ClinVar Genomic variation as it relates to human health
NM_000535.7(PMS2):c.53T>C (p.Ile18Thr)
The aggregate germline classification for this variant, typically for a monogenic or Mendelian disorder as in the ACMG/AMP guidelines, or for response to a drug. This value is calculated by NCBI based on data from submitters. Read our rules for calculating the aggregate classification.
Stars represent the aggregate review status, or the level of review supporting the aggregate germline classification for this VCV record. This value is calculated by NCBI based on data from submitters. Read our rules for calculating the review status. The number of submissions which contribute to this review status is shown in parentheses.
Uncertain significance(10); Benign(2); Likely benign(4)
No data submitted for somatic clinical impact
No data submitted for oncogenicity
Variant Details
- Identifiers
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NM_000535.7(PMS2):c.53T>C (p.Ile18Thr)
Variation ID: 41714 Accession: VCV000041714.43
- Type and length
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single nucleotide variant, 1 bp
- Location
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Cytogenetic: 7p22.1 7: 6006002 (GRCh38) [ NCBI UCSC ] 7: 6045633 (GRCh37) [ NCBI UCSC ]
- Timeline in ClinVar
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First in ClinVar Help The date this variant first appeared in ClinVar with each type of classification.
Last submission Help The date of the most recent submission for each type of classification for this variant.
Last evaluated Help The most recent date that a submitter evaluated this variant for each type of classification.
Germline Apr 12, 2013 May 1, 2024 Feb 6, 2024 - HGVS
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Nucleotide Protein Molecular
consequenceNM_000535.7:c.53T>C MANE Select Help Transcripts from the Matched Annotation from the NCBI and EMBL-EBI (MANE) collaboration.
NP_000526.2:p.Ile18Thr missense NM_001322003.2:c.-353T>C 5 prime UTR NM_001322004.2:c.-242-1944T>C intron variant NM_001322005.2:c.-353T>C 5 prime UTR NM_001322006.2:c.53T>C NP_001308935.1:p.Ile18Thr missense NM_001322007.2:c.-163T>C 5 prime UTR NM_001322008.2:c.-52-1944T>C intron variant NM_001322009.2:c.-353T>C 5 prime UTR NM_001322010.2:c.-242-1944T>C intron variant NM_001322011.2:c.-832T>C 5 prime UTR NM_001322012.2:c.-832T>C 5 prime UTR NM_001322013.2:c.-353T>C 5 prime UTR NM_001322014.2:c.53T>C NP_001308943.1:p.Ile18Thr missense NM_001322015.2:c.-432T>C 5 prime UTR NR_136154.1:n.140T>C non-coding transcript variant NC_000007.14:g.6006002A>G NC_000007.13:g.6045633A>G NG_008466.1:g.8105T>C NG_050738.1:g.1752A>G LRG_161:g.8105T>C LRG_161t1:c.53T>C - Protein change
- I18T
- Other names
- p.I18T:ATT>ACT
- Canonical SPDI
- NC_000007.14:6006001:A:G
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Functional
consequence HelpThe effect of the variant on RNA or protein function, based on experimental evidence from submitters.
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Global minor allele
frequency (GMAF) HelpThe global minor allele frequency calculated by the 1000 Genomes Project. The minor allele at this location is indicated in parentheses and may be different from the allele represented by this VCV record.
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Allele frequency
Help
The frequency of the allele represented by this VCV record.
The Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD) 0.00016
Trans-Omics for Precision Medicine (TOPMed) 0.00019
Exome Aggregation Consortium (ExAC) 0.00028
The Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD), exomes 0.00037
Genes
Gene | OMIM | ClinGen Gene Dosage Sensitivity Curation |
Variation Viewer
Help
Links to Variation Viewer, a genome browser to view variation data from NCBI databases. |
Related variants | ||
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HI score
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The haploinsufficiency score for the gene, curated by ClinGen’s Dosage Sensitivity Curation task team. |
TS score
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The triplosensitivity score for the gene, curated by ClinGen’s Dosage Sensitivity Curation task team. |
Within gene
Help
The number of variants in ClinVar that are contained within this gene, with a link to view the list of variants. |
All
Help
The number of variants in ClinVar for this gene, including smaller variants within the gene and larger CNVs that overlap or fully contain the gene. |
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PMS2 | Sufficient evidence for dosage pathogenicity | No evidence available |
GRCh38 GRCh37 |
5155 | 5249 |
Conditions - Germline
Condition
Help
The condition for this variant-condition (RCV) record in ClinVar. |
Classification
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The aggregate germline classification for this variant-condition (RCV) record in ClinVar. The number of submissions that contribute to this aggregate classification is shown in parentheses. (# of submissions) |
Review status
Help
The aggregate review status for this variant-condition (RCV) record in ClinVar. This value is calculated by NCBI based on data from submitters. Read our rules for calculating the review status. |
Last evaluated
Help
The most recent date that a submitter evaluated this variant for the condition. |
Variation/condition record
Help
The RCV accession number, with most recent version number, for the variant-condition record, with a link to the RCV web page. |
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Conflicting interpretations of pathogenicity (2) |
no assertion criteria provided
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Jul 13, 2012 | RCV000034630.15 | |
Likely benign (3) |
criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
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Jun 25, 2021 | RCV000115698.14 | |
Uncertain significance (2) |
criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
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Jul 2, 2018 | RCV000123089.11 | |
Conflicting interpretations of pathogenicity (5) |
criteria provided, conflicting classifications
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Feb 6, 2024 | RCV000212836.15 | |
Uncertain significance (1) |
criteria provided, single submitter
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May 23, 2017 | RCV000515284.3 | |
Benign (1) |
criteria provided, single submitter
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Jan 31, 2024 | RCV001083711.8 | |
Uncertain significance (2) |
criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts
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May 1, 2018 | RCV001159382.6 | |
Uncertain significance (1) |
criteria provided, single submitter
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Mar 30, 2023 | RCV003149612.3 | |
PMS2-related disorder
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Likely benign (1) |
criteria provided, single submitter
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Dec 19, 2019 | RCV003944883.1 |
Submissions - Germline
Classification
Help
The submitted germline classification for each SCV record. (Last evaluated) |
Review status
Help
Stars represent the review status, or the level of review supporting the submitted (SCV) record. This value is calculated by NCBI based on data from the submitter. Read our rules for calculating the review status. This column also includes a link to the submitter’s assertion criteria if provided, and the collection method. (Assertion criteria) |
Condition
Help
The condition for the classification, provided by the submitter for this submitted (SCV) record. This column also includes the affected status and allele origin of individuals observed with this variant. |
Submitter
Help
The submitting organization for this submitted (SCV) record. This column also includes the SCV accession and version number, the date this SCV first appeared in ClinVar, and the date that this SCV was last updated in ClinVar. |
More information
Help
This column includes more information supporting the classification, including citations, the comment on classification, and detailed evidence provided as observations of the variant by the submitter. |
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Uncertain significance
(Feb 20, 2020)
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criteria provided, single submitter
Method: clinical testing
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not specified
Affected status: no
Allele origin:
germline
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Genetic Services Laboratory, University of Chicago
Accession: SCV002069435.1
First in ClinVar: Jan 29, 2022 Last updated: Jan 29, 2022 |
Comment:
DNA sequence analysis of the PMS2 gene demonstrated a sequence change, c.53T>C, in exon 2 that results in an amino acid change, p.Ile18Thr. This sequence … (more)
DNA sequence analysis of the PMS2 gene demonstrated a sequence change, c.53T>C, in exon 2 that results in an amino acid change, p.Ile18Thr. This sequence change has been described in the gnomAD database with a low population frequency of 0.03% in the overall population and a relatively high population frequency of 0.72% in the Ashkenazi Jewish population (dbSNP rs201343342). This sequence change was identified in a patient with colorectal cancer whose tumor exhibited isolated loss of PMS2 expression by IHC (Vaughn et al., 2010). The p.Ile18Thr change was identified in an Ashkenazi Jewish breast cancer patient who was also found to have a pathogenic sequence change in BRCA2 (Tung et al., 2016). The p.Ile18Thr change affects a highly conserved amino acid residue located in a domain of the PMS2 protein that is known to be functional. The p.Ile18Thr substitution appears to be deleterious using several in-silico pathogenicity prediction tools (SIFT, PolyPhen2, Align GVGD, REVEL). Due to these contrasting evidences and the lack of functional studies, the clinical significance of the p.Ile18Thr change remains unknown at this time. (less)
