T2T-CHM13v2.0

      Range
      16224568..16466967
      Download
      GenBank, FASTA, Sequence Viewer (Graphics)

    mRNA and Protein(s)

    1. XM_054372064.1 → XP_054228039.1  microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 isoform X1

    2. XM_054372067.1 → XP_054228042.1  microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 isoform X3

    3. XM_054372065.1 → XP_054228040.1  microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 isoform X2

    4. XM_054372066.1 → XP_054228041.1  microsomal glutathione S-transferase 1 isoform X2

    Nucleotide Protein
    Heading Accession and Version
    Protein Accession Links
    GenPept Link UniProtKB Link
    P10620.1 GenPept UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot:P10620

    Gene LinkOut

    The following LinkOut resources are supplied by external providers. These providers are responsible for maintaining the links.

    Chemical Information
    Molecular Biology Databases
    Research Materials
    Tools
    Miscellaneous