ClinVar

Description

This gain involves 5 protein coding genes including the entire RUNX2 gene. Haploinsufficiency of RUNX2 is associated with autosomal dominant Cleidocranial dysplasia (OMIM 119600), which is characterized by persistently open skull sutures with bulging calvaria, hypoplasia or aplasia of the clavicles permitting abnormal facility in opposing the shoulders, wide pubic symphysis, short middle phalanx of the fifth fingers, dental anomalies, and often vertebral malformation. Whereas heterozygous intragenic duplications resulting in gain of function of the RUNX2 gene cause autosomal dominant Metaphyseal dysplasia with maxillary hypoplasia with or without brachydactyly (OMIM 156510). Additionally, three overlapping duplications (285 kb, 1.1 Mb and 1.24 Mb) involving the entire RUNX2 gene have been reported to segregate in affected patients with craniosynostosis and oligodontia from different families. Variable expression and reduced penetrance have been notice. Increase dosage of RUNX2 gene has been proposed to be causative for such phenotype, however, functional studies were not performed (Molin et al., Am J Med Genet A. 2015 Jun;167(6):1386-90. PMID: 25899668; Merametdjian et al., Eur J Med Genet. 2019 Feb;62(2):85-89. PMID: 29852250; Greives et al., J Craniofac Surg. 2013 Jan;24(1):126-9. PMID: 23348268; Mefford et al., Am J Med Genet A. 2010 Sep;152A(9):2203-10. PMID: 20683987). Further, copy number gains of this locus have not been seen in the general population in the Database of Genomic Variants (DGV). Thus, this copy number gain is interpreted as likely pathogenic.