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Likely benign
(Jun 25, 2021)
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criteria provided, single submitter
Method: curation
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Hereditary cancer-predisposing syndrome
Affected status: unknown
Allele origin:
germline
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Sema4, Sema4
Accession: SCV002530357.1
First in ClinVar: Jun 24, 2022 Last updated: Jun 24, 2022 |
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Uncertain significance
(Jul 30, 2015)
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criteria provided, single submitter
Method: clinical testing
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Lynch syndrome
Affected status: unknown
Allele origin:
unknown
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Genomic Diagnostic Laboratory, Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia
Accession: SCV000296937.3
First in ClinVar: Jul 01, 2016 Last updated: Dec 24, 2022 |
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Uncertain significance
(Mar 22, 2018)
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criteria provided, single submitter
Method: clinical testing
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Lynch syndrome 4
Affected status: yes
Allele origin:
paternal
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Baylor Genetics
Accession: SCV001526100.1
First in ClinVar: Mar 22, 2021 Last updated: Mar 22, 2021 |
Comment:
This variant was determined to be of uncertain significance according to ACMG Guidelines, 2015 [PMID:25741868].
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Uncertain significance
(Feb 06, 2024)
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criteria provided, single submitter
Method: clinical testing
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not specified
Affected status: unknown
Allele origin:
germline
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Center for Genomic Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital
Accession: SCV004243291.1
First in ClinVar: Feb 14, 2024 Last updated: Feb 14, 2024 |
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Uncertain significance
(Mar 02, 2017)
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criteria provided, single submitter
Method: clinical testing
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not specified
Affected status: yes
Allele origin:
germline
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GeneDx
Accession: SCV000149607.12
First in ClinVar: May 17, 2014 Last updated: Jun 01, 2016 |
Comment:
This variant is denoted PMS2 c.53T>C at the cDNA level, p.Ile18Thr (I18T) at the protein level, and results in the change of an Isoleucine to … (more)
This variant is denoted PMS2 c.53T>C at the cDNA level, p.Ile18Thr (I18T) at the protein level, and results in the change of an Isoleucine to a Threonine (ATT>ACT). This variant was observed in at least one individual undergoing genetic testing for Lynch syndrome with a tumor that exhibited isolated loss of PMS2 by immunohistochemistry (Vaughn 2010). This variant was also reported in a patient with endometrial cancer, another with renal cancer, one with breast cancer who also carried a pathogenic variant in BRCA2 and in 2/572 individuals with atherosclerosis, with no specific information about cancer history (Johnston 2012, Lu 2015, Tung 2016). PMS2 Ile18Thr was not observed in approximately 3,600 individuals of European and African American ancestry in the NHLBI Exome Sequencing Project, suggesting it is not a common benign variant in these populations. Since Isoleucine and Threonine differ in polarity, charge, size or other properties, this is considered a non-conservative amino acid substitution. PMS2 Ile18Thr occurs at a position that is conserved across species and is located in the ATPase domain (Guarne 2001, Fukui 2011). In silico analyses predict that this variant is probably damaging to protein structure and function. Based on currently available evidence, it is unclear whether PMS2 Ile18Thr is a pathogenic or benign variant. We consider it to be a variant of uncertain significance. (less)
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Uncertain significance
(May 23, 2017)
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criteria provided, single submitter
Method: clinical testing
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Mismatch repair cancer syndrome 1
Lynch syndrome 4
Affected status: unknown
Allele origin:
unknown
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Fulgent Genetics, Fulgent Genetics
Accession: SCV000611425.1
First in ClinVar: Nov 11, 2017 Last updated: Nov 11, 2017 |
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Uncertain significance
(May 01, 2018)
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criteria provided, single submitter
Method: clinical testing
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Lynch syndrome 4
Affected status: unknown
Allele origin:
germline
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Illumina Laboratory Services, Illumina
Accession: SCV001321092.1
First in ClinVar: May 31, 2020 Last updated: May 31, 2020 |
Comment:
This variant was observed as part of a predisposition screen in an ostensibly healthy population. A literature search was performed for the gene, cDNA change, … (more)
This variant was observed as part of a predisposition screen in an ostensibly healthy population. A literature search was performed for the gene, cDNA change, and amino acid change (where applicable). Publications were found based on this search. However, the evidence from the literature, in combination with allele frequency data from public databases where available, was not sufficient to rule this variant in or out of causing disease. Therefore, this variant is classified as a variant of unknown significance. (less)
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Likely benign
(Nov 05, 2019)
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criteria provided, single submitter
