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LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet]. Bethesda (MD): National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2012-.
LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury [Internet].
Show detailsOVERVIEW
Introduction
Hyssop is an herb prepared from the leaves and flowers of Hyssopus officinalis and is used for alleviation of symptoms of gastrointestinal and respiratory tract infections and the common cold. Hyssop is widely used and has not been implicated in causing liver injury.
Background
Hyssop is an herb prepared from the aerial parts of the plant Hyssopus officinalis, which is a member of the mint family indigenous to Southern Europe and the Middle East. Hyssop has been used in folk medicine for centuries for stimulation of the circulation and for treatment of a variety of conditions including upper respiratory illness, asthma, cough, sore throat, intestinal infections, gastrointestinal upset, gall bladder disease, poor appetite, urinary tract infections and dysmenorrhea. Hyssop is also used topically in gargles, medicinal baths, and creams for skin irritation, burns and frostbite. Hyssop oil is used in cooking and as a fragrance in soaps and cosmetics. The constituents of hyssop extracts include volatile oils, tannins, bitters, and flavonoids. The volatile oils include pinocamphone, which is mildly toxic but may account for its apparent effect for respiratory symptoms. Hyssop oil is used as a fragrance and should not be taken orally. Hyssop extract is available as capsules and as liquid extracts, and it is taken two to three times daily. Side effects are mild and include gastrointestinal upset, anxiety and tremors. Hyssop may exacerbate seizure disorders, particularly in children when given as oil.
Hepatotoxicity
Despite wide scale use, there is no evidence that Hyssop extracts cause liver injury and there have been no published reports of clinically apparent liver injury attributed to hyssop.
Likelihood score: E (unlikely cause of clinically apparent liver injury).
Drug Class: Herbal and Dietary Supplements
PRODUCT INFORMATION
CHEMICAL FORMULA AND STRUCTURE
| DRUG | CAS REGISTRY NUMBER | MOLECULAR FORMULA | STRUCTURE |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hyssop | ID: 0977001630 | Herbal mixture | Not applicable |
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
References updated: 30 March 2018
- Zimmerman HJ. Unconventional drugs. Miscellaneous drugs and diagnostic chemicals. In, Zimmerman, HJ. Hepatotoxicity: the adverse effects of drugs and other chemicals on the liver. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott,1999: pp. 731-4.(Expert review of hepatotoxicity published in 1999; hyssop is not discussed).
- Seeff L, Stickel F, Navarro VJ. Hepatotoxicity of herbals and dietary supplements. In, Kaplowitz N, DeLeve LD, eds. Drug-induced liver disease. 3rd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2013, pp. 631-58. (Review of hepatotoxicity of herbal and dietary supplements [HDS];hyssop is not discussed).
- Hyssop. In, PDR for Herbal Medicines. 4th ed. Montvale, New Jersey: Thomson Healthcare Inc. 2007: pp. 463.(Compilation of short monographs on herbal medications and dietary supplements).
- Bunchorntavakul C, Reddy KR. Review article: herbal and dietary supplement hepatotoxicity. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37: 3-17. [PubMed: 23121117](Review of HDS associated hepatotoxicity; does not mention hyssop).
- Navarro VJ, Barnhart H, Bonkovsky HL, Davern T, Fontana RJ, Grant L, Reddy KR, et al. Liver injury from herbals and dietary supplements in the U.S. Drug-Induced Liver Injury Network. Hepatology 2014; 60:1399-408. [PMC free article: PMC4293199] [PubMed: 25043597](Among 85 cases of HDS associated liver injury [not due to anabolic steroids] enrolled in a US prospective study between 2004 and 2013, none were attributed to hyssop).
- Chalasani N, Bonkovsky HL, Fontana R, Lee W, Stolz A, Talwalkar J, Reddy KR, et al.; United States Drug Induced Liver Injury Network. Features and outcomes of 899 patients with drug-induced liver injury: The DILIN Prospective Study. Gastroenterology 2015; 148: 1340-52. [PMC free article: PMC4446235] [PubMed: 25754159](Among 899 cases of drug induced liver injury enrolled in a prospective database between 2004 and 2012, HDS were implicated in 145 [16%], none of which were due to hyssop: see Navarro [2014]).
- The impact of Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) extract on activation of endosomal toll like receptors and their downstream signaling pathways.[BMC Res Notes. 2022]The impact of Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) extract on activation of endosomal toll like receptors and their downstream signaling pathways.Ghasempour M, Hosseini M, Soltani-Zangbar MS, Motavalli R, Aghebati-Maleki L, Dolati S, Mehdizadeh A, Yousefi M, Ahmadian Heris J. BMC Res Notes. 2022 Dec 12; 15(1):366. Epub 2022 Dec 12.
- Chemical compositions, yield and antioxidant activity of the essential oil of hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) under intercropping with fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.).[Nat Prod Res. 2023]Chemical compositions, yield and antioxidant activity of the essential oil of hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) under intercropping with fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.).Gharakhani-Beni A, Ghasemi Pirbalouti A, Javanmard H, Soleymani A, Golparvar A. Nat Prod Res. 2023 Feb; 37(4):675-680. Epub 2022 May 26.
- The Effects of Methanol Extracts of Hyssopus officinalis on Model of Induced Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) in Rats.[J Mol Neurosci. 2022]The Effects of Methanol Extracts of Hyssopus officinalis on Model of Induced Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) in Rats.Khaksar S, Kiarostami K, Alinaghi S. J Mol Neurosci. 2022 Sep; 72(9):2045-2066. Epub 2022 Aug 13.
- Review An in-depth review on the medicinal flora Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae).[Acta Sci Pol Technol Aliment. ...]Review An in-depth review on the medicinal flora Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae).Begum A, Sandhya S, Shaffath Ali S, Vinod KR, Reddy S, Banji D. Acta Sci Pol Technol Aliment. 2013 Jan-Mar; 12(1):61-73.
- Review Hyssopus Essential Oil: An Update of Its Phytochemistry, Biological Activities, and Safety Profile.[Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022]Review Hyssopus Essential Oil: An Update of Its Phytochemistry, Biological Activities, and Safety Profile.Sharifi-Rad J, Quispe C, Kumar M, Akram M, Amin M, Iqbal M, Koirala N, Sytar O, Kregiel D, Nicola S, et al. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2022; 2022:8442734. Epub 2022 Jan 13.
- Hyssop - LiverToxHyssop - LiverTox
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