Method: clinical testing
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Hereditary cancer-predisposing syndrome
Affected status: unknown
Allele origin:
germline
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Color Diagnostics, LLC DBA Color Health
Accession: SCV000537589.4
First in ClinVar: May 29, 2016 Last updated: Jun 22, 2020 |
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Uncertain significance
(Jul 02, 2018)
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criteria provided, single submitter
Method: clinical testing
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Lynch syndrome
Affected status: unknown
Allele origin:
unknown
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Mendelics
Accession: SCV000838200.2
First in ClinVar: Oct 10, 2018 Last updated: Dec 11, 2022 |
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Benign
(May 18, 2021)
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criteria provided, single submitter
Method: clinical testing
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not specified
Affected status: unknown
Allele origin:
unknown
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Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute San Juan Capistrano
Accession: SCV000601852.4
First in ClinVar: Jun 01, 2016 Last updated: Dec 31, 2022 |
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Uncertain significance
(Sep 14, 2023)
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criteria provided, single submitter
Method: clinical testing
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not specified
Affected status: unknown
Allele origin:
germline
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Women's Health and Genetics/Laboratory Corporation of America, LabCorp
Accession: SCV000697372.4
First in ClinVar: Apr 12, 2013 Last updated: Nov 04, 2023 |
Comment:
Variant summary: PMS2 c.53T>C (p.Ile18Thr) results in a non-conservative amino acid change located in the DNA mismatch repair protein family, N-terminal of the encoded protein … (more)
Variant summary: PMS2 c.53T>C (p.Ile18Thr) results in a non-conservative amino acid change located in the DNA mismatch repair protein family, N-terminal of the encoded protein sequence. Five of five in-silico tools predict a damaging effect of the variant on protein function. The variant allele was found at a frequency of 0.00037 in 245578 control chromosomes. The observed variant frequency is approximately 5 fold of the estimated maximal expected allele frequency for a pathogenic variant in PMS2 causing Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer phenotype (7.1e-05), strongly suggesting that the variant is benign. However, the variant is located in a PMS2 region that shows high homology to pseudogenes, therefore this frequency data should be taken with caution. c.53T>C has been observed in a Lynch Syndrome patient with no other pathogenic mutations and with tumors that exhibited isolated loss of PMS2 expression by IHC (Vaughn_2010). It was also reported in patients with endometrial, kidney, breast and colorectal cancer, without strong evidence for causality (example, Lu_2015, Tung_2015, Tung_2016, Yurgelun_2017, Krivokuca_2021, Guindalini_2022). This variant has also been reported in an unaffected sibling and a proband in compound heterozygosity with a pathogenic exon 5 to 12 deletion (Shuen_2019). Both siblings demonstrated absent staining of PMS2 on non-neoplastic tissue. In addition, a recent large scale case-control study of breast cancer reported this variant in 13/53461 controls and 8/60466 cases (Dorling_2021). At-least one co-occurrence with another pathogenic variant has been reported (BRCA2 c.2808_2811del, p.Ala938Profs*21; Tung_2016), providing supporting evidence for a benign role. At least one publication reports experimental evidence evaluating an impact on protein function (Shuen_2019). The most pronounced variant effect results in approximately 21% mismatch repair (MMR) activity. The authors suggested that an MMR activity of 10% to 20% may represent an intermediate phenotype between classic CMMRD and Lynch syndrome. The following publications have been ascertained in the context of this evaluation (PMID: 27060170, 35264596, 22703879, 34284872, 26689913, 30608896, 25186627, 26976419, 20205264, 28135145, 30447919, 33471991). 13 submitters have cited clinical-significance assessments for this variant to ClinVar after 2014 (VUS, n=8; Likely benign, n=3; Benign, n=2). Based on the evidence outlined above, the variant was classified as VUS-possibly benign. (less)
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Uncertain significance
(Mar 30, 2023)
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criteria provided, single submitter
Method: clinical testing
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Breast and/or ovarian cancer
Affected status: unknown
Allele origin:
germline
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CHEO Genetics Diagnostic Laboratory, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario
Accession: SCV003837743.2
First in ClinVar: Mar 11, 2023 Last updated: Feb 04, 2024 |
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Benign
(Jan 31, 2024)
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criteria provided, single submitter
Method: clinical testing
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Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal neoplasms
Affected status: unknown
Allele origin:
germline
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Invitae
Accession: SCV000166389.14
First in ClinVar: Jun 15, 2014 Last updated: Feb 28, 2024 |
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Likely benign
(Dec 19, 2019)
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criteria provided, single submitter
Method: clinical testing
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PMS2-related condition
Affected status: unknown
Allele origin:
germline
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PreventionGenetics, part of Exact Sciences
Accession: SCV004761559.1
First in ClinVar: Mar 16, 2024 Last updated: Mar 16, 2024 |
Comment:
This variant is classified as likely benign based on ACMG/AMP sequence variant interpretation guidelines (Richards et al. 2015 PMID: 25741868, with internal and published modifications).
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Likely benign
(Feb 20, 2019)
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criteria provided, single submitter
Method: clinical testing
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Hereditary cancer-predisposing syndrome
Affected status: unknown
Allele origin:
germline
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Ambry Genetics
Accession: SCV000187410.8
First in ClinVar: Aug 06, 2014 Last updated: May 01, 2024 |
Comment:
This alteration is classified as likely benign based on a combination of the following: seen in unaffected individuals, population frequency, intact protein function, lack of … (more)
This alteration is classified as likely benign based on a combination of the following: seen in unaffected individuals, population frequency, intact protein function, lack of segregation with disease, co-occurrence, RNA analysis, in silico models, amino acid conservation, lack of disease association in case-control studies, and/or the mechanism of disease or impacted region is inconsistent with a known cause of pathogenicity. (less)
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variant of unknown significance
(Jul 13, 2012)
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no assertion criteria provided
Method: research
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not provided
Affected status: no
Allele origin:
germline
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Biesecker Lab/Clinical Genomics Section, National Institutes of Health
Study: ClinSeq
Accession: SCV000043440.1 First in ClinVar: Apr 12, 2013 Last updated: Apr 12, 2013 |
Comment:
Converted during submission to Uncertain significance.
Number of individuals with the variant: 2
Comment on evidence:
The study set was not selected for affection status in relation to any cancer. Pathogenicity categories were based on literature curation. See Pubmed ID:22703879 for … (more)
The study set was not selected for affection status in relation to any cancer. Pathogenicity categories were based on literature curation. See Pubmed ID:22703879 for details. (less)
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Likely benign
(-)
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no assertion criteria provided
Method: clinical testing
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not provided
Affected status: yes
Allele origin:
unknown
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Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Sinai Health System
Additional submitter:
Franklin by Genoox
Study: The Canadian Open Genetics Repository (COGR)
Accession: SCV001553682.1 First in ClinVar: Apr 13, 2021 Last updated: Apr 13, 2021 |
Comment:
The PMS2 p.Ile18Thr variant was identified in 6 of 2462 proband chromosomes (frequency: 0.002) from individuals or families with breast cancer, hemophilia A, and atherosclerosis … (more)
The PMS2 p.Ile18Thr variant was identified in 6 of 2462 proband chromosomes (frequency: 0.002) from individuals or families with breast cancer, hemophilia A, and atherosclerosis (Gorski 2016, Tung 20016, Vaughn 2010, Johnston 2012). The variant was also identified in dbSNP (ID: rs201343342 as “with uncertain significance allele”), and ClinVar (6x as uncertain significance by GeneDx, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Color Genomics, Quest Diagnostics, Fulgent Genetics and NIH; 1x as likely benign by Ambry Genetics; and 1x as benign by Invitae) and the Insight Hereditary Tumors Database (1x as effect unknown). The variant was not identified in the COGR, Cosmic, MutDB, Zhejiang Colon Cancer, or the Mismatch Repair Genes Variant database. The variant was identified in control databases in 88 of 271252 chromosomes at a frequency of 0.0003, increasing the likelihood this could be a low frequency benign variant (Genome Aggregation Database Feb 27, 2017). The variant was identified in the following populations: Other in 1 of 6380 chromosomes (freq: 0.0002), European Non-Finnish in 13 of 122684 chromosomes (freq: 0.0001), and Ashkenazi Jewish in 74 of 9990 chromosomes (freq: 0.007); it was not observed in the African, Latino, East Asian, European Finnish, or South Asian populations. The p.Ile18Thr residue is conserved across mammals and other organisms, and 5 of 5 computational analyses (PolyPhen-2, SIFT, AlignGVGD, BLOSUM, MutationTaster) suggest that the variant may impact the protein; however, this information is not predictive enough to assume pathogenicity. The variant occurs outside of the splicing consensus sequence and 5 of 5 in silico or computational prediction software programs (SpliceSiteFinder, MaxEntScan, NNSPLICE, GeneSplicer, HumanSpliceFinder) do not predict a difference in splicing. The variant was identified in this laboratory with a co-occurring, pathogenic MSH6 variant (c.3840_3846del, p.Glu1281Leufs*44), increasing the likelihood that the p.Ile18Thr variant does not have clinical significance. In summary, based on the above information the clinical significance of this variant cannot be determined with certainty at this time although we would lean towards a more benign role for this variant. This variant is classified as likely benign. (less)
Number of individuals with the variant: 3
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Germline Functional Evidence
There is no functional evidence in ClinVar for this variation. If you have generated functional data for this variation, please consider submitting that data to ClinVar. |
Citations for germline classification of this variant
HelpTitle | Author | Journal | Year | Link |
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Detection of germline variants in Brazilian breast cancer patients using multigene panel testing. | Guindalini RSC | Scientific reports | 2022 | PMID: 35264596 |
Mutational profile of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer - Establishing genetic testing guidelines in a developing country. | Krivokuca A | Current problems in cancer | 2022 | PMID: 34284872 |
Breast Cancer Risk Genes - Association Analysis in More than 113,000 Women. | Breast Cancer Association Consortium | The New England journal of medicine | 2021 | PMID: 33471991 |
Functional Repair Assay for the Diagnosis of Constitutional Mismatch Repair Deficiency From Non-Neoplastic Tissue. | Shuen AY | Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology | 2019 | PMID: 30608896 |
Prevalence of pathogenic variants and variants of unknown significance in patients at high risk of breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of gene-panel data. | van Marcke C | Critical reviews in oncology/hematology | 2018 | PMID: 30447919 |
Cancer Susceptibility Gene Mutations in Individuals With Colorectal Cancer. | Yurgelun MB | Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology | 2017 | PMID: 28135145 |
Whole-exome sequencing to identify genetic risk variants underlying inhibitor development in severe hemophilia A patients. | Gorski MM | Blood | 2016 | PMID: 27060170 |
Frequency of Germline Mutations in 25 Cancer Susceptibility Genes in a Sequential Series of Patients With Breast Cancer. | Tung N | Journal of clinical oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology | 2016 | PMID: 26976419 |
Patterns and functional implications of rare germline variants across 12 cancer types. | Lu C | Nature communications | 2015 | PMID: 26689913 |
Frequency of mutations in individuals with breast cancer referred for BRCA1 and BRCA2 testing using next-generation sequencing with a 25-gene panel. | Tung N | Cancer | 2015 | PMID: 25186627 |
Secondary variants in individuals undergoing exome sequencing: screening of 572 individuals identifies high-penetrance mutations in cancer-susceptibility genes. | Johnston JJ | American journal of human genetics | 2012 | PMID: 22703879 |
Clinical analysis of PMS2: mutation detection and avoidance of pseudogenes. | Vaughn CP | Human mutation | 2010 | PMID: 20205264 |
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Text-mined citations for rs201343342 ...
HelpRecord last updated May 19, 2024
This date represents the last time this VCV record was updated. The update may be due to an update to one of the included submitted records (SCVs), or due to an update that ClinVar made to the variant such as adding HGVS expressions or a rs number. So this date may be different from the date of the “most recent submission” reported at the top of this page.